II. Western Renaissance

Western Renaissance

Western Europe,

in less than a

generation,

constructed

democratic

political

institutions that

paved the wary

for economic

growth!

In addition, steps

were taken

toward broad

European

unity….a rebirth

—a true

renaissance!

Post War Economic Boom

Click icon to add picture

The Postwar

Economic Boom –

The result of

Marshall Plan

dollars, spending

on the Korean

War, Keynesian

economics, a

mixture of

government

planning and free-

market capitalism,

and the growth of

the welfare state.

…is a school of macroeconomic thought based on the ideas of 20th-century English economist John Maynard Keynes.

Christian DemocratsClick icon to add picture

Center-right political

parties that rose to

power in western

Europe after the

Second World War.

Rejected

authoritarianism, &

championed a return

to traditional family

values.

Advocated free

market economies,

limited gov’t planning

& instituted welfare

measures

The Labour Party

Click icon to add pictureTook power in 1945 in

Britain and established a

“cradle to the grave”

welfare state that was

maintained even when

the Conservatives

returned to power. It

nationalized banks, iron

and steel industries,

public transportation

networks, public utilities

and provided free

medical service,

retirement benefits and a

system of progressive

taxation. The Labour

Party built the most

comprehensive welfare

state outside of

Scandinavia.

The Labour Party was last in national government between 1997 and 2010 under Tony Blair and Gordon Brown

This is the party that helped initiate the Common Market!

Bretton Woods

Agreement linked

Western

currencies to the

U.S. dollar in

1944 and

established the

International

Monetary Fund

New Hampshire

European Steel & Coal-1951

International

organization put

in motion by two

French statesmen

(Jean Monnet &

Foreign Minister

Robert Schuman)

to control &

integrate

European steel &

coal production

Founders of the ECSC

Click icon to add picture The ECSC was first

proposed by French

foreign minister

Robert Schuman on 9

May 1950 as a way to

prevent further war

between France and

Germany. He declared

his aim was to "make

war not only

unthinkable but

materially impossible."

Jean Monnet- a French political economist and diplomat. ..regarded by many as a chief architect of European Unity

Robert Schuman-twice PM of France; one of the Founding fathers of the EU

EECClick icon to add pictureEuropean Economic

Community ( the

Common Market)

international

organisation created

with a view to bring

about economic

integration (including

a common market)

among its six original

members—Belgium,

France, Germany,

Italy, Luxembourg and

the Netherlands.

Created by the Treaty

of Rome, 1957

Treaty of Rome (1957)

The Treaty of Rome

was the founding

treaty of the

European Economic

Community (EEC),

which later became

the EU

The negotiations that

led to the Treaty of

Rome began at

Messina, Italy in

1955. The Treaty was

signed in Rome in

March 1957 and came

into force in January

1958.

Consumer Revolution

Postwar Boom-

full employment,

higher wages, &

expansion of

credit meant that

western

Europeans could

buy washing

machines, radios,

record players,

TV’s, and even

cars!

Click icon to add picture

Kitchen Debate—refers to, what?

Click icon to add picture

The Nixon-

Khrushchev

“Kitchen Debate”

LISTENING TO

THE PAST

Page 942-43

Khrushchev and Nixon discuss the merits of the American way during the famous kitchen debate. (AP Images)

Post War Soviet Union under Stalin

Return to

Dictatorship

Stalinization in

Eastern Europe

Establishing

Command

Economies

Censorship &

Opposition

Nikita Khrushchev(1894-1971)

led the Soviet Union

during part of the

Cold War. He served

as First Secretary of

the Communist

Party of the Soviet

Union from 1953 to

1964

His domestic

policies, aimed at

bettering the lives

of ordinary citizens,

were often

ineffective,

especially in the

area of agriculture

Click icon to add picture

De-Stalinization

• At the 20th Communist Party Congress in 1956 , Khrushchev did in fact denounced Stalin as “a dictator, murder and a bad leader.”

• In 1961 at the 22nd Communist Party Congress he denounced Stalin's “Cult of personality” the fact that Stalin glorified Himself in books Statues, pictures- etc.

Boris Pasternak

Doctor Zhivago: is an epic work

that provides several

fictionalized eye-witness

accounts of the upheaval in

Russia as the tsar is deposed,

communism rises from the

revolution, and a Marxist

government attempts to take

control.

Pasternak’s manuscript for this

novel had to be written in

secrecy and then smuggled out

of the Soviet Union because of

government censorship of

Pasternak’s work.

In the book, the protagonist

(Yuri Zhivago) believed that art

should not be enslaved by

politics and thus criticized his

oppressive government through

his writing.

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn(1918-2008)winner of the 1970 Nobel Prize in Literature

His writings, he felt,

brought global

awareness of the gulag,

the Soviet Union's forced

labor camp system .

Writings such as, One

Day in the Life of Ivan

Denisovick(published in

1962)

Its publication was an

extraordinary event in

Soviet literary history—

never before had an

account of Stalinist

repression been openly

distributed.

Brinksmanship-1953

the practice of

pushing dangerous

events to the verge

of—or to the brink

of—disaster in order

to achieve the most

advantageous

outcome.

coined by Secretary

of State John Foster

Dulles under the

Eisenhower

administration,

during the Cold War.

“Peaceful Coexistence”

Click icon to add picture

Hallmark of

Khrushchev’s

foreign policy

1955-1957

Khrushchev's

policy declared in

1956 Policy of

competition

between

communist &

capitalist nations

economics and

politics without

war!

Sputnik I (1957)

The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the

technological edge!

Nikita Khrushchev U-2 Incident

May 1, 1960

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962

Berlin Wall1961

U-2 Spy Incident (1960)Col. Francis Gary

Powers’ plane was shot down over Soviet airspace.

Socialist revolution is being split between China and USSR.

Berlin Crisis

Order in 1958 to

close the open

border between

East & West

Berlin in 1958.

1961-ordered a

wall around West

Berlin

What they wantedThe WestPrevent USSR from

gaining control of East Germany

To see a united, democratic Germany

The EastMaintain control over

E GermanyMake the West

recognise it as an independent state

Stop the flood of refugees especially the skilled and professional ones – much needed in E Germany

THE BERLIN WALL

Ich bin ein Berliner!

(1963)

President Kennedy tells Berliners that

the West is with them!

Video clip

• The Bay of Pigs was an unsuccessful attempt in 1961 to overthrow Fidel Castro’s regime.

• Several days before the invasion, the CIA destroyed parts of Cuba’s air force. The plan was to land at the Bay of Pigs with support from anti-Castro forces and overthrow the Cuban government without anyone knowing that the U.S. was involved.

• On April 17, 1961 about 1500 exiles with U.S. weapons landed at the Bay of Pigs. They intended to cross the island to Havana, but were quickly meet by Fidel’s army. By the time the fighting ended on April 19, 100 people were dead. It was a huge embarrassment for the Kennedy administration.

BAY OF PIGS

Khrushchev Embraces Castro,1961

Castro: Revolutionary and Opportunist

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!

Cuban Missile Crisis-1962

Khrushchev’s

decision to place

missiles in Cuba

nearly triggered a

nuclear war

between U.S. &

U.S.S.R.

Ended with

removal of Soviet

missiles in

exchange for Am.

pledges to leave

Castro’s regime in

power & to remove

Am. Nuclear

missiles from

Turkey

An Historic Irony: Sergei Khrushchev, American

Citizen

Nikita Khrushchev’s Son is a U.S. Citizen and is a Senior Fellow at the Watson Institute for International Studies at Brown University in

Providence, Rhode Island.

Leonid Brezhnev1964-82

Brezhnev Doctrine (1968) Soviet policy doctrine, introduced at the

Fifth Congress of the Polish United workers Party on November 13, 1968.

“When forces that are hostile to socialism try to turn the development of some socialist country towards capitalism, it becomes not only a problem of the country concerned, But a common problem and concern of all socialist countries”

Leadership of The Soviet union reserved to itself the right to define “socialism” and “capitalism.”

No country was allowed to leave Warsaw pact or to distribute that nations communist party’s monopoly on power

Used to justify the invasion of Czechoslovakia that terminated the Prague Spring in 1968 and Afghanistan in 1979

Replaced by the Sinatra Doctrine in 1988

This was similar to the Truman doctrine because they both claimed that great powers have the right to intervene in the domestic affairs of smaller countries!!

Leonid Brezhnev

1964-Khruschev’s

successor

Limited

reStalinization--

Brezhnev and his

supporters started

talking quietly of

Stalin’s “good

points” and

ignoring his crimes.

Period of stagnation

Avoided direct

confrontation with

the U.S.

Leonid Brezhnev

SALT Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

Détente:New policy originally initiated by the West German chancellor, Willy Brandt!!

Easing of strained relationsThis involved the following:1972: Richard Nixon visited

Moscow. 1st U.S. Pres. To do so since start of Cold War.

Nixon & Brezhnev-signed the LT I Accord

1973: Brezhnev visited the U.S.

1975-Helsinki Pact-U.S., Canada, & 33 Euro. Countries formally agree to recognize Soviet territorial gains in Europe, the division of Ger. & Soviet domination of E.Europe.

Willy Brandt-->

Détente

Leonid Brezhnev

& Richard Nixon

Easing of

tensions

US Soviet Relations: Détente 1964-1980

Brezhnev attempts to reach out to Americans, while promoting socialist expansion

Period characterized by a reduction in arms and the understanding of spheres of influence

Helsinki Accords: Supported by NATO, recognized Human Rights

USSR and US continue to promote their agendas around the world

Arms Race ContinuesUSSR has largest military force in the

world, and nuclear parity with the USRelations deteriorate after USSR invades

Afghanistan.US Boycotts Soviet Olympics(1980),

provides aid and arms to the Taliban.

Sinatra doctrine replaces the Brezhnev doctrine in 1988"Sinatra Doctrine" was the name that the

Soviet government of Mikhail Gorbachev used jokingly to describe its policy of allowing neighboring Warsaw Pact nations to determine their own internal affairs. The name alluded to the Frank Sinatra song "My Way"—the Soviet Union was allowing these nations to go their own way.

Afghanistan (1978- -1989) Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979USSR’ ’s “Vietnam” Resistance led by U.S. supported Osama Bin

LadenSoviets eventually successful in creating

successful in creating a puppet government Overthrown by the Taliban in 1996

Religion1958-Pope John Paul

XXIII, called for first international conference since 1870

Second Vatican Council(1962-1965)

Council peace & human rights

Mass in the vernacularAbsolved Jews from

deicide (murder of God, which had been used as an excuse for violence against them for centuries

Pope John XXIII—Pope from 1958-63

Second Vatican CouncilThe Second Vatican Council (also

known as Vatican II) addressed relations between the Roman Catholic Church and the modern world.

Of those who took part in the council's opening session, four have become pontiffs to date: Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini, who on succeeding Pope John XXIII took the name of Paul VI; Bishop Albino Luciani, the future Pope John Paul I; Bishop Karol Wojtyła, who became Pope John Paul II; and Father Joseph Ratzinger, present as a theological consultant, who became Pope Benedict XVI.