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What Concerns Men? Women or other Men
by Fischer and Mosquera (2001)
Susie Boersma
Jannaee Brummell
Luis Mendez
Intra-sexual competition
• Men must compete with other men in order to have access to women
• Theory explains why men are more aggressive• Problem with this explanation
– What explains cultural variation in anger and aggressiveness in men and women
– What explains aggression against other women and children
Hypothesis
• Authors hypothesize that there are other male concerns that are more important in the elicitation of anger and aggression– Maintaining respect– Maintaining social status– Intra-sexual competition is not the major cause
of aggressiveness
Research on sex differences in anger and aggression
• Many situations evoke anger in men and women with similar intensity.
• The difference in men and women can be seen in the way they express anger.– Men are more physically aggressive
– Women are more verbally aggressive
Ultimately, these studies demonstrate that women and men are equally likely to be angry, thus express aggression
Emotions
• Theory of emotions suggests that people get emotional when their concerns are affected (Fridja, 1986)– Physiological and psychological– Food, shelter and self-esteem
Emotions cont.
• Similarities between sexes in anger and aggression• Studies on anger
– Unfair treatment, injustice, betrayal
• Studies on aggression– Physical harm, being insulted, loss of social status
Major reason for men’s and women’s anger and aggression are highly similar
Differences in concerns
• Differences in anger and aggression exist because men and women have different concerns, and therefore interpret the events differently– Research shows that women value the quality of
intimate relationships
– Women report more anger after betrayal, negligence
– Research shows that men value social status
– self esteem and self worth is measured by male peer groups
Male Self Esteem
Studies show that men have higher self esteem than women.– need for control– control implies respect from others – Respect from others leads to male higher self esteem
because men appraise their self esteem through their social status
• Men are easily provoked and offended (Campbell, 1993)– Intellectual inferiority
Cultural Characteristics
• Honour Societies vs Non-Honour societiesHonour societies are concerned with maintaining masculine identity and social status– Studies show that men commit more homicides, and are
more involved in issues dealing with aggression – Sexual shame- purity of women – Sexual shame protects family honour– Sexual shame not directed to restrict access to ones
women, but rather to define boundaries of the ingroup and secure loyalties.
Gem Study
• GEM refers to the extent women are powerful in a particular country
e.g. women in administration, parliament, professionals
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
ML Fl Mh Fh
angersadnessshame
Gem study cont.
• Study shows that anger and GEM scores correlate• Women feel more justified to express aggression
and anger when they are in power• Although anger remains the same for men, the
differences in women suggest that power and status makes aggression more feasible .
Conclusion
• Men are not concern with whether they can attract the attention of women, but rather on whether they will be respected by there fellow men.
• Men and women are equally aggressive if appraisals and concerns are equal, which suggests that aggression is controlled by social influences
CRITICAL REVIEW
• The present study takes into account changes in human civilization
• However, we need more empirical evidence
•