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What comparison are they making about Obama and Why? Do you feel confident in the new leadership?

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What challenges does President Elect Obama face that are similar to FDR?

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PROMPT How did the New Deal Respond to the problems of the depression and change the role of the federal government?

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Prompt What is the goal of Social Security? Should it continue?

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PROMPT What New Deal legislation do you feel was the most important and why?

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What comparison are they making about Obama and Why? Is it a positive one or negative?

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Franklin D. Roosevelt New Deal Election of 1932 New President New Ideas

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Franklin D. Roosevelt PHASE ONE First 100 days Depression hit hard

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Franklin D. Roosevelt March 1933 and June 1933 Legislation 3 basic categories of Legislation

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Relief Reform Recovery

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Franklin D. Roosevelt First 100 days Banking Holiday for 1 week Encourage people to use banks

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Franklin D. Roosevelt First order of business Bank holiday closed all banks Federal inspectors examined all banks

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Franklin D. Roosevelt Glass-Stegal banking act Established Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) Insured accounts up to 2,500 dollars

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Franklin D. Roosevelt Those deemed solvent reopened Two thirds reopened Restored confidence in banking industry

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Prohibition Repealed

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FIRESIDE CHATS

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Relief Programs Civilian Conservation Corp Federal Emergency Relief Act Civil Works Administration

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Relief Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) 1933 put young men to work

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Ages between 18-28 Forest and parks Popular of all New Deal Temporary employment about 1 year Lasted until 1934

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Relief Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA) Loans to states to create programs to reduce unemployment

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2. Federal Emergency & Relief Administration (FERA): direct relief ($, clothes) to people FERA distributes clothing in Tennessee

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RELIEF Civil Works Administration (CWA) was only a year Temporary program Get people back to work Winter 1934 Paid high wages

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The CWA's four million workers laid 12 million feet of sewer pipe and built or improved 255,000 miles of roads, 40,000 schools, 3,700 playgrounds, and nearly 1,000 airports (not to mention 250,000 outhouses still badly needed in rural America

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Relief Created Public Works Administration (PWA) Building projects including dams and buildings Not as successful business did not trust government

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National Industrial Recovery Act in June 1933 established the PWA The PWA spent over $6 billion

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PWA Between July 1933 and March 1939 the PWA funded and administered the construction of more than 34,000 projects including airports, large electricity- generating dams, major warships for the Navy, and bridges, as well as 70% of the new schools and one-third of the hospitals built between 19331939.

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Lasting PWA projects Camp David

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Doubleday Field

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Dealey Plaza

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FCA Farm Credit Association : Helped 40% of farms that were mortgaged by providing low interest loans through a Federal Land Bank for 50 year terms

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RECOVERY WPA NIRA AAA FHA

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Federal Housing Authority FHA Home loans at discounted rates Increased home ownership to low and middle class

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3. Works Progress Administration (WPA): gave jobs building public buildings and roads also hired artists & writers WPA workers creating a flood Control dike in Arkansas

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Works Project Administration Worked on smaller projects than the PWA Hired unskilled labor and those on relief Built things like sewers, city halls etc.

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3. Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) farmers paid to NOT grow crops Texas farmers receive AAA check

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Increase farm income by reducing crop growing Paid farmers not to grow crops Tax on food processors paid the shortfall

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By 1935 farm income raised by 50 percent However some small and tenant farmers were forced off land

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Recovery National Recovery Act (NRA) codes of fair competition Minimum wage(30 -40 cents) Maximum hours(35-40) Price fixing controls Collective bargining

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Wagner Act 1935, National Labor Relations Act, called the Wagner Act, legalized collective bargaining and closed shops.

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2. National Recovery Administration (NRA): set industry codes for production, wages, prices & working conditions

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NRA collapsed before it was deemed unconstitutional by Supreme Court

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NEW Deal FDR appoints 1 st woman: Francis Perkins For Secretary of State Appointed African Americans to posts Eleanor protested Jim Crow Laws

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Critics Early on New Deal agencies were giving increasing power to the federal government. The Supreme Court declared the NIRA unconstitutional because it gave the President more local control Struck down the tax that funded AAA

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Second New Deal The Second New Deal included more social welfare benefits, stricter controls over business, stronger support for unions, and higher taxes on the rich. New agencies attacked unemployment. The Works Progress Administration (WPA) employed more than 8 million workers

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FSA The Resettlement Administration and later the Farm Security Administration (FSA) helped migrant farmers, sharecroppers, and tenant farmers who were ignored by the AAA.

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REA The New Deal also brought electricity to rural America. The Rural Electrification Administration (REA) offered loans to electric companies and farm cooperatives for building power plants and extending power lines.

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Reform TVA:Tennessee Valley Authority Social Security NHA FDIC SEC

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Stabilizing financial institutions FDR wanted to restore public confidence in the nations banks. Congress passed the Emergency Banking Act, which authorized the government to inspect the financial health of all banks. Congress also passed the Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933. This act established a Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to insure bank deposits.

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1. Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. (FDIC) insured savings accounts in govt approved banks Logo banks display today for FDIC today

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TVA Today, the TVA ranks as America's largest public power company, with a generating capacity of 31,658 megawatts. The TVA has become a major recreation provider as well

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1. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA): helped the valley by controlling floods and providing electricity

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Rural area void of electricity Series of dams and locks Made river navigable Generated electricity for entire rural region

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Greatly improved standard of living Conflict between large utilities and government

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Second Term? What were some of the shortcomings and limits of the New Deal? What were the chief complaints of FDRs critics inside and outside of politics? How did the court-packing fiasco harm FDRs reputation?

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Critics The Fair Labor Standards Act covered fewer than one quarter of all gainfully employed workers. It set the minimum wage at 25 cents an hour, which was below what most workers already made.

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Critics FDR also refused to support a bill to make lynching a federal crime because he feared that his support of the bill would cause southern Congressmen to block all of his other programs.

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Many federal relief programs in the South reinforced racial segregation and because the Social Security Act excluded farmers and domestic workers, it failed to cover nearly two thirds of working African Americans.

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Critics Debate about the New Deal continues today. Critics believe that the programs violated the free market system. Supporters believe that providing relief to the poor and unemployed was worth the compromise.

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FDRs Greatest Mistake Packing the Supreme Court What? Why? Increase the # of Supreme Court justices from 9 to 15 Kept declaring his programs unconstitutional (including NRA, AAA, SEC, etc.)

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His Greatest Mistake Packing the Supreme Court Results ? Public grew angry (FDR taking too much power) FDR passed much less legislation after this Supreme Court Exterior

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Other Critics Father Charles Coughlin Radio Priest radio show reaching 10 million Originally supported FDR and New Deal 1934 - National Union for Social Justice

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Called FDR Franklin Double Crossing Roosevelt and a betrayer and liar Coughlins ideas were reckless 1942 ordered by Catholic Church to stop broadcasting show.

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More Critics Huey Long US Senator from Louisiana Redistribution of Wealth Only could make up to 1 million dollars ..

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HUEY LONG The rest would be collected by government and redistributed to give every American family a minimum household estate of $5000 dollars and minimum income of $2500 dollars. Also called for: Shorter working hours, more vet benefits, education payments and pensions for elderly.

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More Critics Dr. Francis Townsend Wanted more done for older Americans in the New Deal.

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THE SECOND NEW DEAL Although the economy had improved during FDRs first term (1932- 1936), the gains were not as great as expected Unemployment remained high and production still lagged

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Second New Deal Second New Deal 1935 Relief and Recovery Federal Arts Project First time gave aid to artists Money for concerts to small towns

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NEW Federal Programs of 2 nd New Deal WPA Works Progress Administration Social Security Act National Labor Relations Act

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FHA FHA Federal Housing Administration provided home loans, home mortgages and repairs Repaired business in Childersburg, Alabama

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WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION Helping urban workers was critical to the success of the Second Hundred Days The WPA set out to create as many jobs as possible as quickly as possible Between 1935-1943, the WPA spent $11 billion to give jobs to 8 million workers

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WPA BUILDS AMERICA WPA workers built 850 airports, 651,000 miles of roads and streets, and 125,000 public buildings The WPA also hired artists, writers and photographers to create art The Davis Street School Extension in Atlanta under construction as part of the Works Progress Administration Program, November 2, 1936

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NATIONAL YOUTH ADMINISTRATION The National Youth Administration (NYA) was created to provide education, jobs and recreation for young people Getting young people off the streets and into schools and jobs was a high priority for the NYA

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Second new deal National Labor Relations Act creation of NLRB Allowed workers to elect Which union they wanted to join

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IMPROVING LABOR RELATIONS In the Second New Deal FDR helped pass the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) This legislation protected workers, ensured collective bargaining, and preserved the right to unionize The NLRA was also called the Wagner Act

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CONGRESS PROTECTS WORKERS In 1938, Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act which set maximum hours at 44 per week and minimum wage at 25 cents per hour

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Second New Deal Social Security Pension supported by taxes for elderly Small pension for elderly Unemployment compensation

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In August 1937, the economy collapsed again. Industrial production and employment levels fell. The nation entered a recession, a period of slow business activity. The new Social Security tax was partly to blame. The tax came directly out of workers paychecks, through payroll deductions.

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To fund the New Deal, the government had to borrow massive amounts of money. As a result the national debt rose from $21 billion in 1933 to $43 billion by 1940.

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Reform SEC (Security and Exchange Commission) Regulated stock market No insider trading

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2. Social Security Act pensions for retired workers, unemployment insurance, welfare FDR signs SSA

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Support for survivors Health insurance Health insurance was dropped in a compromise

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Today, about 160 million people work and pay Social Security taxes and about 52 million people receive monthly Social Security benefits. Social Security replaces about 40 percent of an average wage earners income after retiring

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The current Social Security system works like this: when you work, you pay taxes into Social Security. The tax money is used to pay benefits to: People who already have retired; People who are disabled; Survivors of workers who have died; and Dependents of beneficiaries.

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Medicare Medicare was added in 1965 Medicare is a federal program that helps to pay for older Americans' health costs. Some people incorrectly consider Medicare to be part of the Social Security system because taxes that finance part of Medicare are lumped in with those that pay for Social Security

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Retirement Social Security's retirement program provides a lifetime monthly income for qualified workers once they reach their full retirement age. Depending on when they were born, that age ranges from 65 to 67. The amount of retirement benefits that a worker receives depends on his or her income while working. Workers also have the option of receiving a lower monthly income starting at age 62.

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Survivors Social Security's survivors program provides a monthly lifetime income to the surviving spouse of a deceased worker once he or she reaches retirement age. The amount of the monthly benefit depends on both spouses' income while they were working. The survivors program also pays benefits to children under the age of 18 and the surviving spouse caring for them.

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Disability Social Security also pays lifetime monthly income to workers who are disabled and, in some cases, to their spouses and children under the age of 18. These benefits depend on the worker's earning history

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NEW DEAL AFFECTS MANY GROUPS First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt helped women gain higher political positions during the New Deal Eleanor was influential in her role as advisor to the president Frances Perkins became Americas first female cabinet member (Labor) Eleanor & Franklin

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Minorities African Americans hard hit, programs were segregated Tenant farmers(sharecroppers) were often African American Relief payments lower Indian Reorganization Act 1934: allowed tribal control over land

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AFRICAN AMERICANS DURING THE NEW DEAL The 1930s witnessed a growth of activism for black Americans A. Philip Randolph became head of the nations first all-black union the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

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AFRICAN AMERICANS GAIN POLITICAL POSITIONS FDR appointed over 100 African Americans to positions within the government Mary McLeod Bethune headed the division of Negro Affairs of the NYA Despite these gains, FDR was never fully committed to Civil Rights Bethune

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NATIVE AMERICANS MAKE GAINS Native Americans made advances during the 1920s & 1930s Full citizenship granted in 1924 The Reorganization Act of 1934 gave Natives more ownership of reservations Policy was moving away from assimilation towards autonomy

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WPA Cultural Arts programs

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CULTURE IN THE 1930s MOVIES: By the late 1930s, 65% of Americans were attending the movies at least once per week at one of the nations 15,000 movie theaters Comedies, lavish musicals, love stories and gangster films dominated the movie industry Movies provided an escape from the hardships of the Great Depression

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MOVIE A new era of glamour in Hollywood was launched with stars like Clark Gable, Marlene Dietrich and James Cagney STARS 1930s

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FAMOUS FILMS OF THE 30s One of the most famous films of the era was Gone with the Wind (1939) Other notable movies of the era included The Wizard of Oz (1939) and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)

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RADIO: THE ORIGINAL ENTERTAINMENT Sales of radios greatly increased in the 1930s, from 13 million in 1930 to 28 million by 1940 Nearly 90% of American homes owned a radio Families spent hours listening to the radio

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ROOSEVELTS FIRESIDE CHATS FDR communicated to Americans via radio His frequent Fireside Chats kept Americans abreast of the governments efforts during the Depression

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POPULAR RADIO SHOWS Popular radio shows included comedies with Bob Hope, Jack Benny, and the duo of Burns and Allen Soap operas (named because they were sponsored by soap companies) ran in the mornings, kids shows in the afternoon and entertainment at night HopeHope BurnsAllen Benny

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FAMOUS RADIO MOMENTS Orson Wells created a radio special called War of the Worlds It was an epic drama about aliens landing in America Unfortunately, many thought it was a news broadcast and panicked

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LIVE NEWS COVERAGE Radio captured news as well as providing entertainment One of the first worldwide broadcasts was the horrific crash of the Hindenburg, a German Zeppelin (blimp), in New Jersey on May 6, 1937 Such immediate news coverage became a staple in society The Hindenburg caught fire and was utterly destroyed within a minute Of the 97 people on board, 13 passengers and 22 crew-members were killed

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ART DURING THE GREAT DEPRESSION The Federal Art Project (branch of the WPA) paid artists a living wage to produce art Projects included murals, posters and books Much of the art, music and literature was sober and serious WPA Art Democracy...a Challenge artist, date unknown

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ARTISTS HERALDED Painters like Edward Hopper, Thomas Hart Benton, and Iowas Grant Wood were all made famous by their work in the WPA program Photographer Dorothea Lange gained fame from her photos during this era (featured throughout this presentation) Woods American Gothic is perhaps the most famous piece of the era (1930)

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A Political Partnership Franklin Roosevelt Appealing blend of cheerfulness, optimism, and confidence An effective communicator (ex. fireside chats) A reform-minded Democrat Believed the government could solve economic and social problems Eleanor Roosevelt Eyes and ears of her husband Directed efforts to solve several major social issues (ex. lynching of African Americans) Wrote her own newspaper column Had the trust and affection of many Americans

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The New Deal - Pros and Cons Pros Restored optimism and hope to Americans Cons Did not really fix the depression Left the nation with much debt Provided necessary relief to many Left people too dependent on government (?)

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What factors led to the recession of 1937, and how did the Roosevelt administration respond? What triumphs and setbacks did unions experience during the New Deal era? What effects did the New Deal have on American culture? What lasting effects can be attributed to the New Deal?

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Questions: Why was FDR's administration labeled the "New Deal?" What were its three goals? What sort of relationship did President Roosevelt develop with the press and the public? What role did the radio play in Depression-era America? What role did Mrs. Roosevelt play in her husband's administration? Why did FDR engage in a series of "Fireside Chats" with the American people?

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End of New Deal Recession of 1937 Caused by cuts in federal spending Federal Reserve responded Industrial production declined

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By 1938 New Deal had essentially come to an end. World Crisis beginning to emerge FDR turned his attention to preparing a reluctant nation for war.

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Effects of New Deal New groups, ie workers, farmers,to positions that could challenge power Increased regulation of economy Stock market Banking system Welfare system Social security

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Programs today Social Security NLRA National Labor Relations Admin TVA FDIC SEC Federal Crop Insurance Corporation Fair Labor Standards REA Rural Electrification Admin

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Success or Failure? 1.Reduced unemployment by 7 million 2.Soil conservation schemes. 3.The Stock Market and banks recovered. 4.Transformed the Tennessee valley. 5.Roosevelt was re-elected. 1.Still 6 million out of work in 1941. 2.The numbers fell due to enlistment and rearmament in WW2. 3.Black people were segregated from white. 4.Women were excluded from the New Deal. 5.Tennessee benefited but many areas were still suffering.