Welding — Arc stud welding of metallic materials · 2016-11-19 · ISO 15607:2003, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials — General rules

Reference numberISO 14555:2014(E)

© ISO 2014

INTERNATIONALSTANDARD

ISO14555

Thirdedition2014‐05‐01

Welding — Arc stud welding of metallic materials

S

oudage — Soudage à l'arc des goujons sur les matériaux métalliques

ISO 14555:2014(E)

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ISO 14555:2014(E)

© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved iii

Contents Page

Foreword .......................................................................................................................................................................................... v

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................... vi

1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions .................................................................................................................................................. 2

4 Symbols and abbreviated terms ................................................................................................................................ 4

4.2 Abbreviated terms ......................................................................................................................................................... 44.1 Symbols ............................................................................................................................................................................. 4

5 Technical review ............................................................................................................................................................ 5

6 Welding personnel ......................................................................................................................................................... 5

6.2 Welding coordination ................................................................................................................................................... 66.1 Stud-welding operators ............................................................................................................................................... 5

7 Equipment ........................................................................................................................................................................ 6

7.2 Description of the equipment .................................................................................................................................... 67.1 Production equipment ................................................................................................................................................. 6

7.3 Maintenance .................................................................................................................................................................... 7

8 Production planning ..................................................................................................................................................... 7

9 Welding procedure specification (WPS) ................................................................................................................. 7

9.2 Information related to the manufacturer .............................................................................................................. 79.1 General .............................................................................................................................................................................. 7

9.3 Information related to the parent material ........................................................................................................... 8

9.4 Welding process ............................................................................................................................................................. 8

9.5 Joint .................................................................................................................................................................................... 8

9.6 Auxiliaries ........................................................................................................................................................................ 9

9.7 Power source ................................................................................................................................................................... 9

9.8 Movable fixtures ............................................................................................................................................................. 9

9.9 Welding variables ....................................................................................................................................................... 10

9.10 Thermal conditions .................................................................................................................................................... 10

9.11 Post-weld heat-treatment ........................................................................................................................................ 10

9.12 Non-thermal treatment after welding .................................................................................................................. 10

10 Welding procedure qualification ........................................................................................................................... 11

10.2 Welding procedure tests ........................................................................................................................................... 1110.1 Principles ....................................................................................................................................................................... 11

10.3 Pre-production tests .................................................................................................................................................. 15

10.4 Previous experience ................................................................................................................................................... 15

10.5 Welding procedure qualification record (WPQR) ............................................................................................ 15

11 Examination and testing ........................................................................................................................................... 16

11.2 Visual examination ..................................................................................................................................................... 1611.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................... 16

11.3 Bend testing .................................................................................................................................................................. 16

11.4 Tensile testing .............................................................................................................................................................. 20

11.5 Torque test .................................................................................................................................................................... 23

11.6 Macro examination ..................................................................................................................................................... 23

11.7 Radiographic examination ....................................................................................................................................... 24

11.8 Ring test .......................................................................................................................................................................... 24

ISO 14555:2014(E)

iv © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

12 Acceptance criteria ..................................................................................................................................................... 24

12.2 Acceptance criteria for visual examination ........................................................................................................ 2412.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................................ 24

12.3 Acceptance criteria for bend testing ..................................................................................................................... 25

12.4 Acceptance criteria for tensile testing .................................................................................................................. 25

12.5 Acceptance criteria for torque testing .................................................................................................................. 25

12.6 Acceptance criteria for macro examination ........................................................................................................ 25

12.7 Acceptance criteria for radiographic examination........................................................................................... 25

12.8 Acceptance criteria for ring tests ........................................................................................................................... 25

12.9 Acceptance criteria for additional tests ............................................................................................................... 26

13 Workmanship ............................................................................................................................................................... 26

14 Process control ............................................................................................................................................................. 26

14.2 Production test ............................................................................................................................................................. 2714.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................................ 26

14.3 Simplified production test ........................................................................................................................................ 27

14.4 Re-testing for production test or simplified production test ........................................................................ 28

14.5 Production surveillance ............................................................................................................................................ 28

14.6 Production surveillance record .............................................................................................................................. 28

14.7 Non-conformance and corrective actions ............................................................................................................ 29

14.8 Calibrat the measuring and testing equipment ...................................................................................... 29ion of

Annex A ) Processing of stud welding ........................................................................................................... 30(informative

Annex B Quality requirements for stud welding ...................................................................................... 50(normative)

Annex C(inf Manufacturer's welding procedure specification (WPS) .................................................... 51ormative)

Annex D(informative) Welding procedure qualification record form (WPQR) (for drawn-arc stud ic ferrule or shielding gas and short-cycle drawn-arc stud welding) .................. 53welding with ceram

Annex E(informative) Welding procedure qualification record form (WPQR) (for capacitor discharge with tip ignition and capacitor discharge drawn-arc stud welding) ................................ 58stud welding

Annex F(informative) Test results — Production test (for drawn-arc stud welding with ceramic ferrule o gas and short-cycle drawn-arc stud welding) ............................................................. 62r shielding

Annex G(informative) Test results — Production test (for capacitor discharge stud welding with tip i apacitor discharge drawn-arc stud welding) ........................................................................... 65gnition and c

Annex H(informative) Example of production surveillance record ........................................................................... 68

Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................................. 69

ISO 14555:2014(E)

© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved v

Foreword

ISO(the InternationalOrganizationforStandardization) isaworldwide federationofnationalstandardsbodies(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISOtechnical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has beenestablished has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental andnon‐governmental,inliaisonwithISO,alsotakepartinthework.ISOcollaboratescloselywiththeInternationalElectrotechnicalCommission(IEC)onallmattersofelectrotechnicalstandardization.

Theproceduresusedtodevelopthisdocumentandthoseintendedfor itsfurthermaintenancearedescribedintheISO/IECDirectives,Part1. InparticularthedifferentapprovalcriterianeededforthedifferenttypesofISOdocuments should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of theISO/IECDirectives,Part2(seewww.iso.org/directives).

Attention is drawn to thepossibility that some of the elements of this documentmay be the subject of patentrights.ISOshallnotbeheldresponsibleforidentifyinganyorallsuchpatentrights.Detailsofanypatentrightsidentifiedduring thedevelopmentof thedocumentwillbe in the Introductionand/oron the ISO listofpatentdeclarationsreceived(seewww.iso.org/patents).

Anytradenameusedinthisdocumentisinformationgivenfortheconvenienceofusersanddoesnotconstituteanendorsement.

ForanexplanationonthemeaningofISOspecifictermsandexpressionsrelatedtoconformityassessment,aswellas information about ISO's adherence to theWTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the

FfollowingURL: oreword‐Supplementaryinformation

The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC44,Welding and allied processes, Subcommittee SC10,Unification of requirements in the field of metal welding.

Thisthirdeditioncancelsandreplacesthesecondedition(ISO14555:2006),whichhasbeentechnicallyrevised.

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ISO 14555:2014(E)

vi © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

Introduction

Thepurposeofarc studwelding is toweldpredominantlypin‐shapedmetalparts tometalworkpieces. In thisInternational Standard it is referred to simply as studwelding. Amongst other things, studwelding is used inbridgebuilding(especiallyincompositestructures),steelstructures,shipbuilding,facade‐wallfabrication,vehiclemanufacture,equipmentdesign,steam‐boilerconstruction,andthemanufactureofhouseholdappliances.

Thequalityofastudwelddependsnotonlyonstrictcompliancewiththeweldingprocedurespecificationbutalsoonthecorrectfunctionoftheactuatingmechanism(e.g.weldingguns),andontheconditionofthecomponents,oftheaccessoriesandofthepowersupply.

This InternationalStandarddoesnot invalidate formerspecifications,providing the technical requirementsareequivalentandsatisfied.

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14555:2014(E)

© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved 1

Welding — Arc stud welding of metallic materials

1 Scope

ThisInternationalStandardcoversarcstudweldingofmetallicmaterialssubjecttostaticandfatigueloading.Itspecifiesrequirementsthatareparticulartostudwelding,inrelationtoweldingknowledge,qualityrequirements,weldingprocedurespecification,weldingprocedurequalification,qualificationtestingofoperatorsandtestingofproductionwelds.

ThisInternationalStandardisappropriatewhereitisnecessarytodemonstratethecapabilityofamanufacturerduce etopro weldedconstructionofaspecifi dquality.

NOTE General quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials are given in ISO 3834‐1, ISO3834‐2,ISO3834‐3,ISO3834‐4andISO3834‐5.

This International Standard has been prepared in a comprehensivemanner,with a view to it being used as areference in contracts. The requirements contained within it can be adopted in full, or partially, if certainrequirementsarenotrelevanttoaparticularconstruction(seeAnnexB).

2 Normative references

Thefollowingreferenceddocumentsareindispensablefortheapplicationofthisdocument.Fordatedreferences,onlytheeditioncitedapplies.Forundatedreferences,thelatesteditionofthereferenceddocument(includingany

ts)applies.amendmen

elding and allied processes — Vocabulary — Part 1: Metal welding processesISO857‐1,W

ISO3834‐1,Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials — Part 1: Criteria for the selection of the level of quality requirementsappropriate

ISO3834‐2, Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials — Part 2: Comprehensive quality requirements

uality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials — Part 3: Standard quality requirementsISO3834‐3,Q

ISO 3834‐4, Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials — Part 4: Elementary quality ntsrequireme

Welding and allied processes — Nomenclature of processes and reference numbersISO4063,

elding and allied processes — Welding positionsISO6947,W

Approval testing of welders — Fusion welding — Part 1: SteelsISO9606‐1,

fication test of welders — Fusion welding — Part 2: Aluminium and aluminium alloysISO9606‐2,Quali

008,Welding — Studs and ceramic ferrules for arc stud weldingISO13918:2

ISO14175,Welding consumables — Shielding gases for arc welding and cutting

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ISO 14555:2014(E)

2 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

ISO14731,Weldin

ISO14732:1998,Welding personnel — Approval testing of welding operators for fusion welding and of resistance lly mechanized and automatic welding of metallic materials

g coordination — Tasks and responsibilities

weld setters for fu

,Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials — General rulesISO15607:2003

08,Welding — Guidelines for a metallic materials grouping systemISO/TR156

ISO15611,Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials — Qualification based on lding experienceprevious we

ISO15613,Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials — Qualification based on ing testpre-production weld

ISO15614‐1:2004, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials — Welding — Part 1: Arc and gas welding of steels and arc welding of nickel and nickel alloysprocedure test

ISO15614‐2,Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials — Welding procedure test welding of aluminium and its alloys— Part 2: Arc

Non-destructive testing of welds — Radiographic testing — X- and gamma-ray techniques with filmISO17636‐1,

ISO17636‐2,Non-destructive testing of welds — Radiographic testing — X- and gamma-ray techniques with digital detectors

ISO17662,Welding — Calibration, verification and validation of equipment used for welding, including ancillary activities

3 Terms and definitions

Forthepurposesofthisdocument,thetermsanddefinitionsgiveninISO857‐1,ISO3834‐1,ISO4063,ISO14731,ISO14732andISO15607andthefollowingapply.

3.1 stud fastenertobeattachedbystudwelding

3.2 auxiliaries ceramicferrulesandshieldinggases

3.3 stud-welding operator operatingpersonnelforstud‐weldingequipment

Notetoentry Inspecialcases(e.g.massproductionatthemanufacturer'sfactory)theweldingcanbecarriedoutbysuitableauxiliarypersonnel,appropriatelytrainedandsupervised.

3.4 stud diameter d

iamstudnominald eter

Note1toentry SeeISO13918.

ISO 14555:2014(E)


3 .5welding diameter dw

diameterattheweldbase

3.6 weld zone weldedareaunderneaththeweldingdiameter

3.7 current intensity

quare( stateduringtheburningtimeofthearcroot‐mean‐s RMS)valueoftheweldingcurrentinthesteady

Notetoentry Currentintensityisnotapplicabletocapacitordischarge.

3.8 welding time timedifferencebetweentheignitionandthefinalextinctionofthemainarc

3.9 lift L distance between the stud tip and the work piece surface with the stud‐lifting mechanism in position andactivated

thisdefinitionappliestotheignitiongap.Note1toentry Fortipignition,

Note2toentry SeeFigureA.1.

3.10 plunge axialmovementofthestudtowardsthesurfaceoftheworkpiece

3.11 protrusion P ⟨unregulatedliftingmechanism⟩distancebetweenthetipofthestudandthefaceofthesupportdeviceintheirinitialpositions,wherethesupportdevicefacestheworkpiece

liftingmechanismisanunregulatedliftingmechanism.Note1toentry Aspring‐loaded

Note2toentry SeeFigureA.1.

3.12 arc blow magneticdeflectionofthearcfromtheaxialdirectionofthestud

3.13 flux aluminiumadditiveontheweldendofthestud,whichimprovestheignitionandde‐oxidizestheweldpool

3.14 dual-material stud two‐materialstudcomposedofamaterialattheweldtip,similartothatoftheparentmaterial,andadissimilarmaterialoutsidetheweldtip,whicharejoinedbyafrictionweld,thusavoidingamixedstructureintheweldzonewhenstudwelding

3.15 structure subjected to fatigue loading structuresubjecttoasetoftypicalloadeventsdescribedbythepositionsormovementsofloads,theirvariationinintensityandtheirfrequencyandsequenceofoccurrence

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3.16 through-deck stud-welding applicationwhereshearconnectorsareweldedtoasteelstructure throughthinsteelsheetwithathicknessoflessthan3mm

4 Symbols and abbreviated terms

4.1 Symbols

Forthepu llowingsymbolsapply.rposesofthisdocument,thefo

C capacitance(expressedinmF)

d studdiameter(expressedinmm)

d w weldingdiameter(expressedinmm)

h utlengthofthethreadedpartofthen

I nsity(expressedinA)currentinte

L lift

P protrusion

t thicknessofplate

tw msors)weldingtime(expressedin

T torque(expressedinNm)

U chargingvoltage(expressedinV)

E s) chargingenergy(expressedinW

α bendingangle(expressedin°)

4.2 Abbreviated terms

thepu cument,thefollowingabbreviatedtermsapply.For rposesofthisdo

CF ceramicferrule

oneHAZ heat‐affectedz

NP noprotection

PA flatweldingposition

PC horizontalweldingposition

PE overheadweldingposition

PS eldingprocedurespecificationpW preliminaryw

SG shieldinggas

WPS weldingprocedurespecification

WPQR weldingprocedurequalificationrecord

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5 Technical review

When a technical review is required by an application standard, by specification or by use of ISO3834‐2,ppropriate,thefollowingaspects:ISO3834‐3orISO3834‐4,themanufacturershallcheck,asa

a) theaccessibilityandweldingpositionofthestudweld;

b) thenatureofthesurfaceandthecollarshapeoftheweldedjoint;

c) materials and combinations of materials (see Tables A.3 and A.4); including decking material where thethrough‐decktechniqueisbeingproposed;

d) theratioofstuddiametertoparentmetalthickness(avoidanceofdamageonthereversesideoftheparentmetal);

e) dimensionsanddetailsoftheweldpreparationandofthefinishedweld,includingthenatureofthestudandweldedstud;parent‐metalsurfaces,positionalandangularaccuracyandthelengthtoleranceofthe

ideoftheparentmetal;f) theuseofspecialtechniquestoavoiddamagetothereverses

chni sg) te questoassuretheangularpo itionoftheweldedstud.

NOTE Consideration is paid to the multi‐axial stress state arising from localized heating/cooling. This stressconcentrationreducesthefatiguestrengthofacomponentwithweldedstuds.

6 Welding personnel

6.1 Stud-welding operators

Thequalificationcanbedonebyaweldingproceduretest(see10.2)orapre‐productiontest(see10.3)andshallincludetestinginaccordancewiththeacceptancecriteriaspecifiedin12,ifrelevant.

Stud‐weldingoperatorsshallhaveappropriateknowledgetooperatetheequipment,toadjustitproperly,tocarryouttheweldingcorrectlyand,whiledoingso,topayattentiontogoodcontactandsuitableconnectionbetween

ls(seeTableA.8).theworkpiececablesanduniformdistributionofferromagneticmateria

TheweldingpersonnelshallbequalifiedinaccordancewithISO14732.

Thequalifiedoperatorshallbedeemedtobequalified foranystudweldingequipmentwith thesamemodeofselectingtheparameterswhichwasusedinthequalificationtest.Changeintheweldingprocessvariant(numbers783,784,785,786ofISO4063)requiresanewqualification.

es um:At tofjobknowledgeisrequiredforallqualificationmethods.Thistestshallcover,asaminim

a) settinguptheweldingequipmentinaccordancewiththeweldingprocedurespecification;

b) basicknowledgeofthewayinwhichsuitableconnectionofworkpiececables,thepolarityofthestud,andarcblowingcaninfluencetheweldresult(seeTableA.8);

c) basicassessmentoftheweldedjointforimperfections(seeTablesA.5,A.6andA.7);

d) safeexecutionoftheweldingoperations,i.e.goodcontactofthestudinthestudholder,nomovementduringtheweldingprocess,operationcheckingandcorrectpositioningoftheweldinggun).

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6.2 Welding coordination

Welding coordination shall be performed in accordance with ISO14731. Refer to AnnexB for quality levelaccordingISO3834fortheweldingcoordinator.

Weldingcoordinationpersonnel for studweldingshallhaveknowledgeofandexperience in the relevant stud‐weldingprocess,andshallbeabletoselectandsetthecorrectparameters,e.g. lift,protrusion(plunge),currentintensity,andweldingtime.

Aweldingcoordinatorisnotrequiredforstudweldingtostructuressubjectedtounspecifiedstaticloading(seeAnnexB).

7 Equipment

7.1 Production equipment

Suitable stud‐welding equipment shall be used, with power supplies of sufficient capacity to weld the studproperly to the parent material when the equipment is correctly set up. The following equipment shall be

ilabava le,asrequired:

a) powersources,controlunitandmovablefixtures;

connection;b) cableswithsufficientcross‐section,solidconnectionterminalsandsufficientearth

calaspectsofweldingfabrication(jigs,fixtures);c) handlingequipmentforthetechni

d) welddatamonitoringequipment;

andweldingpoints;e) cleaningfacilitiesforcontactpoints

f) measuringandtestingequipment;

g) equipmentforpre‐andpost‐treatment;

h) equipmentandweldingplantforretouching.

7.2 Description of the equipment

Alistofthestud‐weldingequipmentshallbemaintained,whichshallserveasevidenceoftheperformanceanddstu ‐weldingapplicationfield.Itshallinclude:

a) detailsofthesmallestandlargestweldablestuddiameter;

dperunitoftime;b) themaximumnumberofstudstobewelde

c) theregulatingrangeofthepowersupply;

ofmechanizedorautomaticstud‐weldingequipment;d) themodeofoperationandperformance

e) detailsoftheavailabletestequipment.

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7.3 Maintenance

Thecorrectfunctioningoftheequipmentshallbeensured.Duringproduction,afunctioncheckoftheactuationmechanisms shall be performed at fixed intervals. Cables, terminals, stud and ceramic ferrule holders shall beregularly checked and replaced at the appropriate time. For mass production and comprehensive qualityrequirementsinaccordancewithISO3834‐2,amaintenanceplanforadditionalessentialsystemsshallbedrawnup.Examplesofsuchsystemsare:

a) studsortingandfeedingsystems;

;b) studandceramicferruleholders

fixtures;c) mechanicalguidesand

d) measuringequipment;

ingelements;e) cables,hoses,connect

f) amonitoringsystem.

8 Production planning

rs elements:Fo tudwelding,theproductionplanningshallalsocontainthefollowing

roceduresandequipment;a) adefinitionoftherequiredstud‐weldingp

areused;b) detailsofwhichjigsandfixtures

c) thesurfacepreparationmethod.

9 Welding procedure specification (WPS)

9.1 General

Theweldingprocedurespecification(WPS)shallgivedetailsofhowaweldingoperationshallbeperformedandshallcontainallrelevantinformationabouttheweldingwork.

Information listed in 9.2 to 9.13 is adequate for most welding operations. For some applications, it may benecessarytosupplementorreducethelist.TherelevantinformationshallbespecifiedintheWPS.

Rangesandtolerancesshallbespecifiedwhenappropriate.AnexampleoftheWPSformatisgiveninAnnexC.

9.2 Information related to the manufacturer

9.2.1 Identification of the ma

unambiguousidentification.

nufacturer

9.2.2 Identification of the WPS

alphanumericdesignation(referencecode).

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ISO 14555:2014(E)


9.2.3 Reference to the welding procedure q

alphanumericdesignation(referencecode).

ualification record (WPQR) or other relevant documents

9.3 Information related to the parent material

9.3.1 Parent material type

ferencetoanappropriatestandard;identificationofmaterial,preferablybyre

parentmaterial(s)deliverycondition;

entif id icationofcoatingoranyothersurfacecondition.

NOTE AWPScancoveramaterialgroupinaccordancewithISO/TR15608.SeealsoISO/TR20172,ISO/TR20173andISO/TR20174.

9.3.2 Dimensions

thethicknessorrangeofthicknessesoftheparentmaterial;

otherrelevantdimensions(e.g.thicknessandconfigurationofthesteelsheetforthrough‐deckapplications).

9.4 Welding process

designationinaccordancewithISO4063.

9.5 Joint

9.5.1 Joint design

sketchofthejointdesignshowingtherelativepositionsofstudsandtolerances;

thesequenceoftheweldingofstudsshallbeindicatedonthesketchifessentialforapplication.

9.5.2 Welding position

weldingpositionsshallbespecifiedinaccordancewithISO6947.

9.5.3 Preparation of parent material surface

ling);methodofsurfacepreparation,ifnecessary(e.g.cleaning,degreasing,pick

maximumtimepermittedbetweenpreparationandwelding(ifrequired).

9.5.4 Jigs and fixtures

uired);themethodstobeused(ifreq

fixturedetails,templates,etc.

ISO 14555:2014(E)


9.5.5 Support

themethodofsupport;

specificationofsupportingmaterial;

dimensionsofsupport(whenweldingthinplates).

9.5.6 Studs

9.5.7 Designation

designationaccordingtostandard,supplierortradename;non‐standardstudsshallbespecified.

9.5.8 Handling

ifthestudsaretobetreated(e.g.bycleaning)beforeuse,thisshallbespecified.

9.6 Auxiliaries

9.6.1 Ceramic ferrules (if any)

tandardceramicferrulesshallbespecified;designationaccordingtostandard,supplierortradename;non‐s

ceramicferrulesshallbestoredinacleananddryenvironment.

9.6.2 Protective gas (if any)

designationinaccordancewithISO14175.

9.7 Power source

manufacturer,type.

9.8 Movable fixtures

9.8.1 Welding gun/lift mechanism

a a turer,type;m nuf c

damper.

9.8.2 Shielding

gas system (if used)

gasflowrate;

(schematic)description showingnozzledimensions andpositionofnozzle(s) in relation to studandworkpiece.

9.8.3 Stud feeding system (if any)

descriptionofstudfeedingsystemincludingsketch.

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9.9 Welding variables

9.9.1 Drawn arc stud welding with ceramic ferrule or shielding gas and short-cycle drawn arc stud welding

a) polarity;

b) weldingcurrent;

ingtime;c) weld

d) lift;

n;e) protrusio

f) damper;

g) numberandpositionofearthclamps.

9.9.2 Capacitor discharge drawn arc stud welding or capacitor discharge stud welding with tip ignition

a) polarity;

b) capacitance;

c) chargingvoltage;

d) springforceand/orgaplength;

e) numberandpositionofearthclamps;

f) weldingcableconfiguration(ifusedforcurrentcontrol).

9.10 Thermal conditions

a) preheattemperature(ifrequired);

b) ifpreheatingisnotrequired,thelowestpermittedambienttemperature.

9.11 Post-weld heat-t eatment

If, in special cases, any post‐weld heat‐treatment or ageing is necessary, specification of the procedure orreference to a separate post‐weld heat‐treatment or ageing specification is required. This should includespecificationoftheentirethermalcycle.

r

9.12 Non-thermal treatment after welding

caltreatment;a) grinding,machiningoranyothermechani

b) picklingoranyotherchemicaltreatment;

c) anyspecialprocedureforremovalofferrules.

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10 Welding procedure qualification

10.1 Principles

Preliminaryweldingprocedurespecifications(pWPS)forarcstudweldingshallbepreparedinaccordancewithClause9andqualifiedprior toproduction,wheneverrequired.Theyshall specify therange forall therelevantparameters. In principle, the followingmethods of qualification are permitted, but specification or application

ecod requirementscanrestrictthechoiceofmethod:

2;a) qualificationbyweldingproceduretestinaccordancewith10.

b) qualificationbypre‐productiontestsinaccordancewith10.3;

c) qualificationbasedonpreviousexperienceinaccordancewith10.4.

AllnewweldingprocedurequalificationsaretobeinaccordancewiththisInternationalStandardfromthedateofits issue. However, this International Standard does not invalidate previous welding procedure qualificationsmade to formernationalstandardsorspecifications,providingthe technical requirementsaresatisfiedandthepreviousprocedurequalificationsare relevant to theapplicationandproductionworkonwhich theyare tobeemployed.Previousprocedurequalificationstoformernationalstandardsorspecificationsshouldbeconsideredatthetimeoftheenquiryorcontractstageandagreedbetweenthecontractingparties.

10.2 Welding procedure tests

10.2.1 Application

Whenweldingproceduretestsarerequired,theseshallbecarriedoutinaccordancewiththeprovisionsin10.2ofthisInternationalStandard,unlessmoreseveretestsarespecified.

10.2.2 Proof of conformity of parent materials and stud materials

Fortheparentmaterialandthestudmaterialtobeused,proofofconformityshallbeavailable.

Intheabsenceofsuchproof, theparentmaterialand/orstudmaterialshallbesubjectedtoadditionalmaterialtestsbeforetheweldingproceduretests.Forthispurpose,sufficientamountsofparentmaterialandstudmaterialfromthesamemeltasusedinthetestshallbemadeavailable.

10.2.3 Shape and dimensions of test pieces

Thedimensionofthetestpiece(s)shallbesufficienttocarryoutalltests.Thethicknessofthetestpiecesshallbechosensothattheplateorflangethicknessproposedforproductioniscovered(see10.2.8.6).

10.2.4 Welding

Preparation,set‐upandweldingoftestpiecesshallbecarriedoutinaccordancewiththepWPS,underthegeneralconditions of productionwelding that they represent. The sameweldingpositions shall be observed as on theactualworkpiece.Thereshallbesufficientdistancefromthelateralearthclampstoavoidarcblow.

Weldingproceduretestsshallbecarriedoutonthesmallestandlargeststuddiametersusedinpractice.

Asaminimum,thenumbersofstudsindicatedinTable1andTable2shallbeweldedintheweldingproceduretest.

ISO 14555:2014(E)


10.2.5 Scope of examination and testing

Theexaminationandtestingincludesnon‐destructiveanddestructivetests,whichshallbeinaccordancewiththerequirementsofTables1,2and3.

AllinspectionandtestsshallbeperformedinaccordancewiththeproceduresspecifiedinClause11.ThenumberandtypeofteststatedinTables1,2and3shallonlybeusedinthecaseofthequalificationofapWPSbasedontheuseofstudmaterialandparentmaterial,asspecifiedinTableA.3.

10.2.6 Acceptance criteria

TheacceptancecriteriadescribedinClause12shallbefulfilledunlessotherwisespecified.

Table 1 — Examination and testing of test pieces welded by drawn arc stud welding with ceramic ferrule or shielding gas

erofs

Typeoftest

Numb tudstobetested

Application≤100°CComprehensivequalityrequirementsacc.to

3834‐2ISO

Application≤100°CStandardquality

requirementsacc.toISO3834‐3

diameters(dw)All

Application>100°CAllquality

requirementsacc.toISO3834

Alldiameters(dw)dw≤12mm dw>12mm

Visualexamination all

Bend testing [see Figures 2a),2b)or2c)]

10(60°bending

angle)

5(60°bending

angle)

10(60°bendingangle)

5(30°bendingangle)

Bend testing by means oftorque wrench (see Figure3,appliestoboilerpinsonly)

notapplied 10

Tensiletesting(seeFigures4,5or6)

— 5 — —

Radiographicexamination notapplied5(optional

insteadoftensiletesting)

— —

Macroexamination(off‐set90°throughthecentreofthestud)

— 2 — 2a

a Onlyforweldsonatubesubjectedtopressure.

Table 2 — Examination and testing of test pieces welded by short-cycle drawn arc stud welding with dw ≤ 12 mm

Type of test Number of studs to be tested

Visualexamination All

Bendtesting60°[seeFigures2a),2b)or2c)] 10

Torque test (seeFigure6)ormacroexamination (off‐set90° through thecentreofthestud)

10(torquetest)

2(macroexamination)

ISO 14555:2014(E)


Table 3 — Examination and testing of test pieces welded by capacitor discharge stud welding with tip ignition and capacitor discharge drawn arc stud welding

Type of test Number of studs to be tested

Visualexamination All

Tensiletesting(seeFigures4or5) 10

Bendtesting30°[seeFigures2a),2b)or2c)] 20

10.2.7 Re-testing

Ifoneofthestudsfailstomeettherequirements,twosimilarreplacementsstudscanbetakenfromtheassociatedtestpieces.Ifthisisnotpossible,equivalentstudsshallbeweldedsubsequently.Itisthereforerecommendedthatasufficientnumberofreplacementstudsbeprovidedfortheweldingproceduretests.

Ifmorethanonestud,oroneofthetworeplacementstuds,doesnotsatisfytherequirements,thetesthasfailed.

10.2.8 Range of qualification

10.2.8.1 General

Alltheconditionsofvaliditystatedbelowshallbemetindependentlyofeachother.Changesoutsideoftherangesspecifiedshallrequireanewweldingproceduretest.

There isno limit tothedurationofthevalidityof theweldingprocedurequalification,providedthatnoqualitychangesaremadeandthataproductionsurveillancerecordiskept inaccordancewith14.6.

However, since the result of stud welding depends not only on compliance with the welding procedurespecification,butalso,forexample,theskillness/experienceoftheoperatoriscriticalintermsofweldquality,aproductiontestshallbecarriedoutatleastonceayear,asspecifiedin14.2.Anystudwithadiameterwithinthe

i t.rangeofvalid tymaybeusedfortheproductiontes

In the event of production being suspended for more than one year, the validity of the welding procedurequalification shall be confirmed in a production test. Qualification according to 10.3.2 is valid until weldparameters,changes.

10.2.8.2 Conditions related to the manufacturer

ThequalificationofapWPSobtainedbyamanufacturerisvalidforweldinginworkshopsorsitesunderthesametechnicalandqualitycontrolofthatmanufacturer.

10.2.8.3 Conditions related to the welding process

Thequalificationisvalidonlyfortheweldingprocessusedinweldingproceduretest.

10.2.8.4 Conditions related to the welding parameters

Thequalificationisvalidforchangesoftheweldingparameterswithintherecommendationsofthesupplieroftheweldingequipment.

10.2.8.5 Conditions related to the parent material

Aweldingproceduretestcarriedoutwithoneofthesteelsofamaterialgroup,inaccordancewithISO/TR15608,coversthesteelswithlowerspecifiedyieldstrengthofthismaterialgroup,ortheloweralloyedsteelsofthesamematerial group for the intentional added elements, but not for fortuitous impurities. In accordance with

ISO 14555:2014(E)


ISO/TR15608,materialgroup8or10covermaterialgroup1andmaterialgroup2,andviceversa,whilstmaterialgroup21coversmaterialgroup22,andviceversa.

10.2.8.6 Stud material

WeldingproceduretestscoverallmaterialsofthesamematerialgroupinaccordancewithISO/TR15608withthefollowingaddition:

a) Fordrawn‐arcstud‐weldingprocessesupto13mmdiameter,materialgroups8or10covermaterialgroups1and2.1andviceversa.

b) Forcapacitordischargestud‐weldingprocesses,materialgroup8coversmaterialgroups1to6and11.1andviceversa.

c) Materialgroup21coversmaterialgroup22andviceversa.

10.2.8.7 Parent material thickness

As recommended in Table A.1, the material thickness used for the welding procedure test applies to allthicknesseswhich exceed those specified inTableA.1, providing thepWPSused in theweldingprocedure testapplies.

Formaterialthicknessesbelowtherecommendedminimumthickness,anewweldingproceduretestisrequired.

10.2.8.8 Steel sheet thickness for through-deck applications

For through‐deck stud‐welding, qualificationof the thickest steel sheet used inproductionqualifies all thinnersteelsheets.

10.2.8.9 Conditions related to the stud cross-section and shape

Asingleweldingproceduretestcoversallstudshapes,butonlytheweldingcross‐sectionusedinthetest.

Twoweldingproceduretestsondifferentweldingcross‐sectionscovertherangebetweenthetwocross‐sectionsandallstudshapes.

10.2.8.10 Conditions elated to the welding position

Using drawn arc stud welding with ceramic ferrule or shielding gas and short‐cycle drawn arc stud welding,welding position PC covers welding positions PE and PA, but not vice versa. For welding position PC, specialceramic ferrules can be used. Welding position PE covers welding position PA, but not vice versa. Welding

r

positionsrefertoISO6947.

sThrough‐deckstudweldingshallbecarriedout inthePApo itiononly.

Using capacitor discharge stud welding with tip ignition and capacitor discharge drawn arc stud welding, aweldingproceduretestcarriedoutinanyoneweldingpositionisvalidforweldinginallweldingpositions.

10.2.8.11 Conditions related to the welding equipment

Ifthereisachangeinthetypeofweldinggunorhead,and/orpowersource,orweldingequipmentmanufacturer,theweldingprocedurespecificationshallbeverifiedbyaproductiontest.

10.2.8.12 Preheating

Weldingprocedure specifications that havebeenqualifiedby aweldingprocedure testwithout preheating arealsovalidforthoseforweldingwithpreheating,butnotviceversa.

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ISO 14555:2014(E)


10.3 Pre-production tests

10.3.1 Pre-production test for workshop applications

s:ThegeneralprovisionsofISO15613shallbeadheredto,withthefollowingadditionsandmodification

ofClause9;a) weldingprocedurespecifications,pWPSandWPS,shallconformtotheprovisions

b) theactualproductionshallbecontrolledbyasuitableschemeforprocesscontrol;

c) thenumberofstuds(produceditems)testedshallmeettherequirementsof10.2.4,ifpossible;

d) qualificationislimitedtothesametypeofequipment,thesametypeandthicknessoftheparentmaterialandthesamediameterofstudsasusedduringthepre‐productiontest.

10.3.2 Pre-production test for stud welding on site (for through-deck stud welding)

Thistestshallbecarriedoutforbuildingconstructionswithprincipallystaticloads.Thistestisapplicabletoanindividualsiteunderprevailingconditions.

andWPS,shallconformtotheprovisionsofClause9.a) Weldingprocedurespecifications,pWPS

b) Aminimumof10studsshallbewelded.

ds.c) Visualexaminationshallbecarriedoutonallstu

d) Bendtest(30°)shallbecarriedoutanallstuds.

TheweldingparametersandsetupconditionsonsiteshallberecordedintheWPQR(seeAnnexD)or inatestreportaccordingtoAnnexF.Theinfluenceofcablelength,cablecross‐section,environmentalconditionsshallbetakenintoaccount.

Weldedstudsthathavebeenbendtestedshallnotbestraightenedaftertesting.

10.4 Previous experience

s:ThegeneralprovisionsofISO15611shallbeadheredto,withthefollowingadditionsandmodification

a) weldingprocedurespecifications,pWPSandWPS,shallconformtotheprovisionsofClause9;

b) theformerproductiononwhichtheexperienceisbasedshallhavebeencontrolledbyasuitableschemeforprocess control, giving a statistical confidence compatible with the future application of the weldingproceduretobequalified;

c) qualificationislimitedtothesametypeofequipment,thesametypeandthicknessoftheparentmaterialandthesamediameterofstudsasusedduringtheproductiononwhichtheexperienceisbased.

Theuseofpreviousexperienceinsteadofweldingproceduretestsisnotpermittedforsteelweldswithstandardorcomprehensivequalityrequirements(seeAnnexB).

10.5 Welding procedure qualification record (WPQR)

Thewelding procedure qualification record (WPQR) is a statement of the results of assessing each test piece,includingre‐tests.TherelevantitemslistedfortheWPSinClause9shallbeincluded,togetherwithdetailsofanyfeatures that would be rejected on the basis of the requirements in Clause 11. If no rejectable features orunacceptable testresultsare found,aWPQRdetailing theweldingproceduretestpieceresults isqualified,andshallbesignedanddatedbytheexaminerortestbody.

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ISO 14555:2014(E)


AWPQRformat,asshowninAnnexDorAnnexE,maybeusedtorecorddetailsfortheweldingprocedureandthetestresults,inordertofacilitateuniformpresentationandassessmentofthedata.

11 Examination and testing

11.1 General

Themethods described in 11.2 to 11.7may be used for examination and testing of studwelds. Tests shall beselectedaccordingtotheapplication.

In certain stud‐welding applications, e.g. steam boilers, shipbuilding or nuclear industry, additional tests (e.g.hardnesstestsorultrasonicexaminations)mayberequiredbyapplicationstandardsorspecifications.

11.2 Visual examination

Fordrawn‐arcstudweldingwithceramicferruleorshieldinggasandshort‐cycledrawnarcstudwelding,visualmexa inationisusedforassessingthefollowing,asappropriatefortheapplication:

a) the uniformity of the shape of theweld collar, its size and its colour (guidance values for drawn arc stud),andweldingwithceramicferrulearegiveninISO13918

b) location,lengthandangleofthestudafterwelding.

For capacitor discharge drawn arc studwelding and capacitor discharge studweldingwith tip ignition, visualexaminationisusedforassessingtheuniformityofthespatterring.

11.3 Bend testing

Thetestservesasasimplebenchtestforapproximatecheckingofthechosenweldingdata.Inthetest,theweldissubjectedtobending inanundefinedmanner. Ifarcbloworanothervisible imperfection issuspected,thestudshallbebentinamannersuchthattheareatobeexaminedisinthetensionzone.Thiscanbedonebyoneofthetwofollowingmethods.Shearconnectorsthathavebeenbentshallnotbestraightened.Ifthebendingangledoesnotexceed30°theshearcapacityisnotsignificantlyreduced.

a) The studs are bent by 60° using drawn arc stud welding with ceramic ferrule or shielding gas andapplications≤100°C,orshort‐cycledrawnarcstudwelding,by30°usingcapacitordischargestudweldingwith tip ignition or capacitor discharge drawn arc studwelding or drawn arc studweldingwith ceramicferruleorshieldinggasandapplications>100°C(seeFigure2).Inthecaseofstudswithrectangularbasethebendingshallbeperformedovertheweakaxis.Inthecaseofdouble‐endedstuds(e.g.Y‐anchors)botharmsshallbesubjectedtothespecifiedbendanglebutintodifferentdirections(seeFigure1).

ISO 14555:2014(E)


Figure 1 — Bending of the arms of a double ended stud

hest re1).b) T udsarestressedbyapplyingabendingmomentbelowtheelasticlimit(seeFigu

NOTE Valuesofbendingmomentsforboilerpinsbyapplications>100°CaregiveninTable4.

a) b)

ISO 14555:2014(E)


c) Key

1 stud23 workpiece toolα bendingangle

Figure 2 — Examples of bend testing

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ISO 14555:2014(E)


a) Torque wrench for bend testing K

1 stud

ey

Figure 3 — Example of bend testing by means of torque wrench

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ISO 14555:2014(E)


Dimensionsinmillimetres

b) Test tool for bend testing

Key

d +0,3mm1 studdiameter

d to2S drivedimension

themanufacturer,dependingonthestudspacing.

oldiameter

NOTE1 Thetooldiametercanbechosenfreelyby

NOTE2 Thedrivedimensiondependsonthetool

Figure 3 — Example of bend testing by means of torque wrench (continued)

Table 4 — Bending moments based on stud diameter (applies to boiler pins only)

Stud diameter

d

mm

Bending moment

Nm

8 40

10 60

12 85

Theacceptancecriteriagivenin12.3shallbefulfilledunlessotherwisespecified.

11.4 Tensile testing

Byusingasuitabletensiondevice(seeFigures4and5)theweldedstudsarepulledaxiallyuntilfracture.Thetestonlyappliestostudsbyapplication≤100°C.

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ISO 14555:2014(E)


a) b)

Key

1 stud

t2 steelnu

3 washer

4 sleeve

5 collar

6 workpiece

Figure 4 — Examples of tensile testing of threaded studs

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ISO 14555:2014(E)


a)

b)

Ke

hearconnector)

y

1 stud(s

2 collar

3 bridge

4 workpiece

5 screwforlevelling

iccylinder6 hydraul

ashe7 w r

NOTE Thewasherisrequiredforhardness40to55HRC.

Figure 5 — Examples for tensile testing of shear connectors

ISO 14555:2014(E)


11.5 Torque test

WeldresistanceischeckedbyapplyingatorqueT onacapnutfullytightenedonthestud(seeFigure6).

Keyd studdiameter

fthethreat ssofplateh dedpartofthenutlengtho

thickneorqueT t

NOTE MinimumvaluesoftherequiredtorqueonmildsteelaregiveninTable5.

Figure 6 — Example of torque test

Table 5 — Minimum values o

Minimumthicknessoftheplate

f re on mildquired torque

Studdiameter

steel

Torque

t

mm

d T

Nm

0,7

M3 1 ,2

M4 3

M5 6

M6 9

1,5

M8 24

M10 46

M12 80

11.6 Macro examination

Themacro examination serves to check the shape and depth of the penetration aswell as imperfections. Theassessmentshallbecarriedoutwithamaximumoftenfoldmagnification.

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ISO 14555:2014(E)


Macroexamination isonly required for theweldingprocesses,drawnarcstudweldingwithceramic ferruleorshieldinggas,andshort‐cycledrawnarcstudwelding.Forthespecimen,astudwhichhaspassedthebendtestmaybechosen.

11.7 Radiographic examination

Theradiographicexaminationservestochecktheweldareaforinternalimperfections.Radiographicexaminationisonlyrequiredfortheweldingprocess,drawnarcstudweldingwithceramicferruleorshieldinggasd>12mm

enotcarriedout.forapplications≤100°C,whentensiletestsar

Thestudsshallbecutoffjustoverthecollars.

RadiographyshallbecarriedoutinaccordancewithISO17636,usingclassBtechnique.Theimperfectionsshallbeinaccordancewithlimitsspecifiedin12.1.

11.8 Ring test

The ring test serves as a production test for shear connectors principally subject to static loads in buildingconstructions.Theringtestisonlypermittedforstudsweldedunderthequalificationinaccordancewith10.3.2.

Theheadoftheshearconnectoristappedwithahammerwithamassof0,9kgto2kg.Theangleofswingshallbebetween20°and30°andshallbeallowedtofreefall.

NOTE Theexecutionandtheassessmentoftheringtestneedssufficientexperience.

12 Acceptance criteria

12.1 General

Theweldzonesofthestudsshallbefreeofimperfections,exceptthosewhicharetobeacceptedbythedifferentatitestsandexamin ons.

The acceptance criteria shall be in accordance with 12.2 to 12.8, unless otherwise specified in applicationpecificstandardsors ations.

If elementary quality requirements are required in accordancewith ISO3834‐4, the limit of the imperfectionsshallbespecified.

If comprehensive quality requirements are required in accordance with ISO3834‐2, the total area of allimperfectionsshallnotexceed5%oftheareaoftheweldzone.

Ifstandardqualityrequirementsarerequired inaccordancewithISO3834‐3, thetotalareaofall imperfectionsshallnotexceed10%oftheareaoftheweldzone.

12.2 Acceptance criteria for visual examination

Fordrawnarc studweldingwith ceramic ferruleor shieldinggas, andshort‐cycledrawnarc studwelding, theimperfectionsshown inTableA.5,Nos.2 to5,and the imperfectionsshown inTableA.6,Nos.2and5, arenotacceptable.

For capacitor discharge drawn arc stud welding and capacitor discharge stud welding with tip ignition, theimperfectionsshowninTableA.7,Nos.2to4,arenotacceptable.

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ISO 14555:2014(E)


12.3 Acceptance criteria for bend testing

Aweldpassesthetestifnocracksarefoundintheweldafterbendingofthestudtotherequiredangle.

Ifa low‐deformation fractureoccurs in theheat‐affectedzone, theweldabilityof thematerialsshallbechecked(e.g.tendencytohardening).

If inhomogeneousdeformationhas tobeexpecteddue to thegeometryof the stud, e.g. for studswith reducedbase,orifabenduntilthementionedangleisnotpossible,e.g.forstudsofshortlengthinrelationtodiameter,for

two‐materialstudsandforstudswithyieldstrengthabove355N/mm2,thesuitabilityoftheweldshallbeshownbyothermeans.Asufficientplasticdeformabilityshallbeachieved.

12.4 Acceptance criteria for tensile testing

Afractureintheweldareaisnotpermitted,ifcomprehensivequalityrequirementsinaccordancewithISO3834‐2arerequired.

IfstandardqualityrequirementsinaccordancewithISO3834‐3arerequired,fractureswithintheweldzoneareonlypermittedifthenominaltensilestrengthofthestudmaterialisreached.Imperfectionsinthefracturesurfaceshallbeinaccordancewiththelimitsspecifiedin12.1.

Byuseof flangedstudsaccording to ISO13918and theweldingprocesses, capacitordischargedrawnarc studweldingorcapacitordischargestudweldingwithtipignitionfractureswithintheweldzonearepermitted,ifthenon‐weldedareadoesnotexceed35%oftheflangedareaandthenominaltensilestrengthofthestudmaterialisreached.

Intheproceduretestfordrawnarcstudweldingashearfailureoftheparentmetalisnotpermitted.Thereforeaentthsuffici icknessofthetestpieceisrecommended.

NOTE Aninsufficientweldqualitywouldnotbedetectedincaseathinparentmetalwouldfailinshearfailure.

12.5 Acceptance criteria for torque testing

Therequiredtorqueshallbereachedwithoutweldfailure.

12.6 Acceptance criteria for macro examination

The total length of all visible imperfections shall not exceed 20%of thewelding diameter. An undercut of anextentnot largerthan5%oftheweldingdiameter ispermissible,provideditappearsatonesideofthemacrosection only and the bend test which has been carried out in the same test procedure has been passed.Imperfectionswithanextent≤0,5mmaredisregardedprovidedthere isadistanceofat least0,5mmbetweentheparticularimperfections.

Inthecaseofapplications>100°C,asufficientweldbetweenstudandtubematerial(subjectedtopressure)hasto be achieved whilst leaving a minimum of 2mm wall thickness non molten in the tube. In the case ofundershootingthisvalue,theactualconditionsshallbeprovenbycalculation.

12.7 Acceptance criteria for radiographic examination

Imperfectionswithdimensionslargerthanspecifiedin12.1arenotacceptable.

12.8 Acceptance criteria for ring tests

A clear resonating ringwould typically indicate acceptable fusion characteristics,whereas a dull soundwouldindicatepossiblefusionimperfections.

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ISO 14555:2014(E)


12.9 Acceptance criteria for additional ests

Acceptance criteria for additional tests shall be specified. For the assessment, the characteristics of the stud‐rocess c

t

weldingp shallbetakenintoac ount.

EXAMPLE For the hardness test, higher hardness values than those specified in ISO 15614‐1:2004, Table2, arepermitted.

13 Workmanship

Surfaces to be welded shall be maintained dry and free from condensation. When a rapid cooling rate isanticipated,appropriatepreheatingmaybenecessary.

Depending on the welding process, ceramic ferrules and/or shielding gases are used for protection or toconcentratethearc.Theceramicferrulesshallbecorrectlychosenforthestuddiameterandthetypeofstud.Thefollowingpointsshallbeobserved:

a) theceramicferrulesshallbestoredinadryplace;

b) ceramicferruleswhichhadbecomewetshallnotbeused;

l;c) theceramicferruleshallbepressedagainsttheparentmateria

ecerd) th amicferruleshallfitcentrallywithrespecttothestud.

NOTE Tiltingorunevencontactoftheceramicferruleatthestudleadstoanunevencollarandcaninhibitplunging.

Inspecialcases(drawn‐arcstudweldingofaluminiumand itsalloysorCrNisteels) itmaybenecessary touseshieldinggases.Inprinciple,theceramicferrulecanbereplacedbyshieldinggas(forrestrictions,seeTableA.1).The gas is fed to a device that shall ensure uniform gas shieldingwithout turbulence. Note also the followingpoints:

thegasfeedshouldbesealedoffonthestudside;

dpre‐flowtimeshallbeobserved;thegasshalldisplacetheatmospherebeforeweldingstarts,soadefine

inthecaseofaluminium,particularlycarefulgasshieldingisessential.

14 Process control

14.1 General

Forqualityassurance,variousqualityrequirementsshallbemet,dependingonthestud‐weldingprocessandthefieldof application (seeAnnexB).Before, during andafterproduction, tests shall thereforebeperformed.The

io llows:var ustestsareasfo

a) productiontest;

t;b) simplifiedproductiontes

c) productionsurveillance.

These testscanbecarriedoutbyusing theactualproductionpiecesorbyusingspecial testpieces.Thepiecesshallcorrespondtotheproductionconditions.

ISO 14555:2014(E)


14.2 Production test

14.2.1 General

Production tests shall be performed by the manufacturer before the beginning of welding operations on aconstructionoragroupofsimilarconstructions,and/orafteraspecifiednumberofwelds.Thisnumbershallbetakenfromtherelevantapplicationstandardorshallbelaiddowninthespecification.

Theproductiontestislimitedtothestuddiameterused,theparentmaterialandthetypeofequipment.Forstudweldingoperationsqualifiedaccordingto10.3.2theproductiontestisnotrequired.

14.2.2 Production test for drawn-arc stud welding with ceramic ferrule or shielding gas and short-cycle drawn-arc stud welding

At least ten studs shall bewelded. For setting‐up tests and,where appropriate, replacement tests, a sufficientnumberofadditionalstudsshouldbeprovidedonthe testpiece.The followingexaminationsandtestsshallbeperformed:

ds);a) visualexamination(allstu

b) bendtesting(fivestuds);

c) macroexaminationsoftwodifferentstuds(off‐setby90°throughthecentreofthestud),onlyapplicabletotuds>s 12mm.

canbereplacedNOTE Forshortcycledrawn‐arcstudwelding,macroexaminations bytorquetests(fivestuds).

The examinations and testing are performed and evaluated in accordance with Clause 11. The results of theproductiontestshallbedocumented(seeAnnexF).

14.2.3 Production test for capacitor discharge stud welding with tip ignition and capacitor discharge drawn-arc stud welding

At least ten studs shall bewelded. For setting‐up tests and,where appropriate, replacement tests, a sufficientnumberofadditionalstudsshouldbeprovidedonthe testpiece.The followingexaminationsandtestsshallbeperformed:

);a) visualexamination(allstuds

s);b) tensiletesting(threestud

b .c) endtesting(fivestuds)

The examination and tests are performed and evaluated in accordance with Clause 11. The results of theproductiontestshallbedocumented(seeAnnexG).

14.3 Simplified production test

Simplifiedproductiontestsshallbeperformedbythemanufacturerbeforethestartofeachshift.Theycanalsoberequestedafteracertainnumberofwelds,bytheapplicationstandardrulesorinthespecification.

The purpose of the simplified production test is to check that the equipment is correctly set up, and that it isoperatingcorrectly.Threestudsshallbewelded.Thesimplifiedproductiontestscompriseatleastthefollowingtestandexamination:

a) visualexamination(allstuds);

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ISO 14555:2014(E)


b) bendtesting(allstuds).

TheexaminationandtestareperformedandevaluatedinaccordancewithClause11.Theresultsofthesimplifiedproductiontestshallbedocumented.

14.4 Re-testing for production test or simplified production test

Ifoneofthestudsdoesnotmeettherequirements,twoadditionalstudsofthesametypecanbetakenfromtheatedassoci testpiece.Ifthisisnotpossible,similarstudsshallbeadditionallywelded.

NOTE Thisnecessitatesthatasufficientquantityofreplacementspecimensbeprovidedinaproductiontest.

Ifoneoftheadditionalstudsdoesnotsatisfytherequirements,correctiveaction(see14.7)shallbetakenandtheproductiontestshallberepeated.

14.5 Production surveillance

14.5.1 Visual examination

Visualexaminationisgenerallysufficientforproductionsurveillanceandshallcoverallwelds.

14.5.2 Checking the welding parameters

levan ularly.There tweldingparametersshallbecheckedreg

NOTE Theycanbemonitoredbysuitableequipment.

14.5.3 Other examinations and tests

Ifspecifiedintheapplicationstandardorbyagreementbetweenthecontractingparties,non‐destructivetestingechniquesare:maybeaddedtoproductionsurveillance.Suitablet

a) checkingthelengthofthestudsafterwelding;

b) tensiletest,bendtest,torquetestwithstressvaluesbelowtheelasticlimit.

14.5.4 Production surveillance for drawn-arc stud welding with ceramic ferrule with qualification according to 10.3.2

Abendtest (15°)shallbeperformedonthegreaterof5%orat leaston2studsoneachbeam.Thefollowingm onallstuds:exa inationsandtestsshallbeperformed

gto11.2;a) visualexaminationaccordin

b) ringtestaccordingto11.8.

14.6 Production surveillance record

The manufacturer keeps a production surveillance record, which contains the results of the production test,simplifiedproductiontestandproductionsurveillance.Themanufacturershallkeepadifferentrecord foreachstud‐weldingprocessandtherecordshallbekeptavailable,withtheresultsofalltestsrecorded.AnnexHisanexampleformandshouldbeused,whereappropriate.

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ISO 14555:2014(E)


14.7 Non-conformance and corrective actions

If there is an indicationofnon‐conformingwelding, e.g. porosity, collarnot completeorunequal, unacceptablering testor if the lengthofonestud isoutsidethespecification,abendtest (15°)or tensile test (limitedto thedesign strength) shall beperformedon that stud. If the studweld fails to satisfy the requirements in this test,three weldsmade before and, where appropriate, after the defective weld shall also be subjected to bend ortensiletesting.

Ifoneofthesestudsalsofailstosatisfytherequirementsinthetest,appropriatetestingshallbecarriedoutonallstudsonthesameworkpiece.

Correctiveactionsshallbetakenforallnon‐conformingstudwelds,eitherbyremovalofthedefectivestud,wherenecessary,andrepeatstudwelding,orbyrepairweldingwithasuitableweldingprocess.Inisolatedcases,studweldingprocessesmaybereplacedbyothersuitableweldingprocesses.Dependingonthestuddiameter,afilletweldshallreachthecalculatedthroat.

NOTE Sometimesdefectivestudsdonotneedtoberemoved,butcanbesubstitutedbyextrastuds.

Alternativeweldingproceduresshallbequalified inaccordancewith ISO15614‐1or ISO15614‐2,andweldersshallbequalifiedinaccordancewithISO9606‐1orISO9606‐2.

sAllrepairedorreplacedstudsshallbetestedinaccordancewiththe pecifications.

In addition, steps shall be taken to ensure that factors adversely affecting the studwelding are identified andcompensated.

14.8 Calibration of the measuring and testing equipment

In the case of comprehensive quality requirements in accordancewith ISO 3834‐2, themanufacturer shall beresponsiblefortheappropriatecalibrationofinspection,measuringandtestingequipment.Allequipmentshallbe

lycosuitab ntrolledandshallbecalibratedatspecifiedintervals(seeISO17662).SeealsoAnnexB.

NOTE In thecaseofdrawn‐arcstud‐weldingprocesses, thisappliesparticularly tocurrent intensityandwelding timemeasurement

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ISO 14555:2014(E)


Annex A(informative)

Processing of stud welding

A.1 General

Thisannexgivesgeneralguidanceforthesatisfactoryproductionandcontrolofstudwelding.

Instudwelding,anarcisbrieflystruckbetweenthefaceofthestudandtheworkpiece;bothpartsstarttomeltandare then joined.Dependingon thenatureof the ignitionmethod,adistinction ismadebetweendrawn‐arcstudweldingandstudweldingwithtipignition.Eachmethodrequiressuitablepowersupplies,actuatingdevices,studs and accessories (e.g. ceramic ferrules). A feature of stud welding is the very short arc burn time(approximately0,5msto3000ms)andtheassociatedhighrateofheatingandcooling.Normallythediameterofthestudcanrangeupto10mmfortipignitionwelding,andupto25mmfordrawn‐arcwelding.

A.2 Welding processes

A.2.1 Drawn arc stud welding

A.2.1.1 General

Drawnarcstudweldingcanbedonemechanicallyorautomatically,usingweldinggunorweldingheads.Thestudisinsertedintothestudholderand‐fittedwithaceramicferrule,ifnecessary‐appliedtotheworkpiece.Atthebeginningoftheweldingprocess,thestudisliftedbythemechanismand,normally,firstapilotarc,thenthemainarc, are struckbetween the tipof thestudand theworkpiece.This causes the faceof thestudand theparentmaterialtomelt.Whentheweldingtimehaselapsed,thestudisplungedwithlittleforce(<100N)intothemoltenpool,andthecurrentsourceisswitchedoff.Theceramicferruleisthenremoved.FigureA.1showsthesequenceofeventsusingaceramicferrule.

Keylift X time

P protrusion Y currentL Z studmovement

Figure A.1 — Stud movement in drawn-arc stud welding

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ISO 14555:2014(E)


A.2.1.2 Methods of drawn-arc stud-welding processes

istinctionismadebetweenthreemethodsofweldingprocesses(seeTableAAd .1).

a) Drawn arc stud welding with ceramic ferrule or shielding gas (783).Thisweldingprocess isgenerallyusedinthe3mmto25mmdiameterrange,withweldingtimesof100msto3000ms.It isusuallycarriedoutwitha ceramic ferruleor shieldinggas, orwithboth, or in special caseswithoutpoolprotection.Thismethod isused for themajorityofapplications.Theminimumparentmetal thickness is0,25d forCFand0,125d forSG,butnotlessthan1mm.

b) Short-cycle drawn-arc stud welding (784).Aweldingtimeof≤100msisused.Thisvariantissuitableforstud diameters up to 12mm, but for the range between approximately 8mm and 12mm, stud diametershieldinggasshouldbeusedtopreventincreasedporeformation.Foraluminium,shieldinggasshallbeused.Thefusionzoneisnarrowandthethermalinputmodest,sothatstudsupto12mmdiametercanbeweldedtothinparentmetals.Fordiametersupto9mmdiameterandwithsteel,theoperationisfrequentlycarriedoutwithoutprotectionoftheweldpoolandcallsforstudswithanupsetflange,astheseaffordalargerweldareathantheplainstud‐shaftdiameterandthusreachahighertensileforcethanthestudshaft,despiteporesintheweldzone.Theminimumparentmetalthicknessis0,125d,butnotlessthan0,6mm.

c) Capacitor discharge drawn-arc stud welding (785).Veryshortweldingtime(<10ms)canbeachievedbyusingacapacitordischargepowersource.Thediameterrangeis3mmto10mm.Theminimumparentmetalthicknessis0,1d,butnotlessthanapproximately0,5mm.Theweldingprocessissimilartotheshort‐cycledrawn‐arcstud‐weldingprocess,butthepeakcurrentcanbeupto4000A.

Theworkingrangeofthevariousdrawn‐arcstud‐weldingprocessesisgiveninTableA.1.

Table A.1 — Working range of the various drawn-arc stud-welding processes

Welding processesa

Welding time

tw

ms

Welding iameter,d

dw,and welding

positionsb

mm

Current intensity

I

A

Weld pool protection

Minimum parent metal nessthick

mm

Drawn‐arcstudweldingwithceramicferruleorshieldinggas(783)

>100

3to25PA

3to20PE

3to16PC

300to3000 CF0,25d,butnotless

than1mmc

>1003 to16PA

3to8PC300to2000 SG

0,125d,butnotle a ssth n1mmc

Short‐cycledrawn‐arcstud

84)welding(7<100 3to12,all

weldingpositionsUpto1800 NP,SG

0,125d,butnotlessthan0,6mmc

Capacitordischargedrawn‐arcstudwelding(785)

<10 3to10,allweldingpositions

Upto4000(peak) NP,(SG) 0,1d,butnotless

thanapp.0,5mm

a InaccordancewithISO4063

b InaccordancewithISO6947.

c Theminimumparentmetalthicknessavoidstheriskofburningthroughtheparentmetal.Otherapplicationrequirementsmaycall forgreaterthicknesses.

ISO 14555:2014(E)


Whenthehigh‐powerweldingprocess(narrowmeltzone),short‐cycleweldingprocessorthecapacitordischargeprocessisused,thestudtipsshallbematchedtothefusionpenetrationshapeintheworkpieceandmadeflatter(e.g.166°coneangle).

A.2.1.3 Weld pool protection

istinctionismadebetwe poolprotection.Ad endifferenttechniquesonthebasisofweld

a) Ceramic ferrule (CF).Theceramicferrulehasseveralfunctions:

ingchamberatsufficientcurrentintensity;protectionoftheweldpoolbycreationofmetalvapourintheburn

concentrationandstabilizationofthearc,thusreducingarcblow;

mouldingofthedisplacedweldpooltoaweldcollarandsupportingoftheweldpool.

Furthermore,itshieldstheoperatorfrombotharcandspatter.Theceramicferruleisusedforoneweldonlyandemovedoncethemolisr tenmetalhassolidified.

b) Shielding gas (SG).Instudweldingwithshieldinggas,theatmosphereisdisplacedfromthearcregionbyashieldinggassuppliedfromoutside,whichgreatlyreducestheformationofpores.Forsteelsandmostothermetals,amixtureofargonandcarbondioxide(ISO14175‐M21)iswidelyused.Foraluminiumanditsalloys,pureargonAr99,99(ISO14175‐I1)orArgon‐Heliummixtures(ISO14175‐I3)arewidelyused.

Theshieldinggasinfluencesthearcandaffectsthefusionofthestudandworkpiece.Italsoinfluencestheshapingoftheweldcollarandthepenetrationshape,viathesurfacetension.Afundamentalprincipleisthatthewelding position PA, in accordancewith ISO6947, should bepreferred forwelding time>100ms. Anadditional ceramic ferrule can also be used to improve the shape of the collar and restrict the arc to theimmediateareaoftheworkpiece.

c) No protection (NP).Studweldingwithoutprotectionispossibleonlyforsmallweldingdiameters(<10mm)andwithshortweldingtimes(<100ms).Amongthedrawbacksofthismethodaresevereoxidationoftheweldzone,increasedporeformationandanirregularweldcollar.

A.2.2 Capacitor discharge stud welding with tip ignition (786)

Thetwotechniquesforcapacitordischargestudweldingwithtipignitionarewithcontactorwithgap.

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ISO 14555:2014(E)


Table A.2 — Characteristics for capacitor discharge stud welding with tip ignition

Method Characteristic

Welding processa

Welding diameter

dw

mm

Peak current

≈

I

A

Welding time

≈

ms

Spring force

≈

N

Plunging speed

≈

m/s

Ignition Typical application

Contactmethod 786 0,8to10 10000 2to10

60to100dependingonpistonmass

0,5to0,7Alwayscorrect

Weldingof(unalloyed

andalloyed)steel,

galvanizedoroilysurfaces

Gapmethod 786

0,8to10(aluminiumupto6)

15000 0,5to3 40to600,5to1,

aluminium1upto1,5

Mostlycorrect,advancedignitionpossible

Weldingofaluminiumandbrass

a InaccordancewithISO4063.

Inweldingwithcontact,thestudisinsertedintothestudholderofthemachine[seeFigureA.2a)]andpositionedwith its ignition tip directly on the surface of the component [see FigureA.2 b)]. A spring in thewelding gunpresses the stud against themetal. Once the capacitor power has been switched on, the ignition tip abruptlyexplodesandvaporizespartially,andthearc isgenerated[seeFigureA.2c)].Thestud isadvancedstill furthertowardstheparentmetalandfinallyremainsinthesolidifiedmelt[seeFigureA.2d)].Theweldingtimeis≤3ms.

Thedifferencebetweenweldingwithgapandthetechniquedescribedabove isthat,beforeweldingbegins, thestudisheldatadefined,adjustabledistancefromtheworkpiece[seeFigureA.2a)].

Whenthecapacitorbankisswitchedon,thestudisspeededuptowardsthesurfaceofthemetal,andtheweldingprocesscontinuesasdescribedabove[seeFiguresA.2b),A.2c)andA.2d)].Aweldingtimeofabout1msmakesitpossible,amongotherthings,toweldaluminiumanditsalloyswithoutgasshielding.

Therecommendedparentmetalthicknessshouldbe≥0,1dbutnotlessthanapproximately0,5mm.

Figure A.2 — Capacitor discharge stud welding with tip ignition — Main phases of the welding process

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ISO 14555:2014(E)


A.2.3 Parent materials

A.2.3.1 General

Thebriefarceffectinitiatesmeltingofbothstudandparentmaterial,andthemoltenmetalsintermixasthejointisformed.Thisphenomenondiffersinthevariousstud‐weldingprocesses.Generallyspeaking,morestudmaterialmeltsthanparentmaterial.Theweldareaontheparentmaterial isusually larger thanthecross‐sectionof thestud.Thestrengthanddeformationpropertiesatthetransitionfromweldtostudshallthereforebeinvestigatedwithspecialattention.Thesurfaceoftheparentmaterialshouldbeclean.Layersofpaint,rust,scale,greaseandcoatingsof non‐weldablemetals shouldbe removed from theweld location. This canbedonemechanically orchemically.Parentmaterialswithscaleandrust layers shallbe thoroughlygroundoff.Thesurfacepreparationshall be specified in the WPS. Where welding times are short (<50ms), the surface should be cleaned withparticularcare.

A.2.3.2 Parent material for drawn-arc stud welding with ceramic ferrule or shielding gas and short-cycle drawn-arc stud welding

ParentmaterialsforthistypeofstudweldingarethoselistedinTableA.3.

Theuseofothersteelgradesandothermaterialssuchaslead‐freebrassfordrawn‐arcstudwelding,canalsobepermitted.Insuchcases,additionalorothertests,asdescribedinClause11,canberequired.

A.2.3.3 Parent material for capacitor discharge drawn-arc stud welding and capacitor discharge stud welding with tip ignition

ParentmaterialsforthistypeofstudweldingarethoselistedinTableA.4.

Theuseofothermaterialsisalsopermitted.Insuchcases,alternativeoradditionaltests,suchasthosedescribedinClause11,mayberequired.

A.2.4 Studs

A.2.4.1 Stud material

StudmaterialsarelistedinISO13918:2008,Table2.

A.2.4.2 Stud shapes

Thestudshapeoutsidetheweldareacanbechosenfreely.Theshapeofthestudtipdiffersaccordingtoweldingprocessandmaterial(seeISO13918).

A.2.5 Combinations of stud material and parent material

Theweldabilityofthevariousmaterials,aswellastherecommendedcombinationsofstudmaterialandparentmaterial,dependsontheprocessofstudwelding.ThecombinationsareshowninTablesA.3andA.4.

Othercombinationscanbewelded,buttheweldabilityshouldbeassuredbyweldingprocedurequalification.

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ISO 14555:2014(E)


Table A.3 — Weldability of typical combinations of stud and parent materials for drawn-arc stud welding with ceramic ferrule or shielding gas and short-cycle drawn-arc stud welding

Stud material

Parent material

ISO/TR 15608 material groups

1 and 2.1


2.2, 3 to 6


8 and 10


21 and 22

S235

ldable)4.8(we

16Mo3

highlyweldableforany

applicationa

weldablewithinlimitsb

weldablewithinlimitsb,c

notweldable

1.4742/X10CrAl18

1.4762/X10CrAl24

weldablewithinlimitsd



notweldable

1.4828/X15CrNiSi20

41.4841/X20CrNiSi25‐




notweldable

1.4301/X5CrNi18‐10

1.4303/X5CrNi18‐12

1.4401/X5CrNiMo17‐12‐2

1.4529/X1NiCrMoCuN25‐20‐7

1.4541/X6CrNiTi18‐10

1.4571/X5CrNiMoTi17‐12‐2


/


applicationa,e



applicationanotweldable

EN AW‐AlMg3/EN AW‐5754

EN AW‐AlMg5/EN AW‐0195

notweldable notweldable notweldableweldablewithin

limitsb

a Forexample,forforcetransfer.

b Forforcetransfer.

awn‐arcstudwelding.c Onlyforshort‐cycledr

d Onlyforheattransfer.

e Upto12mmindiameter.

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ISO 14555:2014(E)


Table A.4 — Weldability of typical combinations of stud and parent materials for capacitor discharge stud welding with tip ignition and for capacitor discharge drawn-arc stud welding

Stud material

Parent material


1 to 6, 11.1

ISO/TR 15608 material groups 1 to 6, 11.1 and galvanized and

metal coated steel sheet, max. thickness 25 µm

of coating

ISO/TR 15608 material group 8

Copper and lead free copper alloys, e.g.

CuZn37 (CW508L)


21 and 22

S235

4.8(weldable

highlyweldablefor

anyapplicationa


highlyweldablefor

anyapplicationa


notweldable

1.4301

1.4303

highlyweldablefor

anyapplicationa


highlyweldablefor

anyapplicationa


notweldable

CuZn37 (no ISO standard available)




highlyweldablefor

anyapplicationa

notweldable

ENAW‐Al99,5 notweldable notweldable notweldable notweldableweldable

withinlimitsb

ENAW‐AlMg3 notweldable notweldable notweldable notweldable

highlyweldablefor

anyapplicationa

a Forexample,forfo

Forforcetransfer

rcetransfer.

b

A.2.6 Weld assessment and recommended corrective actions

WeldassessmentandrecommendedcorrectiveactionsareshowninTablesA.5,A.6,A.7andA.8.

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ISO 14555:2014(E)


Table A.5 — Weld assessment and recommended corrective actions for drawn-arc stud welding with ceramic ferrule or shielding gas

No. Appearance Assessment Recommended corrective actions

Vi al ina m tsu exam tion or acro cu

1 Collar regular, bright andcomplete. Length after weldwithintolerances.

Acceptable (parameters arecorrect).

None.

2 Reduced diameterweld. Lengthtoolong.

Insufficient protrusion(plunge) or lift. Insufficientcentering.

Weldingpowertoohigh.

Dampingactivitytoostrong.

Increase protrusion (plunge)or lift. Check centering ofceramic ferrule. Reduce

me.currentand/orweldingti

Reducedampingactivity.

3 Reduced, irregular and greyishcollar.Lengthtoolong.

Weldpowertoolow.Ceramicferruleismoist.Lifttooshort.

Increase current and/orweldingtime.Usedryferrulesonly.

Increaselift.

4 Collar off centre withunacceptable undercut (see12.6)

Effectof cblow.

Ceramic ferrule incorrectlycentred.

ar SeeTableA.8.

Improvecentring.

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ISO 14555:2014(E)


Table A.5 (continued)

No. Appearance Assessment Recommended corrective

actions

Vi alsu examination or macro cut

5 Collarheightextremelyreduced,ns.bright,largelateralprojectio

Lengthafterweldtooshort.

Weld power too high. Plungeratetoohigh.

Reduce current and/orwelding time. Adjust plungend/orweldinggundamper.a

Fracture examination

6


None.

7 Fracture above collar aftersufficientdeformation.


None.

8 Fracture within the weld. Highporosity.

Weldpowertoo low.Uncleansurface.

Materialnot suitable for studwelding.

Increase current and/orwelding time. Clean thesurface.

Selectsuitablematerial.

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ISO 14555:2014(E)




actions

Fr ctua re examination

9 FractureinHAZ.

Greyishfracturesurfacewithoutsufficientdeformation.

Hardening increased. Coolingratetoohigh.

Selectsui lemateri

Increase welding time.Preheatingmaybenecessary.

tab al.

10 Fracture of weld. Brightappearance.

Flux content is too high.Weldingtimetoolow.

Reducefluxquantity.Increaseweldingtime.

11 Lamellar tearing of parentmaterial.

Non‐metallic inclusions inparentmaterial.

Parentmaterialnotsuitable.


12 Fracture in the weld afterinsufficientdeformation

Lackoffusionintheborderarea

Cold plunge (plunging speedtoo low, damping activity toostrong, extraordinary friction…)

Providehotplunge

Reducedampingactivity.

13 Burnthrough

Weld pool penetrates parentmetal

Increase parent metalthickness

Reducepowerinput(weldingtime)

ISO 14555:2014(E)


Table A.6 — Weld assessment and recommended corrective actions for short-cycle drawn-arc stud welding


actions

Vi alsu examination or macro cut

1 Regularcollar,novisualdefects.


None.

2 Partialweld.

Weldpower too low.Polarityincorrect.

Increase current and/orweldingtime.

Correctpolarity.

3 Largeirregularcollar.

Weldingtimetoolong. Reduceweldingtime.

4 Poresincollar.

Welding time too long.Current too low.Oxidationofweld pool. Surfacecontaminated.

Reduce welding time.Increasecurrent.

Provide suitable shieldinggas.

Cleanthesurface.

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ISO 14555:2014(E)




actions

Fracture examination

5 Collar off centre withunacceptable undercut (see12.6).

Effectofarcblow. SeeTableA.8.

6 Tearingofparentmaterial.


None.

7 Fracture above collar aftersufficientdeformation.


None.

8 FractureinHAZ.

Carbon content of parentmaterialtoohigh.

Parentmaterialnotsuitable.


9 Lackofpenetration.

Heat input too low. Incorrectweldpolarity.

Increase heat input. Correctweldpolarity.

ISO 14555:2014(E)


Table A.7 — Weld assessment and recommended corrective actions for capacitor discharge drawn-arc stud welding and capacitor discharge stud welding with tip ignition

No. Appearance of fracture Assessment Recommended corrective

actions

Vi alsu examination

1 Smallweldspatteraroundjoint.Novisualdefects.


None.

2 Gap between flange and parentmaterial.

Weldpowertoolow.Plungingspeed too low. Insufficient

fparentsupporto

material.

Increaseweldpower.Correctplunging speed. Providesupport.

3 Considerable spatter aroundweld.

Weld power too high and/orinsufficientplungingspeed.

Reduceweldpower. Increaseplungingspeed.

4 Weld spatter off centre withundercut.

Effectofarcblow. SeeTableA.8.

ISO 14555:2014(E)



No. Appearance of fracture Assessment Recommended corrective

actions

Fr ctua re examination

5 Tearingofparentmaterial.

Acceptable(parametersarecorrect). None.

6 Fractureofstudaboveflange.

Acceptable(parametersarecorrect). None.

7 Fractureinweld.

Weldpowertoolow.Plungingspeedtoolow.Combinationstud/parentmaterialunsuitable.

Increaseweldpower.Increaseplungingspeed.Selectsuitablematerial.

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ISO 14555:2014(E)


Table A.8 — Effect of arc blow and some possible remedies

N o. Cause Remedy

A

B

C

NOTE Areblow isproportional to current intensityandcanbe influencedby symmetricallyattachingmass clampsandcompensatingmasses,or(intheeaseofhandweldinggunswithanexternalweldingcable)byturningtheweldinggunaround the vertical axis. Are blow generates one‐sided melting and can increase the number of pores in the weldedmaterials,butitcanbereducedbysuitableapplicationofdifferentremedies.

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ISO 14555:2014(E)


A.2.7 Drawn arc stud welding with ceramic ferrule or shielding gas and short-cycle drawn-arc stud welding

A.2.7.1 Welding equipment

A.2.7.1.1 General

Theweldingequipmentconsistsofthepowersource,controlunit,movablefixtureandweldingcables.

A.2.7.1.2 Power sources

Powersourcesareeitherrectifiersorconverterswhichsupplydirectcurrentandaresuitableforbrief,highloads.Themaximumcurrentintensityinthecaseofthelargeststandardstudsisapproximately2500A.Thedutycycleis3%to10%.Thismeansthatevenforhighcurrents,systemsarerelativelylightandcompact.Theopencircuit

eshovoltag uldconformtoIEC60974‐1.

NOTE It is intendedthatthecurrent intensitybecontinuouslyadjustableovertheentirerange.Systemsincorporatingconstantcurrentcontrolareparticularlyadvantageous.

A.2.7.1.3 Control unit

Control units switch the welding current in accordance with the desired welding time. They also control themovement of the welding gun. The power source and control unit are combined in most systems (compactsystems).

A.2.7.1.4 Movable fixtures

Movablefixturesareeitherhand‐heldweldinggunsorweldingheads.Weldingheadsarepreferableforautomaticstudfeedandaresecurelyconnectedtoaframe.

Themovablefixtureincorporatesthefollowing:

a) thedrive, to lift thestud forarcstartingandtokeepthe liftataconstant lengthduringthearc time,withtorespect thesupportfixture;

NOTE1 Inmostcases,thedriveiselectromagnetic.

b) aspring,toplungethestudintothemoltenpoolaftertheendoftheweldingperiod;

c) onsomeweldingguns,ahydraulicorpneumaticdamper,toreducetheplungespeed;

NOTE2 Inparticular,adamperisincorporatedwhenstuddiametersareinexcessof14mm.

sferthecurrenttothestud;d) aclampingfixture,toholdthestudintheweldingpositionandtotran

e) rtasuppo fixture,toabsorbthereactionforceofthepress‐onforce;

NOTE3 In the caseofhandweldingguns, the support fixture cancentre the ceramic ferruleorallow the stud tobepositionedontheworkpiece(e.g.bywayofstopsortemplates).Thesupportcanbemadeeitherdirectlymechanically,orbymeansofelectroniccontrol.

f) s chamberandapositioningunitforthestud.intheca eofweldingheadsforautomaticfeed,afeed

NOTE4 Inmostcases,thepositioningunitispneumatic.

Changingclampingfixtures,andsometimesparts,ofthesupportfixtureenablesamovablefixturetobeusedfordifferentstuddimensions.

ISO 14555:2014(E)


Themovablefixtureisapowertool.Theappropriatesafetyregulationsshouldthereforebeobservedinordertoavoidhazardsconnectedwithelectricalvoltage,heatingandarcformation.

A.2.7.1.5 Welding cables

TheweldingcablesshallconformtoISO5828andshallbedimensionedsothatimpermissibleheatingisavoided.

50mm2 is recommended for studs with a diameter of up to 12mm. Cross‐sections of at least 70mm2 are

recommendedforstudsofupto20mmdiameter.Cross‐sectionsof120mm2arerecommendedforlargerstuds.The cable and, in particular, all connection points should be checked regularly for damage. Damaged system

nentcompo sshallbereplaced.

NOTE Dependingonthetypeofpowersourceandthelengthoftheweldingcable,thecross‐sectionoftheweldingcablesisincreased.

A.2.7.2 Welding parameters

A.2.7.2.1 Polarity

Whenweldingsteel, thestud isconnected to thenegativepoleand theworkpiece isconnected to thepositivepole.Oppositepolarityhasprovensuccessfulforspecialmetals,e.g.aluminiumanditsalloys,andbrass.

A.2.7.2.2 Weld current setting

Depending on the stud dimensions, thewelding current is set between approximately 300 A and 3000 A. Fordrawn‐arcstudweldingwithceramicferruleorshieldinggasofunalloyedsteel,thecorrectcurrentsettingcanbeestimatedonthebasisofEquations(A.1)and(A.2):

I d 6mmdiameter(A)=80× (mm)—forstudsuptoapproximately1 (A.1)

(A.2)I(A)=90×d(mm)—forstudsover16mmdiameter

Normally,acurrentsettingapproximately10%lessisselectedforstainlesssteel.

Acurrentashighaspossible(600Ato1800A,dependingonthesizeofthepowersource)issetforshort‐cycledrawn‐arcstudwelding.

A.2.7.2.3 Arc voltage

Thearcvoltageismainlydeterminedbytheliftingheightandtheweldingcurrent.Valuesofbetween20Vand40Varethenorm.Surfaceimpurities,suchasoilorgrease, increasethearcvoltagecomparedwiththenormalstate,whilstinertgasesreduceit.

A.2.7.2.4 Welding time

Fordrawn‐arcstudweldingwithceramicferruleorshieldinggas,theweldingtimecanbeestimatedonthebasisofEquations(A.3)and(A.4):

t d 12mmdiameterw(s)=0,02× (mm)—forstudsofuptoapproximately (A.3)

tw(s)=0,04×d(mm)—forstudsover12mmdiameter (A.4)

ThegivenvaluesapplytoweldingsintheweldingpositionPA.TheweldingtimeshallbereducedforweldingintheweldingpositionPC,inaccordancewithISO6947.

In the case of short cycle studwelding, thewelding time is less than 100ms. It depends not only on the studdiameter,butalsoontheavailablecurrentintensity.Theweldingtimeshouldbeasshortaspossibleinthecaseofweldingwithoutweldpoolprotection.

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ISO 14555:2014(E)


A.2.7.2.5 Lift

Theliftisbetweenapproximately1,5mmand8mmandisproportionaltothestuddiameter.Inthecaseofcoatedsurfaces(e.g.through‐deck‐weldingtechnique),theliftshallbegreaterthannormal.Greaterliftincreasesthearclengthandthereforethearcvoltage.Themagneticdeflectionofthearcalsoincreases(arcblow).

A.2.7.2.6 Protrusion

Generally,theprotrusionis1mmto8mmandproportionaltothestuddiameter.Italsodependsonthedesiredshapeoftheweldcollar,theshapeofthestudbaseand(whenweldingwithaceramicferrule)thecollarareaoftheferrule.

A.2.7.2.7 Plunging speed

Theplungingspeedshouldbeapproximately200mm/sforstudswithadiameterofupto14mmdiameterand100mm/sforlargerstuds,soastopreventtheweldpoolsplashing.Itisproportionaltotheprotrusioninthecaseofmovablefixtureswithoutdampers.

A.2.8 Capacitor discharge drawn-arc stud welding and capacitor discharge stud welding with tip ignition

A.2.8.1 Welding equipment

A.2.8.1.1 General

Theweldingequipmentconsistsofthepowersource,incorporatingachargingunit,themovablefixtureandtheweldingcable.

A.2.8.1.2 Power source

Thepowersourceincorporatesacapacitorbankwithcapacitancesofbetweenapproximately12mFand150mF.The capacitance is sometimes adjustable in steps. The charging voltages are up to approximately 200V andrequire a safety switch‐off facility conforming to IEC 60974‐1. In most cases, the charging voltages arecontinuouslyadjustable.

Drawnarccapacitordischargepowersourceshaveanadditionalcoilintheweldingcircuittoprovideaweldingtimeof6msto10ms.

Thecapacitorbankshallbechargedtothedesiredvoltagebeforeeveryweldingoperation.Themaximumweldingsequencedependsonthechargingspeed.Approximately500studsperhourcanbeweldedwithmanual‐operatedpowersources,andupto3500studsperhourcanbeweldedinautomaticmode.

A.2.8.1.3 Movable fixture

Themovablefixturesareeitherhandweldinggunsorweldingheads.Weldingheadsarepreferableforautomaticstudfeedandaresecurelyconnectedtoaframe.Inthedrawn‐arcmethod,thearciscreatedbyliftingthestud.Inthetipignitionmethod,theelectromagneticdrivecreatesagapbetweenstudmaterialandparentmaterial.Thearcisignitedbycontactofthetiptotheworkpiece.Thedesignofthemovablefixturedependsonwhetherthemethod used for starting the arc is the drawn‐arc or capacitor discharge method. The movable fixtureincorporatesthefollowing:

a) thedrive, to lift the studand tokeep the lift at a constant lengthduring the arc time,with respect to thefisupport xture;

NOTE1 Inmostcases,thedriveiselectromagnetic.

b) aspring,toplungethestudintothemoltenpoolaftertheendoftheweldingperiod;

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ISO 14555:2014(E)


c) aclampingfixture,toholdthestudintheweldingpositionandtotra

d) rt

nsferthecurrenttothestud;

asuppo fixture,toabsorbthereactionforceofthepress‐onforce;

NOTE2 Inthecaseofhandweldingguns,thesupportfixtureallowsthestudtobepositionedontheworkpiece,(e.g.byntrol.wayofstopsortemplates).Thesupportcanbemadeeitherdirectlymechanically,orbymeansofelectronicco

e) s chamberandapositioningunitforthestud.intheca eofweldingheadsforautomaticfeed,afeed

NOTE3 Inmostcases,thepositioningunitispneumatic.

Anelectromagneticdriveisnotabsolutelyessential inthecaseofmovablefixturesoperatingwithstudweldingwithtipignition.Springstensionedbyhandcanalsobeusedtocreatethenecessaryarcgap.

Changingclampingfixturesenablesamovablefixturetobeusedfordifferentstuddimensions.

Themovablefixtureisapowertool.Theappropriatesafetyregulationsshouldthereforebeobservedinordertoavoidhazardsconnectedwithelectricalvoltage,heatingandarcformation.

A.2.8.1.4 Welding cables

WeldingcablesshouldbeusedinaccordancewithISO5828.

Thecross‐sectionsoftheweldingcablesaregenerally25mm2to70mm2.Theyshouldbeasshortaspossible,duetothehighpeakcurrentsandtheassociatedvoltagedrop.Windingtheweldingcableintocoilsincreasestheinductiveresistance,whichinturnreducestheweldingcurrent,buttheweldingtimeisincreased.

A.2.8.2 Welding parameters

A.2.8.2.1 Polarity

Ingeneral,thestudisconnectedtothenegativepoleandtheworkpieceisconnectedtothepositivepole.Reversepolaritycanbeadvantageousforcopperandaluminiumalloys.

A.2.8.2.2 Welding current

Thepeakcurrentisbetween1000Aand10000Aanddependsonthechargingvoltage,thecapacitanceandtheinductiveandohmicresistanceoftheweldingcable.

A.2.8.2.3 Welding time

Theweldingtimecannotbeselecteddirectly.Dependingonthestoredenergyandtheinductanceoftheweldingcircuit,itis1msto3ms(tipignition),or3msto10ms(drawn‐arc).Alongerweldingtimesimplifiesweldingonacoatedsurface,byvirtueofbetterdegassing.

A.2.8.2.4 Charging energy

Together with the capacitance, the charging voltage determines the charging energy on the basis of Equation(A.5):

(A.5)W=0,5×C×U2

Thechargingenergyshallbeincreasedwiththeweldcross‐section.

ISO 14555:2014(E)


A.2.8.2.5 Plunging speed

Theplungingspeedisingeneraldeterminedbyaspringandthemassofthemovingparts.Withsomemovablefixtures,thespringforcecanbechangedbytheoperator.Theplungingspeedisapproximately0,5m/sto1,5m/s(sometimesmore).Inthecaseofthetipignitionmethod,itdirectlydeterminestheweldingtime,inconjunctionwiththestudtiplength.Itisthereforenecessarytomaintaintheplungingspeedwithinlimitsatalltimes,inordertoobtainaconstantquality.

ISO 14555:2014(E)


Annex B(normative)

Quality requirements for stud welding

TableB.1showsqualityrequirementsforstudwelding.

Table B.1 — Quality requirements for stud welding

Quality requirements in ISO 3834-2, ISO 3834-3 or ISO 3834-4 required

for stud welding

Comprehensive quality requirements

in accordance with ISO 3834-2

Standard quality requirements in accordance with

ISO 3834-3

Elementary quality requirements in accordance with

ISO 3834-4

Fieldsofapplicationunlessotherwisespecified

Studssubjectedtofatigueloading

Studssubjectedtospecifiedstaticloading

Studssubjectedtounspecifiedstaticloading,e.g.furnaceconstruction,heat

resistantapplications

Technicalknowledgeofweldingcoordination

personnelBasicknowledgeinaccordancewith6.2 6.2doesnotapply

Qualityrecord Productionsurveillancerecordinaccordancewith14.6

14.6doesnotapply

MethodofqualificationofpWPS

Weldingproceduretestinaccordancewith10.2orinaccordancewith10.3pre‐productiontest

Previousexperienceinaccordancewith10.4

Calibrationofmeasurementandtesting

equipment

Proceduresshallbeavailableinaccordance

with14.814.8doesnotapply

ProcesscontrolProductiontestinaccordancewith14.2;

simplifiedproductiontestinaccordancewith14.3;productionsurveillanceinaccordancewith14.5

Simplifiedproductiontestinaccordancewith

14.3,productionsurveillancein

accordancewith14.5

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ISO 14555:2014(E)


Annex C(informative)

Manufacturer's welding procedure specification (WPS)

Manufacturer's ExaminerorExweldingprocedure aminingbody

ReferenceNo.: ReferenceNo.:

er:Manufactur Stud‐weldingprocess:

WPQRNo.: Methodofcleaningor

onofparentmaterial:Parentmaterial: surfaceconditi

mm):Parentmaterialthickness( Studmaterial:

Preheattemperature(°C): Studdesignation:

Shieldinggasandflowrate: Studdiameter(mm):

designation: Useofdamper: yes noCeramicferrule

Powersource:

eldinggun/head: Weldingposition:W

Drawn arc stud welding with

ceramic ferrule or shielding gas and short-cycle

drawn-arc stud welding

Welding current

A

Welding time

ms

Protrusion

mm

Lift

mm

Remarks

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ISO 14555:2014(E)


Capacitor discharge stud welding with tip ignition and capacitor discharge

drawn-arc stud welding

Gap

mm

Charging voltage

V

Capacitance

mF

Sprin orceg f

N

orplun peedging s

mm/s

Remarks

Additionalremarks:…………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………….

................................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................

Manufacturer: ExaminerorExaminingbody:

(Name,dateandsignature): (Name,dateandsignature):

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ISO 14555:2014(E)


Annex D(informative)

Welding procedure qualification record form (WPQR) (for drawn-arc stud welding with ceramic ferrule or shielding gas and short-cycle drawn-arc

stud welding)

Weldingprocedurequalific

urer: body:

ation—Testcertificate

Manufact ExaminerorExamining

ddress: ard:A Code/testingstand

Dateofwelding:

weldingprocedureManufacturer's

Nameofoperator:ReferenceNo.:

Extentofqualification

rocess: ):Stud‐weldingp Studdiameter(mm

Studmaterial: Studlength(mm):

StParentmaterial: uddesignation:

m): lication100°CParentmaterialthickness(m Application>100°C App

signation: yes noCeramicferrulede Useofdamper:

Weldingposition: Powersource:

Weldinggun/head:Preheattemperature(°C)

Shieldinggasandflowrate:

………….….Otherinformation:…………………………………..………………………………………………………………

................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................... ...................................... .........................................

Weld time

..

Pro onWelding urrent c

A

ing

ms

trusi

mm

Lift

mm

Remarks

ISO 14555:2014(E)


Certifiedthattestweldsareprepared,weldedandtestedsatisfactorily,inaccordancewiththerequirementsofthengstandardindicatedabove.code/testi

minerorExaminingbody:Location: Dateofissue: Exa

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….… ..

(Name,dateandsignature)

weldingprocedure aminingbodyManufacturer's ExaminerorEx

Re ReferenceNo.: ferenceNo.:

Application≤100°C Application>100°C

Ab (Abbreviated tbreviations erms):

uc unequalcollar

ic incompletecollar

1‐2⋅3 mmdiameter(example)20 2poresof3

nf nofracture

wf fractureinweld

reinstudsf fractu

100 crack

fusion400 lackof

no noectionsaobj acceptable

na notacceptable

OTE Numbers100and400refertoISO6520‐1.N

1) Visual examination

........Remarks:................................................. Assessment:..........................................................................

.................................................................. ........................................................................................................

.................................................................. ........................................................................................................

...................................... ........................... .........................................................................................................

2) Bend testing

Bendtesting(application≤100°C)/bendtestingbymeansoftorquewrench(application>100°C)

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ISO 14555:2014(E)


Specimen number

Bending angle/ bendin oment g m

Nm

Location of fracture Remarks Assessment

3) Tensile testing (only for application ≤ 100 °C)

Specimen number

Fracture load

N

Location of

fracture

Fracture strength

N/mm2

Size of imperfectio

n are a

mm2

Size of the largest

impe tionrfec

mm

Remarks Assessment

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ISO 14555:2014(E)


4) Radiographic examination (only for application > 100 °C, d > 12 mm)

Specimen number Type of imperfections

Size of imperfecti areaon

mm2

Size of the largest

impe tionrfec

mm

Remarks Assessment

5) Macro examination

Specimen number:

Picture number:

Magnifica tion:

Result Assess- ment

Specimen number:

Picture number:

Magnifica tion:

Result Assess- ment

Picture Picture

6) Torque test (only for short cycle drawn-arc stud welding)

Specimen numberTo erqu

NmLocation of fracture Remarks Assessment

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ISO 14555:2014(E)


7) Additional tests

..............Remarksandadditionalsteps:.................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................

...........................Testcarriedoutinaccordancewiththerequirementsof:...........................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................LaboratoryReportReferenceNo.:...................................................................

estresultsareacceptable/notacceptable(deleteasappropriate)T

rorExaminingbody: Examine

estcarriedoutinthepresenceof:............................................................................................................T ...........


ISO 14555:2014(E)


Annex E(informative)

Welding procedure qualification record form (WPQR) (for capacitor

discharge stud welding with tip ignition and capacitor discharge drawn-arc stud welding)

Weldingproced

urer: body:

urequalification—Testcertificate

Manufact ExaminerorExamining

ddress: ard:A Code/testingstand

Dateofwelding:

weldingprocedureManufacturer's

Nameofoperator:ReferenceNo.:

Extentofqualification

rocess: ):Stud‐weldingp Studdiameter(mm

Studmaterial: Studlength(mm):

Studdesignation:Parentmaterial:

neParentmaterialthick ss(mm):

elding: withgap withcontactW

Powersource:

Weldinggun/head:

………….….Otherinformation:…………………………………..………………………………………………………………

................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................ ....................................................

Capacitance

mF

Charging voltage

V

Gap

mm

Sprin orceg f

N

orplu peednging s

mm/s

Remarks

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ISO 14555:2014(E)


Certifiedthattestweldsareprepared,weldedandtestedsatisfactorily,inaccordancewiththerequirementsofthengstandardindicatedabove.code/testi

minerorExaminingbody:Location: Dateofissue: Exa

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….… ..


weldingprocedure aminingbodyManufacturer's ExaminerorEx

eferenceNo.: ReferenceNo.:R

Ab (Abbreviated terbreviations ms):

us unequalspatters

spatterringis incomplete

nf nofracture

wf fractureinweld

sf fractureinstud

10 eldedfractureareainpercent(e.g.10%)400‐ non‐w

100 crack

400 lackoffusion

nsno noobjectio

a acceptable

na notacceptable

OTE Numbers100and400refertoISO6520‐1.N



.................................................................. ........................................................................................................

.................................................................. ........................................................................................................

.................................................................. ........................................................................................................

ISO 14555:2014(E)


2) Bend testing

Specimen number Bending angle Location of fracture Remarks Assessment

3) Tensile testing

Specimen number

Fracture load

N

Location of fracture

Fracture strength

N/mm2

Size of imperfection

area

mm2

Size of the largest

imperfection

mm

Remarks Assessment

4) Additional tests

ISO 14555:2014(E)


Remarksandadditionalsteps:…………………...………………………………………………………………………….….

................................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................

...........................Testcarriedoutinaccordancewiththerequirementsof:...........................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................LaboratoryReportReferenceNo.:...................................................................

estresultsareacceptable/notacceptable(deleteasappropriate)T

rorExaminingbody: Examine

estcarriedoutinthepresenceof:............................................................................................................T ...........


ISO 14555:2014(E)


Annex F(informative)

Test results — Production test (for drawn-arc stud welding with ceramic

ferrule or shielding gas and short-cycle drawn-arc stud welding)

Manufacturer's Weldingprocedweldingprocedure urespecification


lding:Weldingprocess: Locationofwe

Projectnumber: Shop/onsite:

DrawingNo.:

PositionNo.:

Parentmaterial: Studmaterial:

arentmaterialthickness(mm): ):P Studdiameter(mm

nation: Studdesig

Dateoftestwelding: Operator:

Drawn arc stud welding with ceramic ferrule or shielding gas and short-cycle drawn-arc stud welding

Welding current

A

Welding time

s

Protrusion

mm

Lift

mm

Remarks

Ab (Abbreviated tbreviations erms):

uc unequalcollar

ic incompletecollar

1‐2–3 mmdiameter(example)20 2poresof3

nf nofracture

wf fractureinweld

sf fractureinstud


100 crack

400 lackoffusion

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ISO 14555:2014(E)


no noobjectio ns

a acceptable

na notacceptable

NOTE Numbers100and400refertoISO6520‐1.



.................................................................. ........................................................................................................

.................................................................. ........................................................................................................

...................................... ........................... .........................................................................................................

2) Bend testing

Bendtesting/bendtestingbymeansofato quewrench(application>100°C)r

Bending angle/Specimen number

bending moment


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ISO 14555:2014(E)


3) Macro examination

Specimen number:

Picture number:

Magnifica tion:

Result Assess- ment

Specimen number:

Picture number:

Magnifica tion:

Result Assess- ment

Picture Picture

4) Additional tests

.......Totalassessment:...........................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................


................................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................

...............Testcarriedoutinthepresenceof:........................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................... ...........................................................

.......... ............Weldingcoordinator:....................................... ExaminerorExaminingbody:.............................

…………………………………………………………... ………………………………………………………………...

... Locality:……………................................................ Date:……………………………........................................

…………………………………………………………... ………………………………………………………………...

……... ………………...…………………………………………………… ………………………………………………

(Signatureofweldingcoordinator) (Signatureofexaminingbody)

ISO 14555:2014(E)


Annex G(informative)

Test results — Production test (for capacitor discharge stud welding with

tip ignition and capacitor discharge drawn-arc stud welding)

Manufacturer's Weldingprocedurespecifiweldingprocedure cation


lding:Weldingprocess: Locationofwe

Projectnumber: Shop/onsite:

DrawingNo.:

PositionNo.:

Parentmaterial: Studmaterial:

arentmaterialthickness(mm): ):P Studdiameter(mm

nation: Studdesig

Dateoftestwelding: Operator:

Capacitor discharge stud welding with tip ignition and

capacitor discharge drawn-arc stud welding

Capacitance

mF

Charging voltage

V

Gap

mm

Sprin orceg f

N

orplu peednging s

mm/s

Remarks

Ab (Abbreviated terbreviations ms):

us unequalspatters

spatterringis incomplete

nf nofracture

wf fractureinweld

sf fractureinstud


100 crack

400 lackoffusion

ISO 14555:2014(E)


no noobjectio ns

a acceptable

na notacceptable

NOTE Numbers100and400refertoISO6520‐1.



.................................................................. ........................................................................................................

.................................................................. ........................................................................................................

...................................... ........................... .........................................................................................................

2) Bend testing

Specimen number Bending angle/

bending moment


3) Tensile testing

Specimen number

Fracture load

N

Location of fracture

Fracture strength

N/mm2

Size of imperfection

area

mm2

Size of the largest

imperfection

mm

Remarks Assessment

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ISO 14555:2014(E)


4) Additional tests

.......Totalassessment:...........................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................


................................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................

...............Testcarriedoutinthepresenceof:........................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................... ...........................................................

.......... ............Weldingcoordinator:....................................... ExaminerorExaminingbody:.............................

…………………………………………………………... ………………………………………………………………...

... Locality:……………................................................ Date:……………………………........................................

…………………………………………………………... ………………………………………………………………...

……... ………………...…………………………………………………… ………………………………………………

(Signatureofweldingcoordinator) (Signatureofexaminingbody)

ISO 14555:2014(E)


Annex H(informative)

Example of production surveillance record

Date of welding

Shift number

Number of welds

WPS

number Project

number/ drawing number/ position number

Stud diamet r/

lengthe

mm

Time of test

welding

Number/ Result of ring test

Number/ Result of

visual examin-

ation

Number/ Result of bend test

ISO 14555:2014(E)


Bibliography

[1] ISO3834‐5,Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials — Part 5: Documents with which it is necessary to conform to claim conformity to the quality requirements of ISO 3834-2,

or ISO 3834-4ISO 3834-3

[2] ISO5828,Resistance welding equipment — Secondary connecting cables with terminals connected led lugs — Dimensions and characteristicsto water-coo

[3] ISO6520‐1,Welding and allied processes — Classification of geometric imperfections in metallic t 1: Fusion weldingmaterials — Par

[4] ISO/TR20172,Welding — Grouping systems for materials — European materials

Welding—Groupingsystemsformaterials—Americanmaterials[5] ISO/TR20173,

,Welding — Grouping systems for materials — Japanese materials[6] ISO/TR20174

7] IEC60974‐1,Arc welding equipment — Part 1: Welding power sources[

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ISO 14555:2014(E)

ICS 25.160.10 Price based on 66 pages

© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

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