Welcome to the Welcome to the Unit Six Seminar Unit Six Seminar

for KU 120!for KU 120!Tonight’s Topics: Comparison/Contrast and Cause/Effect Tonight’s Topics: Comparison/Contrast and Cause/Effect

Patterns of OrganizationPatterns of OrganizationAlicia RomingerAlicia Rominger

Patterns of OrganizationPatterns of Organization

Compare and contrast pattern of Compare and contrast pattern of organization -- organization -- In this pattern, In this pattern, information that highlights information that highlights similarities and differences of similarities and differences of concepts are included. concepts are included.

Comparison/ContrastComparison/Contrast In passages where you will see a Compare In passages where you will see a Compare

and Contrast Pattern of Organization, the and Contrast Pattern of Organization, the reading will be organized to show reading will be organized to show similarities and differences between two similarities and differences between two concepts or topics. concepts or topics.

Comparisons point out similarities Comparisons point out similarities between two topics; while contrasts point between two topics; while contrasts point out differences. out differences.

Some Transitions Signaling Some Transitions Signaling SimilaritySimilarity

Along the same linesAlong the same lines By the same tokenBy the same token AlsoAlso In like fashion or mannerIn like fashion or manner Just asJust as LikewiseLikewise SimilarlySimilarly

Some Transitions Signaling Some Transitions Signaling DifferenceDifference

ActuallyActually AlthoughAlthough ButBut ConverselyConversely Despite the factDespite the fact Even thoughEven though HoweverHowever In contrastIn contrast NeverthelessNevertheless In contrastIn contrast

Taking Notes on Taking Notes on Comparison/ContrastComparison/Contrast

Notes should include three essential Notes should include three essential elements:elements:

1. The two topics being compared 1. The two topics being compared and/or contrasted.and/or contrasted.

2. The similarities and/or differences 2. The similarities and/or differences between the two.between the two.

3. The main ideas they explain or 3. The main ideas they explain or support.support.

Venn Diagram – Use with Venn Diagram – Use with Comparison/ContrastComparison/Contrast

Differences

DifferencesDifferences

Example OneExample One

Gerald Ford, the 38Gerald Ford, the 38thth president of the U.S., president of the U.S., liked to allude to one of his predecessors, liked to allude to one of his predecessors, Harry S. Truman. Ford seemed to think that Harry S. Truman. Ford seemed to think that likening himself to Truman would increase his likening himself to Truman would increase his hold on the public’s imagination. Like For, hold on the public’s imagination. Like For, Truman had been a vice president who Truman had been a vice president who became president only by chance. Neither became president only by chance. Neither Truman nor Ford was an intellectual, and both Truman nor Ford was an intellectual, and both men tended to exaggerate their lack of men tended to exaggerate their lack of learning, insisting that they were just simple learning, insisting that they were just simple men with simple tastes. Also, Ford liked to men with simple tastes. Also, Ford liked to point out that both he and Truman came to point out that both he and Truman came to office at a difficult time.office at a difficult time.

Example TwoExample Two

Laws and ethics are not quite the Laws and ethics are not quite the same. In general, laws are society’s same. In general, laws are society’s attempt to formalize right and wrong attempt to formalize right and wrong conduct. However, it is rarely possible conduct. However, it is rarely possible for written laws to capture all of the for written laws to capture all of the subtle shadings that people include in subtle shadings that people include in the code of ethics that they use to the code of ethics that they use to govern their lives. Ethical concepts govern their lives. Ethical concepts are more complex than written rules of are more complex than written rules of law.law.

Example ThreeExample Three

The ancient Greek philosophers Plato and The ancient Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle differed widely in their worldview. Aristotle differed widely in their worldview. Plato was a believer in intuition rather than Plato was a believer in intuition rather than reason. Aristotle, on the other hand, was a reason. Aristotle, on the other hand, was a firm believer in logic and hard evidence. Yet firm believer in logic and hard evidence. Yet despite their basic difference, the two had a despite their basic difference, the two had a similarly negative effect on scientific similarly negative effect on scientific progress. They both taught that all motion progress. They both taught that all motion was in perfect circles at uniform speed, which was in perfect circles at uniform speed, which later slowed acceptance of Kepler’s theory of later slowed acceptance of Kepler’s theory of planetary movement in the seventeen century.planetary movement in the seventeen century.

Key ConceptsKey Concepts

Classification pattern of organization Classification pattern of organization -- -- In this pattern, each part of a topic is In this pattern, each part of a topic is broken down to explain the different parts. broken down to explain the different parts.

Spider web -- Spider web -- This graphic organizer that This graphic organizer that allows the reader to organize information allows the reader to organize information about a single concept. The information is about a single concept. The information is organized with the main idea in the center organized with the main idea in the center circle and smaller circles including the circle and smaller circles including the supporting details that come out from the supporting details that come out from the center. It resembles a spider web. center. It resembles a spider web.

ClassificationClassification

This pattern is used to breakdown a This pattern is used to breakdown a topic into different parts. It explains topic into different parts. It explains the parts of the whole. For example, the parts of the whole. For example, you may see an article about you may see an article about different jobs that are available in a different jobs that are available in a particular business. Each job would particular business. Each job would be included and then an explanation be included and then an explanation would be given about each job and would be given about each job and how it relates to the other jobs. how it relates to the other jobs.

More on ClassificationMore on Classification Understanding how to use this organization Understanding how to use this organization

pattern can assist you in both your reading pattern can assist you in both your reading comprehension as well as improving your writing comprehension as well as improving your writing skills. There are key words that assist a reader in skills. There are key words that assist a reader in knowing that a reading is organized by knowing that a reading is organized by classification. classification.

Examples of key words that will help you know Examples of key words that will help you know the reading is a classification pattern of the reading is a classification pattern of organization are as follows:organization are as follows:

Number of characteristics Number of characteristics Number of parts Number of parts Number of sections Number of sections Number of typesNumber of types

Sample Topic Sentences Sample Topic Sentences That Indicate ClassificationThat Indicate Classification

Scientific experiments fall into four Scientific experiments fall into four different categories.different categories.

Bestsellers can be divided into three Bestsellers can be divided into three types. types.

Researchers in interpersonal Researchers in interpersonal

communication have come up with communication have come up with four kinds of conversations.four kinds of conversations.

Commonly Used Words in Commonly Used Words in Classification Topic Classification Topic

SentencesSentences CategoriesCategories ComponentsComponents FieldsFields GroupsGroups PartsParts FactorsFactors ElementsElements TypesTypes KindsKinds ClassesClasses

Taking Notes on Taking Notes on ClassificationClassification

1. The name of the larger group being 1. The name of the larger group being broken down into sub-groups.broken down into sub-groups.

2. The names of the categories if they 2. The names of the categories if they are supplied.are supplied.

3. A brief description of each 3. A brief description of each category.category.

Example OneExample One

There are three types of blood vessels in the There are three types of blood vessels in the human body. Arteries carry blood away from human body. Arteries carry blood away from the heart to all parts of the body. Arterial the heart to all parts of the body. Arterial blood appears bright red because it is filled blood appears bright red because it is filled with oxygen. In contrast, blood in the veins, with oxygen. In contrast, blood in the veins, another type of blood vessel, purplish because another type of blood vessel, purplish because it is no longer carrying a supply of oxygen. The it is no longer carrying a supply of oxygen. The third type of blood vessel is the capillary. third type of blood vessel is the capillary. Capillaries are tiny vessels that connect Capillaries are tiny vessels that connect arteries and veins. Their walls are thin and arteries and veins. Their walls are thin and digested food, or nutrients, pass through them digested food, or nutrients, pass through them to the cells of the body.to the cells of the body.

Graphic Organizer OneGraphic Organizer One

Veins Capillaries

Arteries

Types of Blood

Vessels

Graphic Organizer TwoGraphic Organizer Two

Blood Vessels

Arteries Veins Capillaries

Blood is red, oxygenated

Blood is purplish,no oxygen

Thin walls, carry nutrients

Outline FormatOutline Format

I. Types of blood vesselsI. Types of blood vesselsA. ArteriesA. Arteries

1. Blood red1. Blood red2. Oxygenated2. Oxygenated

B. VeinsB. Veins1. Blood purplish1. Blood purplish2. No oxygen2. No oxygen

C. CapillariesC. Capillaries1. Thin walls1. Thin walls2. Carry nutrients2. Carry nutrients

Write the pattern of Write the pattern of organization which you organization which you

would anticipate the would anticipate the author would use: listing, author would use: listing,

time, classification, or time, classification, or space order.space order.

1. Instructions for making a quilt1. Instructions for making a quilt

2. An article celebrating the recent 2. An article celebrating the recent U.S. Open winnerU.S. Open winner

3. A general’s journal telling about the 3. A general’s journal telling about the events of World War Ievents of World War I

listing, time, listing, time, classification, or space classification, or space

order.order. 4. The things to pack in case of a 4. The things to pack in case of a

hurricane evacuationhurricane evacuation 5. A sports article relating the 5. A sports article relating the

events in a swimmer’s youthevents in a swimmer’s youth 6. A psychology textbook passage 6. A psychology textbook passage

that discusses the parts of the brainthat discusses the parts of the brain

listing, time, listing, time, classification, or space classification, or space

order.order.7. A sociology textbook passage about 7. A sociology textbook passage about the dilemma which immigrants in the dilemma which immigrants in America face when they perceive America face when they perceive learning English as the first step to learning English as the first step to losing their culturelosing their culture

8. A chart explaining stages of child 8. A chart explaining stages of child developmentdevelopment

9. A brochure on things to look for 9. A brochure on things to look for when purchasing a cell phonewhen purchasing a cell phone

10. Directions for running critical 10. Directions for running critical updates on your comupdates on your com

_1_In contrast, the original Italian story is the gruesome tale of the Princess Talia, who falls into a magical sleep in the woods, where she is raped by a nobleman and, later on, gives birth to twins, whom the nobleman’s wife tries to have killed and cooked for dinner.__2 It is often said that fairy tales, with their heavy doses of violence, are too scary for young children._3_Consider the story of Sleeping Beauty that today’s children know, which involves a princess who is put to sleep by a wicked witch and then awakened by the kiss of her true love._4_But today’s versions of fairy tales are actually less frightening than the original stories.

___1_By 1960 the number of TV sets in the country had risen above 50 million.___2_After eight years, there were a million TV sets in the United States.__3__Interest in television grew rapidly when broad- casting began in 1941._4___By 1994 there were over 211 million TV sets American homes.

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