Upload
nick-leshi
View
130
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Class Blogs By Genre
CarsCity Culture on a Budget
College LifeFashionFiction
Food on a BudgetMediaMoviesMusic
Nightlife on a Budget Sports
Women’s Perspective
Class Blogs
Abandoned to Fiction by Tori Messanahttp://abandonedtofiction.blogspot.com/
Apollo’s Radio by Anthony Guerrierihttps://palmtreesandmelodies.wordpress.com/
The Beer Garden by Kaley Waltershttps://thebeergardenblog.wordpress.com/
Boozed on a Budget by Jillian Brookshttp://jillybean17.wix.com/boozed-on-a-budget
College Budget Eats by Michael Marandohttp://collegebudgeteats.blogspot.com/
Euroligen by William Slatteryhttps://euroligen.wordpress.com/
Class Blogs (continued)
Finger Flickin Good Flicks by Brian Wetzelhttps://bwetzelblog.wordpress.com/
The First Gear by Brendan Doranhttp://thefirstgear.com/
The Green Mile by Dan Greenhttps://thedangreenmile.wordpress.com/
Media About Media by Connor Ryanhttp://media-about-media.tumblr.com/
On a Whim by Adriana Calandrahttps://onawhimxx.wordpress.com/
Powered by Estrogen by Victoria Garrityhttps://poweredbyestrogen.wordpress.com/
Class Blogs (continued)
RAMSVERYOWN by Lourenzo Smithhttp://ramsveryown.blogspot.com/
Shake It Off, Shake It Off…Said Coach by Kristina Maksutihttps://kmaksuti.wordpress.com/
Sports Solver by Tom DiSalvohttps://sportssolver.wordpress.com/
Timeless Tunes by Vittorio Di Fuscohttps://oldsoultunes11.wordpress.com/
Twenty-Something Gentleman by Jesus Leonhttps://twentysomethinggentleman.wordpress.com/
“We are moving from a culture dominated by mass media, using one-to-many communication, to one where participatory media, using many-to-many communication, is becoming the norm.”
– Jill Walker Rettberg, Blogging
– Jill Walker Rettberg, Blogging
Cultural and Media Shift
“Rather than simply being a form born in opposition to mass media, blogs have aspects in common with many other forms of communication during the last centuries.”
– Jill Walker Rettberg, Blogging
Remediation
Oral Communication
Physical communication: Facial expressions, hand gestures, body movement
Verbal communication: Symbolic sounds, spoken languages and dialects
Oral Communication
One-to-One or One-to-Few
Communication limited to those within hearing distance or physical proximity.
Potential for dialogue, two-way communication.
Since it takes place in a finite moment, messages are subject to memory limitations and misinterpretation.
Oral Features of Online Writing
“Some aspects of blogging are very similar to oral cultures.”
– Jill Walker Rettberg, Blogging
Oral Features of Online Writing
Blogs are conversational and social.
Their tone tends to be less formal and closer to everyday speech than is the general tone of print writing.
Oral Features of Online Writing
Blogs are constantly changing.
Blogs can be and frequently are edited, with corrections being made after a post’s initial publication.
Oral Features of Online Writing
Most blogs allow comments.
A reader can ask questions or insert commentary.
If the original online writer does not directly respond, other readers might, either through additional comments or via
their own separate blog entries.
Oral Features of Online Writing
Blogs appear to be closer to the reciprocity of oral communication that Plato appreciated than to the
unresponsiveness of traditional writing. Plato wrote dialogues, and he praised dialogue as a form of
communication that is more valuable than dissemination, such as writing or a public speech given to a large audience.
Writing
“Writing is a technology itself, even without the printing press or the computer.”
– Jill Walker Rettberg, Blogging
Writing vs. Oral Tradition
Writing allowed things not possible in oral traditions.
Limitations of space and time are broken.
It has a sense of permanence, allowing the message to be studied and analyzed.
Writing vs. Oral Tradition
One strength of oral communication that was lost in writing, and later print:
Writing vs. Oral Tradition
One strength of oral communication that was lost in writing, and later print:
Oral communication has the potential for instant two-way dialogue. Writing and print are only one-way
communication. Any response, question, or additional comment is delayed by the time needed to write, reproduce, and/or distribute the written message.
Written Communication
75,000 BCE to 73,000 BCE: Pieces of ocher rock with geometric patterns found in a cave in South Africa.
The systematic pattern suggests that the markings represent information rather than just decoration.
Written Communication
Symbolic Writing: Drawings and symbols representing concepts and words,
eventually leading to phonetic writing, representing specific sounds.
Oldest cave paintings were discovered in France, dating back to about 30,000 BCE.
Written Communication
3500 BCE to 2900 BCE
The Sumerians develop cuneiform writing (pictographs written on clay tablets).
The Egyptians develop hieroglyphic writing.
The Phoenicians develop an alphabet, written from right to left.
Written Communication
1400 BCE
Early Chinese writing discovered on bone dating back to about 1400 BCE.Oracle Bones and Shells featured inscriptions by spiritual leaders
answering divine questions.
Written Communication
500 BCE to 170 BCE
Papyrus rolls and early parchments made of dried reeds become the first known portable and light writing surfaces.
Written Communication
1st Century CE
The Codex, loose sheets of wood, paper, or other material bound together, usually with a cover, is invented by the Romans, and becomes the book format we are
familiar with today.
Print Communication
305 CE
China invents the first wooden printing press, symbols carved on a wooden block.
Print Communication
1455 CE
Johannes Gutenberg invents a printing press with metal movable type. (Clay movable type had been invented as early as 1049,
but it was not practical for mass printing.)
Print Communication
One-to-Many
Limitations of space and time are broken.
Only one-way communication.
It has a sense of permanence so readers can revisit it at anytime, studying and analyzing the message,
returning to the unchanging source multiple times if necessary.
Impact of Print on Communication
“(Print caused) the transformation from a society where spoken discourse was the norm to one where silent reading and writing was a main form of communication.”
– Jill Walker Rettberg, Blogging
Impact of Print on Communication
“Perhaps the radical increase of dissemination was the most obvious feature of print…Texts were spread throughout the world on a scale never before seen…It is easy to see the parallels to the radical increase in access to texts that has become possible with the Web.”
– Jill Walker Rettberg, Blogging
Oral and Print Features of Online Writing
Blogs are remarkable for combining aspects of both dialogue and dissemination.
Benefits of Print Communication
Standardization
Identification of errata, lists of known errors
Organization (table of contents, indices, alphabetization, categorization)
Data Collection(development of fields of science, history, and other studies)
Preservation
Amplification and Reinforcement of Ideas
Benefits of Print Communication
Standardization
Identification of errata, lists of known errors
Organization (table of contents, indices, alphabetization, categorization)
Data Collection(development of fields of science, history, and other studies)
Preservation
Amplification and Reinforcement of Ideas
Benefits of Print Communication
Standardization
Identification of errata, lists of known errors
Organization (table of contents, indices, alphabetization, categorization)
Data Collection(development of fields of science, history, and other studies)
Preservation
Amplification and Reinforcement of Ideas
Benefits of Print Communication
Standardization
Identification of errata, lists of known errors
Organization (table of contents, indices, alphabetization, categorization)
Data Collection(development of fields of science, history, and other studies)
Preservation
Amplification and Reinforcement of Ideas
Benefits of Print Communication
Standardization
Identification of errata, lists of known errors
Organization (table of contents, indices, alphabetization, categorization)
Data Collection(development of fields of science, history, and other studies)
Preservation
Amplification and Reinforcement of Ideas
Benefits of Print Communication
Standardization
Identification of errata, lists of known errors
Organization (table of contents, indices, alphabetization, categorization)
Data Collection(development of fields of science, history, and other studies)
Preservation
Amplification and Reinforcement of Ideas
Benefits of Print Communication
Standardization
Identification of errata, lists of known errors
Organization (table of contents, indices, alphabetization, categorization)
Data Collection(development of fields of science, history, and other studies)
Preservation
Amplification and Reinforcement of Ideas
Benefits of Print Communication
Standardization
Identification of errata, lists of known errors
Organization (table of contents, indices, alphabetization, categorization)
Data Collection(development of fields of science, history, and other studies)
Preservation
Amplification and Reinforcement of Ideas
New Literacies
“Another deep way in which print influenced our culture in general and communication in particular is the increase in literacy that occurred with the greater access to books.”
– Jill Walker Rettberg, Blogging
New Literacies
Today, new kinds of literacy are developing as the general population is acquiring new skills and the ability both to read and navigate the Web and to publish its own words, images, videos, blogs, and other content.
The new literacies have been called network literacy, multi-literacies, digital literacy, and secondary literacy.
Online Media as New Literacy
The most recent medium, the Internet, is increasing the amount of reading and writing in which people engage, a form of textual practice.
Print vs. Electronic Media
In the 20th century, radio, movies, and television moved in upon print’s territory. It is a common idea that print privileges “focused attention” against broadcast media’s “channel surfing” and the Web’s “hypertexuality” with its link-following connectivity.
Impact of Print on Other Media
“As print became commonplace throughout the 16th century, a great shift occurred in our understanding of what literature and information was. When we learned to record and broadcast sound and, later, moving pictures, sounds and images became governed by the same logic of distribution and ownership as print had been.”
– Jill Walker Rettberg, Blogging
Electricity
The power of electricity has been studied since at least as early as the time of the ancient Greeks.
Thales of Miletos
William Gilbert
Benjamin Franklin
Luigi Galvani
Alessandro Volta
Electronic Communication
1831
Joseph Henry invents the electric telegraph.
1835
Samuel Morse invents Morse code and 8 years later invents the first long-distance electric telegraph line.
Electronic Communication
1877
Thomas Edison patents the phonograph, which uses a wax cylinder as a recording medium for sound.
1887
Emile Berliner invents the gramophone, which allows repeat recording of audio.
Electricity
1879
Building on the work of others, such as Georg Ohm, Nikola Tesla, and Humphrey Davy, Thomas Edison invents the first long-lasting, practical light bulb.
Mass Electronic Communication
1891
Thomas Edison files for a patent of a motion picture camera and a few years later introduces a projector,
using a perforated celluloid reel system developed by his employee William Dickson. The Kinetoscope allowed “motion pictures”
to be seen one viewer at a time.
Mass Electronic Communication
1895
The Lumiere brothers, Auguste and Louis, held the first public screenings (to which they charged admission) of projected motion pictures.
Mass Electronic Communication
1896
Thomas Edison’s improved Vitascope becomes the first commercially successful motion picture projector in the United States. The movie industry is born.
Mass Electronic Communication
1894
Guglielmo Marconi improves wireless telegraphy.
1902
Marconi transmits the first radio signal across the Atlantic Ocean, from Cornwall to Newfoundland.
Mass Electronic Communication
1912
The Radio Act of 1912 limits all private radio communications to what is now the Amplitude Modulation (AM) band (Medium Frequency).
Public radio broadcasting is marginalized to shortwave frequencies.
Mass Electronic Communication
1927
NBC starts two radio networks (“Red” and “Blue”).CBS radio network begins.
Mass Electronic Communication
1927
The Federal Radio Commission, established in 1926, and the Radio Act of 1927 regulate the use of the radio spectrum.
Mass Electronic Communication
1927
The Jazz Singer is the first feature-length motion picture with sound. The “silent movie” era eventually gives way to the “talkies.”
Mass Electronic Communication
1923
Vladimir Kosma Zworykin invents the first television (cathode-ray tube) camera.
1925
John Baird transmits the first experimental television signal.
1927
First television broadcasts in England.
1930
First television broadcasts in the United States. (Network TV starts in 1940.)
Mass Electronic Communication
1934
Edwin Armstrong builds a Frequency Modulation (FM) transmitter for RCA.
Mass Electronic Communication
1934
The Communications Act of 1934 establishes the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), which replaces the Federal Radio Commission. The FCC is
charged with “regulating all non-federal government use of the radio spectrum (including radio and television broadcasting) and all interstate telecommunication
(wire, satellite, and cable), as well as all international communication that originates or terminates in the United States.”
Mass Electronic Communication
1939
Hollywood starts producing commercially successful color motion pictures.
Mass Electronic Communication
1940s and 1950s
The “Big Three” television networks are born (NBC, CBS, and ABC).A fourth, early major TV network, DuMont, ceased broadcasting in 1956.
Mass Electronic Communication
1949
The birth of what would become cable television – Community Antenna Television (CATV) delivers programming to households via coaxial cables in areas that did not have strong individual broadcast reception.
Mass Electronic Communication
1954
The National Educational Television (NET), a non-commercial, educational, public television network, begins.
Mass Electronic Communication
1965
Sterling Manhattan Cable becomes the first urban underground cable system in the United States – no telephone poles or microwave antennas necessary.
Mass Electronic Communication
1972
Home Box Office (HBO) begins distributing programming on a paid subscription basis.
Mass Electronic Communication
1972
Magnavox Odyssey is introduced as the first home video game console.
Mass Electronic Communication
1975
Cable TV pioneer HBO becomes the first television network to continuously deliver signals via satellite.
Mass Electronic Communication
1975
Sony introduces Betamax, a consumer-level analog videocassette magnetic tape recording format.
Rival JVC develops a competing format, VHS, which dominates the marketplace.
Mass Electronic Communication
1986
The FOX broadcast TV network debuts.
1995
The WB and UPN broadcast TV networks debut.
2006
The WB and UPN merge to form the CW broadcast TV network.
Mass Electronic Communication
1999
The first Digital Video Recorders (DVRs) – Replay TV and TiVo – hit the market.
Mass Electronic Communication
2010
Bundled service for television, telephone, and Internet becomes common
Mass Electronic Communication
One-to-Many, Exponentially Multiplied
Limitations of space and time are broken, but a “second orality” is born. The need for written symbolism is minimized.
Mostly only one-way communication.
Live broadcasts vs. recorded broadcasts:Sense of permanence and critical analysis.
Portability1972 = The first portable personal audio cassette player, the StereoBelt, was invented in Italy. 1979 – Sony develops the popular Walkman in Japan.
Digital Revolution1979 = Standardized laser-discs (optical discs used for storing digital data) hit the market. 1982 – Compact-Discs (CDs) and CD players become commercially available.
1995 – DVDs (Digital Video Discs or Digital Versatile Discs) hit the market and quickly replace video-cassettes by consumer choice.
High Definition RevolutionIn the 2000s, high-definition flatscreens (and later touch screens) become common.
New Media Electronic Communication
One-to-One, One-to-Many, or Many-to-Many
Limitations of space and time are broken further, but a “new print culture” is born.Written symbolism returns to prominence, with modifications.
Mostly only two-way communication.
Flexibility and impermanence. Information overload.
Changes can be made often very quickly and easily.
The Online Timeline
1957 = After the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) launched Sputnik, the first artificial Earth satellite, the United States of America (USA) formed the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA, later renamed DARPA) to establish an American military lead in science and technology
The Online Timeline
1964 = John George Kemeny and Thomas Eugene Kurtz at Dartmouth College design BASIC (Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code), a high-level computer programming language meant to be easy to use, in order to provide computer access for non-science students.
The Online Timeline
1969 = ARPANET, the world’s first operational “packet-switching” (rather than “circuit-switching”) network, was launched, connecting four major U.S. universities: UCLA, Stanford Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbera, and University of Utah. Designed for research, education, and government organizations, it provided a communications network linking the country in the event that a military attack destroys conventional communications systems.
Circuit-Switching vs. Packet-Switching
Circuit-switched networks (such as telephone calls) require dedicated point-to-point connections during communication. Packet-switched networks move data in separate, small blocks -- packets -- based on the destination address in each packet. When received, packets are reassembled in the proper sequence to make up the message.
The Online Timeline
1971 = Ray Tomlinson invented Electronic Mail (E-Mail) and also made the decision to use the "@" symbol to separate the user name from the computer name (which later became the domain name).
The Online Timeline
1973 = Work began on the Internet Protocol Suite, later to be called TCP/IP, a standard set of communication protocols to allow diverse computer networks to interconnect and communicate with each other.
1974 = Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn first used the term “Internet” in a paper about Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).
The Online Timeline
1975 = Ethernet was developed by Robert Metcalfe, allowing coaxial cable to move data incredibly fast.
1979 = USENET, a decentralized news group network, was created by Steve Bellovin.
1979 = IBM created BITNET (“Because It’s Time Network”), a “store and forward” network used for e-mail and groups using listserv (an electronic mailing list software application).
The Online Timeline1970s to 1980s = Companies began developing and marketing home personal computers. 1971 – Kembak-1, world’s first personal computer
The Online Timeline1970s to 1980s = Companies began developing and marketing home personal computers. 1973 – Xerox Alto, first computer to use a mouse, etc.
The Online Timeline1970s to 1980s = Companies began developing and marketing home personal computers. 1975 – Altair 8800, first to use a single-chip microprocessor
The Online Timeline1975 = Established to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800, Microsoft rose to dominate the home computer operating system market with MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) in the mid-1980s, followed by the Microsoft Windows line of graphical-user interface operating systems.
The Online Timeline1970s to 1980s = Companies began developing and marketing home personal computers. 1977 – The “Trinity” began to popularize home computers.
Commodore PETApple IITandy Corporation’s TRS-80
The Online Timeline1970s to 1980s = Companies began developing and marketing home personal computers. 1978 – Atari 400 and Atari 800
The Online Timeline1970s to 1980s = Companies began developing and marketing home personal computers. 1979 – Texas Instruments’ TI-99
The Online Timeline1970s to 1980s = Companies began developing and marketing home personal computers. 1981 – IBM PC, inspired countless “PC clones”
The Online Timeline1970s to 1980s = Companies began developing and marketing home personal computers. 1982 – Commodore 64, bestselling computer of all time
The Online Timeline1970s to 1980s = Companies began developing and marketing home personal computers. 1984 – Apple Macintosh, first successful mouse-driven computer with graphical-user interface
The Online Timeline
1983 = The University of Wisconsin created the Domain Name System (DNS). This allowed packets to be directed to a domain name, which would be translated by the server database into the corresponding Internet Protocol (IP) number, assigned to each computer device. This made it much easier for people to access other servers, because they no longer had to remember numbers.
The Online Timeline1985 = GEnie (General Electric Network for Information Exchange) launched.
1994 = Prodigy (founded in 1984) became the first of the early-generation dialup services to offer access to the World Wide Web and to offer Web page hosting to its members
1993 = America Online (AOL) software was released for Microsoft Windows. (Previous versions for Apple Macintosh were released in 1989 and for DOS in 1991). Positioned by Steve Case as the online service for people “unfamiliar with computers,” it led to the mainstream embrace of the Internet, popularizing Chat Rooms, E-Mail, Message Boards, Instant Messaging, etc.
1989 = CompuServe (founded in 1969 as a computer support company) became the first online service to offer Internet connectivity.
The Online Timeline
1990 = The World Wide Web, invented by Timothy Berners-Lee, was implemented. It included a Web server to host a Web site that can be viewed through a Web browser. The original Web was entirely text-based. It was released to the public by CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) over the next few years.
The Online Timeline
1993 = Mosaic, the first widely available graphical Web browser and the first browser to allow embedded images, was released. Its clean, easily understood user interface, reliability, Windows port, and simple installation all contributed to making it the application that opened up the World Wide Web to the general public.
The Online Timeline
1995 = Marc Andreessen the leader of the Mosaic team, started his own company and launched Netscape Navigator, which became for a time the most popular Web browser. 1995 = Also influenced by Mosaic, Microsoft launched its own Web browser, Internet Explorer, leveraging it with its bestselling Windows operating system to market dominance.
The Online Timeline
1997 = Jorn Barger first used the term “Web log” to refer to online journals.
1999 = Peter Merholz was the first to use the abbreviated word “Blog” as a noun.
1999 = Evan Williams was the first to use the word “Blog” as both a noun and a verb.
1994 = Justin Hall created the first recognized online journal, Links.net
The Online Timeline
1998 = Google, an Internet search engine company, launched. It has since grown into a multinational public corporation, hosting a number of Internet-based services and products.
2003 = Google launches AdSense, matching ads to blog content.
The Online Timeline
1998 = Open Diary launched, offering online writers free hosting and an easy publishing solution.
1999 = A number of blogging platforms launch, including LiveJournal, Pitas, and Blogger. (Blogger would eventually be purchased by Google.)
2003 = WordPress launched.
The Online Timeline
1999 = The wireless technology called 802.11b, more commonly referred to as Wi-Fi, was standardized. Over the years that follow, this technology has appeared as a built-in feature of portable computers and many handheld devices.
The Online Timeline
1999 = The first Blackberry smartphone hits the market.
2007 = The first iPhone is sold.
The Online Timeline
2003 = Technorati, a blog search engine, launched, tracking over 150 million blogs.
2005 = YouTube, a video-sharing Web site, launched, revolutionizing the global distribution of user-generated video content.
2004 = Flickr, a photo-sharing Web site, launched.
The Online Timeline
2002 = Jonathan Abrams and Peter Chin launch Friendster, one of the first mainstream social networks.2003 = Brad Greenspan and others from Friendster’s parent company eUniverse launch MySpace, which became for a time the most popular social network site in the United States.2004 = Mark Zuckerberg and others launch Facebook, which revolutionizes the mass media potential for social networks. Facebook currently has more than one billion active users.2006 = Twitter, an easy-to-use social networking and microblogging site, launched.
The Online Timeline
2007 = Amazon introduces the Kindle, bringing electronic book (e-book) readers to the mainstream. Its proprietary e-ink technology, non-glare screen, wireless Whispernet delivery system, lightweight portable, long battery life, and large file storage space made it the market leader.
The Online Timeline
2010 = 4G Wireless Networks launched in the United States, allowing for high-speed connections to devices such as cell phones, tablet computers, netbooks, and laptops.
2010 = Apple’s iPad revolutionizes the tablet computer market.
New Literacies
“The most recent medium, the Internet, is increasing the amount of reading and writing people engage in, a form of textual practice.”
– Jill Walker Rettberg, Blogging