Well Integrity Assessment for Two Monitoring Wells … · Well Integrity Assessment for Two Monitoring Wells at CranfieldField ... •Environmental Scanning Electron ... •Control

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Well Integrity Assessment for Two Monitoring Wells at Cranfield Field

This work was supported by DOE NETL funding agreement DE-FE-0026585

Andrew Duguid Ph.D., P.E.

11th Monitoring Network Meeting ● June 13th - 15th, 2017Traverse City, Michigan, USA

BACKGROUND

211th Monitoring Network Meeting ● June 13th - 15th, 2017

Traverse City, Michigan, USA

Background: Cranfield Field, Mississippi

• SECARB’s Phase II Gulf Coast Stacked Storage Project

• Monitoring Wells Studied in an EOR Setting CFU 31F-2 and CFU 31F-3, 7 years old

• Injection commenced December 1, 2009 and continued into June 2015. Breakthrough was seen in CFU31F-2 on December 12, 2009 (12 days after injection).

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Cranfield CFU31F-2 and CFU31F-3 Construction

• 7-in 26lb N80 to ~10,200ft

• 7 5/8-in Bluebox 2500 from ~10,200 to ~10,700ft

• 7-in 26lb N80 to ~10,700ft to TD (~10,790ft)

• Electrodes and other jewelry in the well

• 12 ¼-inch bit (large cemented annulus)

• Production reservoir ~10,435ft to ~10,518ft (CFU31F-2)

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193.7mm (7-5/8 in) Bluebox 2500 fiberglass casing from 3,116.1 to 3,259.5 m (10,223 to 10,694 ft)

177.8 mm (7 in) LT&C float shoe from 3,283.4 to 3,283.9 m (10,772 to 10,774 ft)

Tuscaloosa D and E sand perforations from 3,185.2 to 3,205.9 m (10,450 to 10,518 ft) with 0-degree phasing, 2 shots per foot. Tuscaloosa D and E sand and CO2 zonebetween 3,181.5 and 3,205.9 m (10,438 and 10,518 ft) (denoted by pink shading)

Casing mounted distributed thermal perturbation sensor system consisting of two 6.35 mm (¼ in) encapsulated TEC lines with 8 American wire gauge (AWG) insulated heating conductors from surface to 3,108.0 m (10,197 ft) splicing into 6.35 mm (¼ in) encapsulated TEC lines with 3 x 18 AWG insulated heating conductors from 3,103.5 to 3,221.1 m (10,182 to 10,568 ft) and a single 6.35mm (¼ in) encapsulated TEC line with two fiber optic strands from surface to 3,259.8 m (10,695 ft)

177.8 mm (7 in) LT&C 13Cr80 casing seal receptacle between 3,182.4 and 3,184.0 m (10,441 and 10,446 ft), over wrapped with fiberglass and crossed over to 193.7 mm (7-5/8 in) fiberglass 14 electrical resistivity tomography electrodes with 6.35 mm

(¼ in) encapsulated TEC single conductor lines running to DAC/TEC splitters. The top electrode is at 3,164.1 m (10,381 ft) and the bottom electrode is at 3,221.7 m (10,570 ft) with approximately 4.5 m (15 ft) spacing between electrodes

177.8 mm (7 in) LT&C float collar from 3,259.5 to 3,260.0 m (10,694 to 10,696 ft)

Pressure/temperature gauge at 3,061.4 m (10,044 ft) with10.67 mm (0.42 in) OD 7-conductor direct attach copper(DAC) cable to surface

177.8 mm 34.23 kg/m (7 in 26 lb/ft), N-80 grade casing between 0 and 3,106.8 m (0 and 10,193 ft)

Two tubing encapsulated cable (TEC) splitters running on 177.8 mm 34.23 kg/m (7 in 26 lb/ft) N80 casing pup joints between 3,106.8 and 3,114.8 m (10,193 and 10,219 ft) with 10.67mm (0.42 in) OD 7-conductor DAC cables to surface.

177.8 mm 34.23 kg/m (7 in 26 lb/ft), N-80 steel casingbetween 3,260.0 and 3,283.4 m (10,696 and 10,772 ft)

12-1/4 inch hole to 3,288.8 m (10,790 ft)

CFU31F-2

WellSlurr

y CementMass

(sacks)Yield

(ft3/sack)Volume (bbls)

Density (ppg)

CFU31F-2 Lead 35:65:6 565 1.48 148.5 12.8

CFU31F-2 TailClass H + Silica

Flour 440 1.91 149.69 16.2CFU31F-3 Lead 35:65:6 770 1.48 202.38 12.8

CFU31F-3 TailClass H + Silica

Flour 465 1.91 158.19 16.2

Cement SlurriesFiberglass Casing

Potential Migration Pathways



Figure from Duguid et al. [1]

Typical cement

• CO2 dissociation

• CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3* ↔ H+ + HCO3

- ↔ 2H+ + CO32-

• Cement dissolution

• Ca(OH)2(s) + 2H+ + CO32- → CaCO3(s) + 2H2O

• Ca3Si2O7H•4H2O(s) + 2H+ + CO32- → CaCO3(s) + SiOxOHx(s)

• Ca(OH)2(s) + H+ + HCO3- → CaCO3(s) + 2H2O

• Ca3Si2O7H•4H2O(s) + H+ + HCO3- → CaCO3(s) + SiOxOHx(s)

• Calcium carbonate dissolution

• CO2 + H2O + CaCO3(s) ↔ Ca2+ + 2HCO3-

• 2H+ + CaCO3(s) ↔ CO2 + Ca2+ + H2O

Precipitation of CaCO3blocks connected pores and reduces permeability

Opens pores blocked by CaCO3 precipitation and additional porosity created by the dissolution of cement reaction products

Phase Abbreviation Percent Ca3Si2O7•4H2O C-S-H 50-70 Ca(OH)2 CH 20-25 3(3CaO•Al2O3•CaSO4•12H2O) AFm 4CaO•(Al,Fe2O3)•13H2O AFt

10-15

Carbonation Reactions

Composition

METHODS



Data Collection• Logging Tools• USIT* ultrasonic imager tool

(2009)• Isolation Scanner* cement

evaluation service(2015)• DSLT* Digital Sonic Logging Tool

(2009)• SCMT* slim cement mapping tool

(2015)

• Testing and Sampling Tools• CHDT* cased hole dynamics

tester• MSCT* mechanical sidewall

coring tool

Perforation for VIT test

Point permeability measurement

CHDT Sample Point

Sidewall Core Sample

Fluid Sample Point

VIT Interval

Wellbore

Well Cement

Geologic Formation

LEGEND

Lab Analyses on Core Samples

11th Monitoring Network Meeting ● June 13th - 15th, 2017Traverse City, Michigan, USA9

• Micro Computed Tomography (Micro-CT) Analysis with a TriFoil Imaging eXplore CT 120 Small Animal X-Ray CT Scanner with a

Custom generator producing 5 kW peak power. The analyzer had a feature detectability of 4 microns. The energy was between 40–120 kV with a maximum current of 50 mA.

• Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (LA-ICP-MS) Analysis with a Perkin Elmer Nexion 350D ICP-MS and a Photo Machines Excite He1Ex

193nm Laser with a 50 x 50 mm spot size. A NIST 612 standard was used before and after the scans on each sample to account for machine drift. Lines were collected at 20mm/s.

• Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM) with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) Analysis with a FEI QUANTA 200 SEM in ESEM Mode. The analysis was conducted on

portions of the sectioned samples that were polished to 1 micron prior to analysis. Excitation energy ranged from 10 to 20 KV.

• X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis with a Rigaku MiniFlex 600 analyzer. The samples were run using a 40Kv

voltage and a 15mA current. The radiation source was an interlock CU tube. Scans were run from 5 to 80 degrees at 1 degree per minute.

RESULTS



Control Line in CFU31F-2



• Control lines visible in the microdebonding image tracks in both wells as a vertical micro-debondedor fluid-filled features

• Not visible in the fiberglass section

• Visible in 2009 and 2015 ultrasonic logs

CFU31F-2 7900 ft



• Crack with visible reaction front perpendicular to the wellbore

• Micro-CT shows filled and unfilled portions of the crack

CFU31F-2 Log Analysis at 7900 ft



• CBLs show a decrease in amplitude (increased bond)

• Ultrasonic logs show a decrease in solid behind the casing

CFU31F-2 7900-ft XRD



Phase name

Zone 1

Zone 2

Weight %

Weight %

Quartz 20 42Tilleyite 26 18

Tobermorite M 11 5.8Calcium Silicate

Hydrate 10 10Brownmillerite, Fe-

rich 10 7.2Calcite 19 10Halite 4.7 6

Zone 1

Zone 2

CFU31F-2 9800 ft



• Visible reaction fronts in the casing side of the sample

• Micro-CT shows multiple reaction fronts

CFU31F-2 Log Analysis at 9800 ft



• CBLs show an increase in amplitude (decreased bond)

• Ultrasonic logs show a decrease in solid behind the casing

Reaction Fronts in MSCT sample at 9800 ft



1 mm1 mm

4 mm

6 mm

0.5 mm

0-2 mm

CFU31F-2 9800-ft LA-ICP-MS 2



0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

Rat

ios

Distance (microns)

CFU31F-2 9800 Line 8Ca/Si Ca/Al Ca/Fe




Phase name

Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3Weight

%Weight

%Weight

%Tobermorite 2.3 40 25

Quartz 18.4 25.5 24Calcite 63 10.3 22

Aragonite 11.7 - -Vaterite 0.7 - 2

Zeolite UTD-1 2.2 - -Brownmillerite - 5.6 13

Tilleyite - 7 14Srebrodolskite 1.4 2.8 -

Calcium Silicate Hydrate - 7.3 -

Gehlenite - 1.4 -

Zone 1Zone 2

Zone 3

CFU31F-3 10380 ft



• Cored control line• Reaction fronts leading

away from control line/cement-casing interface

• Micro-CT shows multiple reaction fronts

10380-ft Cement Sectioned



ESEMXRD

LA-ICP-MS

CFU31F-3 10380-ft LA-ICP-MS



0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000Rat

ios

Distance (microns)

CFU31F-3 10380 ft Line 1Ca/Si Ca/Al Ca/Fe




Phase nameZone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3

Weight % Weight % Weight %Halite 2.3 15 15.2Quartz 8.4 10.7 19Calcite 84 15 12Vaterite - 19 -Faujasite-Ca, dehydrated - 3 -Tobermorite M 4.2 - 16.2Tobermorite 9A - 38 -Tilleyite 0.4 - 19Brownmillerite, Fe-rich 0.1 - 7.1Wollastonite, ferroan 1A 0.6 - 11

Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 3

Fiberglass Casing Degradation



DISCUSSION



Discussion• Control lines and hardware are visible as low acoustic impedance

features between the CO2 reservoir at the log top-of-cement indicating that they are not bonded to the casing and could represent a migration pathway.

• Deterioration of the acoustic impedance and CBL signals in the logs is evident over much of the section that was relogged in 2015.

• Each of the cores collected in each well showed carbonation. Both XRD and LA-ICP-MS indicate carbonation occurring at the cement-casing and

cement-formation interfaces.

LA-ICP-MS shows increases in Ca/Si that are likely calcium carbonate fronts and decreases in Ca/Si near the edges of the sample that indicate calcium depletion.


Discussion• The core collected at 10380 ft consisted of casing, control line, and

cement. The cement portion of the core showed visible reaction fronts moving into the sample from the control line / casing side. XRD conducted on the sample show carbonation in each of the zones analyzed.

The carbonation is highest adjacent to the control line / casing interface, with 84 percent calcite, and smallest near the formation with 12 percent calcite.

• The degradation of the fiberglass casing in the reservoir CO2 zone can be seen in both the logs and the casing samples collected. The logs show the worst damage in the CO2 zone with less damage above the CO2 zone and the least damage below the CO2 zone.


CONCLUSIONS



CONCLUSIONS• High carbonation along the interfaces and the geometry of the damage

to the fiberglass casing indicate that CO2 is migrating along the casing. buoyant CO2 will migrate up from the reservoir causing more damage above the CO2

zone than below the CO2 zone.

• Time-lapse comparison of cement bond amplitude data and acoustic impedance maps imply a deterioration of cement bond or cement along much of the long-string section.

• Analysis of sidewall cores using XRD and LA-ICP-MS validates the log interpretation by confirming the degradation of cement (carbonation) along the casing-cement interface..


CONCLUSIONS• The ultrasonic image maps also clearly identify the control lines and

monitoring technology attached to the outside of the casing. The sidewall core through the control line at 10380 ft confirms that CO2 is migrating along the control line. Study of other wells with external lines should be conducted to see of the results of

the this study are normal or an exception.


REFERENCES



REFERENCES

1. Duguid, A., Carey, J.W., Celia, M., Chuganov, N., Gasda, S., Ramakrishnan, T.S., Stamp, V., and Wang, J., “Baseline integrity property measurement of legacy oil and gas wells for carbon storage projects,” Greenhouse Gases Science and Technology, In Press.

2. Duguid A, Butsch R, Carey JW, Celia M, Chugunov N, Gasda S, Ramakrishnan TS, Stamp V, and Wang J, Pre-injection Baseline Data Collection to Establish Existing Wellbore Leakage Properties, 11th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Technologies, Kyoto, Japan, September 2012, Energy Procedia, 2013:37:5661 – 5672.

3. Carey JW, Wigand M, Chipera SJ, WoldeGabriel G, Pawar R, Lichtner PC, Wehner SC, Raines MA, Guthrie GD Analysis and performance of oil well cement with 30 years Of CO2 exposure from the SACROC Unit, West Texas, USA. International J of Greenhouse Gas Control 2007:1:75–85.


800.201.2011 | [email protected] | www.battelle.org+1.614.561.4468 | [email protected]

Cranfield Field

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CFU31F-2

CFU31F-3

CFU31F-1

CFU31F-2 7900-ft LA-ICP-MS



1.00E-03

1.00E-02

1.00E-01

1.00E+00

1.00E+01

1.00E+02

1.00E+03

1.00E+04

1.00E+05

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

Rat

io

Distance (microns)

CFU31F-2 7900ft Line 1Ca/Si Ca/Al Ca/Fe

CFU31F-2 9800-ft LA-ICP-MS 1



0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Rat

ios

Distance (microns)

CFU31F-2 9800 Line 7Ca/Si Ca/Al Ca/Fe

Jewelry and Control Lines (10200 ft)

37

Cable

Splitter

Splitter

Cables

Cables

10200 ft

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Well Integrity Assessment for Two Monitoring Wells … · Well Integrity Assessment for Two Monitoring Wells at CranfieldField ... •Environmental Scanning Electron ... •Control