Werner CEUSTERS Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences Ontology Research Group

New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences

R T U

Discovery Seminar 035158/UE 141 MMM – Spring 2008

Solving Crimes using Referent Tracking

Building a Realism-based Crime Ontology- Introduction -Feb 20, 2008

Werner CEUSTERSCenter of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences

Ontology Research GroupUniversity at Buffalo, NY, USA


R T U

• ‘Ontology’: the study of being as a science• ‘An ontology’ is a representation of some pre-existing domain of reality

which– (1) reflects the properties of the objects within its domain in such a way

that there obtains a systematic correlation between reality and the representation itself,

– (2) is intelligible to a domain expert– (3) is formalized in a way that allows it to support automatic information

processing• ‘ontological’ (as adjective):

– Within an ontology.– Derived by applying the methodology of ontology– ...

What is (an) ontology ?


R T U

Three levels of reality

1. The world exists ‘as it is’ prior to a cognitive agent’s perception thereof;

2. Cognitive agents build up ‘in their minds’ cognitive representations of the world;

3. To make these representations publicly accessible in some enduring fashion, they create representational artifacts that are fixed in some medium.

Smith B, Kusnierczyk W, Schober D, Ceusters W. Towards a Reference Terminology for Ontology Research and Development in the Biomedical Domain. Proceedings of KR-MED 2006, November 8, 2006, Baltimore MD, USA


R T U



Smith B, Kusnierczyk W, Schober D, Ceusters W. Towards a Reference Terminology for Ontology Research and Development in the Biomedical Domain. Proceedings of KR-MED 2006, November 8, 2006, Baltimore MD,

USA


R T U

Reality exist before any observation

R


R T U

Reality exist before any observation

RAnd also most structures in reality are there in advance.


R T U





USA


R T U

The ontology author acknowledges the

existence of some Portion Of Reality (POR)

R

B


R T U

R

B

Some portions of reality escape his attention.


R T U




3. To make these representations publicly accessible in some enduring fashion, they create representational artifacts that are fixed in some medium.


USA


R T U

R

He represents only what he considers relevant

O

B

#1

RU1B1

RU1O1

• Both RU1B1 and RU1

O1 are representational units referring to #1;

• RU1O1 is NOT a

representation of RU1B1;

• RU1O1 is created through

concretization of RU1B1 in

some medium.


R T U

Thus ... • These concretizations are NOT supposed to be the

representations of these cognitive representations;

“concept representation”We should not be in the business of


R T U

But beware !• These concretizations are NOT supposed to be the

representations of these cognitive representations;• They are representations of the corresponding

parts of reality– They are like the images taken by means of a high

quality camera;


R T U

They are not (or should not be)

like the paintings of Salvador Dali

Non-canonical (although nice looking)

anatomy


R T U

Some characteristics of representational units

1. each unit is assumed by the creators of the representation to be veridical, i.e. to conform to some relevant POR as conceived on the best current scientific understanding;


R T U

Some characteristics of representational units

1. each unit is assumed by the creators of the representation to be veridical, i.e. to conform to some relevant POR as conceived on the best current scientific understanding;

2. several units may correspond to the same POR by presenting different though still veridical views or perspectives;


R T U

Some characteristics of representational units1. each unit is assumed by the creators of the

representation to be veridical, i.e. to conform to some relevant POR as conceived on the best current scientific understanding;

2. several units may correspond to the same POR by presenting different though still veridical views or perspectives;

3. what is to be represented by the units in a representation depends on the purposes which the representation is designed to serve.


R T U

Some characteristics of an optimal ontology• Each representational unit in such an ontology

would designate – (1) a single portion of reality (POR), which is – (2) relevant to the purposes of the ontology and such

that – (3) the authors of the ontology intended to use this unit

to designate this POR, and– (4) there would be no PORs objectively relevant to

these purposes that are not referred to in the ontology.


R T U

• • ‘An ontology’ is a representation of some pre-existing domain of reality

which– (1) reflects the properties of the objects within its domain in such a way

that there obtains a systematic correlation between reality and the representation itself,

– (2) is intelligible to a domain expert– (3) is formalized in a way that allows it to support automatic information

processing•

Remember … what is an ontology ?


R T U

A realist view of the world• The world consists of

– entities that are • Either particulars or universals; • Either occurrents or continuants;• Either dependent or independent; and,

– relationships between these entities of the form• <particular , universal> e.g. is-instance-of, • <particular , particular> e.g. is-member-of• <universal , universal> e.g. isa (is-subtype-of)

Smith B, Kusnierczyk W, Schober D, Ceusters W. Towards a Reference Terminology for Ontology Research and Development in the Biomedical Domain. Proceedings of KR-MED 2006, November 8, 2006, Baltimore MD, USA


R T U

• Continuants (aka endurants)– have continuous existence in time– preserve their identity through change– exist in toto whenever they exist at all

• Occurrents (aka processes)– have temporal parts– unfold themselves in successive phases– exist only in their phases

Continuants versus Occurrents


R T U

You are a continuant

• Your life is an occurrent

• You are 3-dimensional

• Your life is 4-dimensional


R T U

Dependent entities

require independent continuants as their bearers

There is no run without a runnerThere is no grin without a cat


R T U

Dependent vs. independent continuants

• Independent continuants (persons, knifes, buildings)

• Dependent continuants– qualities : sharp, red– shapes : round, square– roles: judge– propensities: breakable – functions: to make noise


R T U

All occurrents are dependent entities

• They are dependent on those independent continuants which are their participants (agents, patients, media ...)

– Stabbing– Punching– Running


R T U

Top-Level Ontology

ContinuantOccurrent

(always dependent on one or more

independent continuants)

IndependentContinuant

DependentContinuant

Role Function Propensity


R T U

Words collected in previous assignment

suspect

felon

convict

accused

defendant

prisoner

inmate

murderer

criminal

offender

interrogation

investigation

victim

evidence

foul play

trial

juryjudgelawyer

witness

weapon

perpetrator

detainee

lawbreaker

delinquent

wrongdoerarraigned

culprit

guilty

acquitted

adjournment during the Trial or Hearing

admissible

arrest alleged offender

appeal

brief

charge

forensic evidence

sentencing

verdict

alleged

incrimate

inculpate

mobster

robber

predator

intriguing

subhuman


R T U

Each word came with several definitions, e.g. ‘suspect’• to doubt or mistrust.• to believe to be the case or to be likely or probable; surmise.• one who is suspected of something.• one who is suspected of having committed a crime.• someone who is under suspicion• to think (a person etc) guilty• to believe to be guilty, false, counterfeit, undesirable, defective, bad. • to have doubts about; distrust• person being accused of a crime, before conviction or trial• to have an idea or impression of existence or idea without certain

proof.


R T U

Assignment• The last 7 slides of this presentation contain the words and

definitions given by the students.• Deliver to me in powerpoint by March 7 at the latest:

a) For each entity defined by a ‘word – definition’ combination, indicate to what ‘yellow’ category on the ‘top level ontology’ slide they belong• ! Sometimes definitions need to be split also• ! Sometimes definitions which are phrased differently define the same entity. In

this case: indicate which ones.b) Make a list of the relevant words which are used in a definition but are not

on the original list (of slide 27) or for which an applicable definition is not provided

c) For the new words on the former list: give a definition and proceed with the combination as in a) here above.

• You may collaborate: everything must be covered by the totality of your contributions but not necessarily by each individual contribution SOLVING CRIMES IS TEAMWORK!


R T U

Example• ‘suspect’

– person being accused of a crime, before conviction or trial entity = suspect-1

– to think (a person etc) guilty entity = suspect-2• Step a)

– Suspect-1: independent continuant– Suspect-2: occurrent

• Step b): missing words– From suspect-1: Person, crime, conviction, to accuse– From suspect-2: to think


R T U

Response (2)Suspect to doubt or mistrust.

to believe to be the case or to be likely or probable; surmise.Victim a living creature sacrificed in religious rites.

a person who suffers from a destructive or injurious action or agencyInterrogation to ask questions formally.

to rule over.Investigation the act or process of investigating or the condition of being investigated.

a searching inquiry for ascertaining facts; detailed or careful examination.Evidence something that makes plain or clear; an indication or sign.

data presented to a court or jury in proof of the facts in issue and which may include the testimony of witnesses, records, documents, or objects.

Foul play unfair conduct in a game. any treacherous or unfair dealing, esp. involving murder.

Triala person or thing that is a source of annoyance or irritation. the act or process of trying, testing, or putting to the proof.

Jury a group of persons chosen to adjudge prizes, awards, etc., as in a competition. a group of persons sworn to render a verdict or true answer on a question or questions officially submitted to them.

judge an administrative head of Israel in the period between the death of Joshua and the accession to the throne by Saul. a public officer authorized to hear and decide cases in a court of law; a magistrate charged with the administration of justice.

Lawyer an interpreter of the Mosaic Law. a person whose profession is to represent clients in a court of law or to advise or act for clients in other legal matters.

Witness a person or thing that affords evidence. to see, hear, or know by personal presence and perception: to witness an accident.

Weapon to supply or equip with a weapon or weapons. anything used against an opponent, adversary, or victim

Dictionary.com


R T U

Response (3)Suspect One who is suspected of something.

One who is suspected of having committed a crime.Felon a wicked person.

Someone who has committed a felony.Convict a person serving a prison sentence.

A person proved or declared guilty of an offense.Accused a person or persons charged in a court of law with a crime, offense.

A defendant in a criminal proceeding Defendant a person, company, etc., against whom a claim or charge is brought in a court.

A person or institution against whom an action is brought in a court of law; the person being sued or accused.

Prisoner a person who is confined in prison or kept in custody, esp. as the result of legal process.A person or thing that is deprived of liberty or kept in restraint.

Inmate a person who dwells with others in the same house.A person who is confined in a prison, hospital, etc.

Murderer a person who commits murder. A criminal who commits homicide.Criminal a person guilty or convicted of a crime.

One that has committed or been legally convicted of a crime.Offender a person who transgresses moral or civil law.

A person who offends, especially against the lawNo source given


R T U

Response (5)Accused the person charged with committing the crime.Acquitted When the magistrate, judge or jury find that a person is not guilty of the crime.Adjournment during the Trial or Hearing A break for morning tea or lunch or for ‘legal argument’ (see below)

It can also mean when a trial is put off until another day.Admissible Used to describe evidence that is allowed to be given in court.Arrest the procedure where a person is taken into police custody to be charged with a criminal offence

or to be brought before a court and must remain in police custody until they receive bail or until a court deals with their charges.

Alleged offender until a person is proved to be guilty of a crime; the person is an alleged offender.Appeal To take a case to a higher court in order to challenge a decision. The person who appeals is the

appellant.Brief the evidence in written form, including the charge(s), witness statements, photographs etc. that

the prosecution intends to use to prove the case.Charge the allegation that a person has committed a specific crime.Forensic Evidence Evidence found where the crime happened, such as fingerprints, results of blood tests, DNA etcSentencing A range of penalties can be given during sentencing of a convicted offender including

imprisonment, community service orders, good behavior bonds and fines.Verdict The decision of a jury in a criminal trial.Victim the person against whom a crime has been committed

The Courtwise Dictionaryhttp://www.courtwise.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/victimsservices/ll_courtwise.nsf/pages/courtwise_dictionary#h


R T U

Response (7)Predator a company that tries to take over another;

a rapist, exploitive person or group; an animal that naturally preys on another.

Criminal a person who has committed a crime.

Intriguing to arose curiosity or interest

Suspect to have an idea or impression of existence or idea without certain proof.

Subhuman not worthy of human being, debased or depraved.

Defendant individual company or institution accused in the court of law.Bardsely, Marilyn, and Steve Huff. "Taylor Behl Murder Case." TruTV Crime Library. 2 Feb. 2008

<http://www.crimelibrary.com/criminal_mind/forensics/taylor_behl/taylor_behl_jump_page.html>.


R T U

Response (9)Culprit person who committed a crime, not

necessarily convictedCriminal name given to a person after they have been convicted

or committed a crimeAccused person accused of a crime before they are convictedDelinquent person accused of a crime or criminal behaviorConvict name of a person after conviction Suspect person being accused of a crime, before conviction or

trialOffender person accused, before and after trial or conviction


R T U

Response (10)Suspect someone who is under suspicion

to think (a person etc) guiltyAccused a person or persons charged in a court of law with a crime, offense

To make a charge of wrongdoing against anotherPerpetrator to commit

To be responsible for; commitDetainee a person held in custody

A person held in custody or confinementLawbreaker a person who breaks or violates the law

someone who violates the lawDelinquent A person who neglects or fails to do what law or duty requires

a young offenderWrongdoer a person who does wrong, esp. a sinner or transgressor

One who does wrong, especially morally or ethicallyArraigned To call (an accused person) before a court to answer the charge made against him or her by indictment, information, or complaint.

To call to account; accuseCulprit a person or other agent guilty of or responsible for an offense or fault

One charged with an offense or crimeDefendant Law. a person, company, etc., against whom a claim or charge is brought in a court

The party against which an action is broughtOffender One that offends, especially one that breaks a public law

a person who transgresses moral or civil law Guilty Responsible for or chargeable with a reprehensible act; deserving of blame; culpable

Adjudged to have committed a crimeConvict a person proved or declared guilty of an offense

a person serving a prison sentencePrisoner a person who is confined in prison or kept in custody, esp. as the result of legal process.

anyone who has been captured and is held against his will as a criminalFelon a person who has committed a felony

someone who has committed a crime or has been legally convicted of a crime Criminal a person guilty or convicted of a crime

Guilty of crimeLexico Publishing Group. 2008. Dictionary.com. January

21 2008.http://dictionary.reference.com/


R T U

Response (ja)ALLEGED declared or stated to be as described; asserted.

declared but not provedACCUSED to charge with the fault, offense, or crime.

a person or persons charged in a court of law with a crime, offenseCRIMINAL of the nature of or involving crime.

guilty of crime.CULPRIT a person or other agent guilty of or responsible for an offense or fault.

a person arraigned for an offense.DEFENDANT a person, company, etc., against whom a claim or charge is brought in a court .

The party against which an action is brought against. DELINQUENT failing in or neglectful of a duty or obligation; guilty of a misdeed or offense.

Failing to do what law or duty requires.FELON a person who has committed a felony.

an evil person. INCRIMATE to accuse of or present proof of a crime or fault.

to involve in an accusation; cause to be or appear to be guilty. INCULPATE to charge with fault; blame; accuse.

to involve in a charge; incriminate.LAWBREAKER One who does not comply with the law. MOBSTER A member of a criminal gang or crime syndicate.

a criminal who is a member of a group of other criminals. ROBBER To take property from (a person) illegally by using or threatening to use violence or force.

To take valuable or desired articles unlawfullySUSPECT to believe to be guilty, false, counterfeit, undesirable, defective, bad.

To have doubts about; distrust.HTTP://dictionary. reference. com

http://dictionary/

Documents

Werner CEUSTERS Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences Ontology Research Group