Welcome to AP Biology!

We have a great deal of material to cover before the AP Exam beginning with Biochemistry. Your summer assignment is to read Chapters 3, 4, 5, 41 and 42 from your textbook Biology 9th edition, by Campbell and Reece. There are guided reading questions to be completed for all chapters. In addition, you will complete a free response (an essay) on protein structure and digestion. The textbook will be available for pickup on June 15th and June 16th when you return your textbooks from last year. The requirements are listed below:

1) Read each of the assigned chapters.

2) After reading, complete the self-quiz at the end of each chapter. You will turn in your answers to the self-quiz questions. Then, answer the guided reading questions for each chapter.

3) Complete the free response (essay) on protein structure and digestion (attached). You will need to do independent research to complete this portion of the assignment.

Be sure to write this response IN YOUR OWN WORDS! Plagiarized essays will not be graded.

These assignments are due on the first day of class. If you have any questions about the assignment, contact me at brandy.short@dma.k12.de.us. Please consider it is the summer and I will be checking my email weekly.

I have created a schoology group that has all the summer assignments for AP Biology, zoom meetings on the calendar and discussion boards where you will be able to ask questions. We encourage you to join the group for AP Biology. Here is the group code: PDCG-WHGC-M43BV

You can also get help during the three ZOOM meetings. Here is the information to get on the ZOOM calls:

Topic: AP Biology Meeting 1 Time: Jun 24, 2020 03:00 PM Eastern Time (US and Canada) Join Zoom Meeting https://us04web.zoom.us/j/79947654892?pwd=SHFra3E3cHNnKzY1Z0FzR1J3d3lzQT09 Meeting ID: 799 4765 4892 Password: 8mXbw7 Topic: AP Biology Meeting 2 Time: Jul 16, 2020 03:00 PM Eastern Time (US and Canada) Join Zoom Meeting https://us04web.zoom.us/j/75974992765?pwd=ZXBGQ0lYQ0xTNytic0hsdjQ5QWU5dz09 Meeting ID: 759 7499 2765 Password: 7mCXdA Topic: AP Biology Meeting 3 Time: Aug 11, 2020 03:00 PM Eastern Time (US and Canada) Join Zoom Meeting https://us04web.zoom.us/j/71821472676?pwd=WFd6N3ZjWWJSSnNPQkwvcDg1ZUFmdz09 Meeting ID: 718 2147 2676 Password: 9qd9ez

AP Biology Name _________________________ Chapter 3 Guided Reading Assignment This chapter is a review from your previous biology class – these concepts are critical and repeated throughout the year. If you have not covered this material previously or need additional assistance with the concepts please schedule time to see me.

1. Why is water considered a polar molecule?

2. For each of the below listed properties of water – briefly define the property and then explain how water’s polar nature and polar covalent bonds contribute to the water special property. Include an example in nature of each property also.

a. Cohesion

b. Adhesion

c. Surface tension

d. High specific heat

e. Heat of vaporization

f. Evaporative cooling

3. What is special about water and density?

4. Define the following terms: a. Solute

b. Solvent

c. Aqueous solution

d. Hydrophilic

e. Hydrophobic

f. Colloid

g. Hydration shell

h. Molarity

5. Label the diagram below to demonstrate the dissociation of the water molecule and then relate this diagram to pH.

6. What defines an acid and a base?

7. Why are “apparently” small changes in pH so important in biology?

8. What is a buffer and write and explain the carbonic acid buffer system in human blood – yes we are back to the equation AGAIN!

9. What is acid precipitation and why is it important to living organisms

AP Biology Name:_____________________

Chapter 4 Guided Reading Assignment

Again, this chapter is a review of previously covered material. We will be moving through the material very quickly, please see me for extra assistance if needed.

1. Why was the Urey-Miller experiment so important?

2. What is special about carbon that makes it the central atom in the chemistry of life?

3. Use the diagram below to label and contrast the three types of isomers.

4. Create a table below: after each functional group – draw the structure, name the compound, write and example and note the functional properties – (doesn’t this look like great quiz material?)

a. Hydroxyl

b. Carbonyl aldehyde

c. Carbonyl ketone

d. Carboxyl

e. Amino

f. Sulfhydryl

g. Phosphate

AP Biology Name _________________________ Chapter 5 Guided Reading Assignment

1. Label the diagram below – identify a monomer, polymer, condensation reaction, and hydrolysis.

2. What are the three hexose monosaccharides?

3. What is a glycosidic linkage and what do the numbers 1-4 and 1-2 relate to?

4. Compare and contrast the two storage polysaccharides.

5. Compare and contrast the two structural polysaccharides.

6. Why are lipids grouped together?

7. What are the building blocks of fats?

8. Contrast saturated and unsaturated fats – how does this relate to the concept that structure and function are linked?

9. Label the molecule below.

10. How would you recognize a basic steroid molecule?

11. List the eight types of proteins and their basic function.

12. What are the names for the monomers and polymers of proteins?

13. Label the diagram below concerning the catalytic cycle of an enzyme –

14. Draw two amino acids – note the amino group, the carboxyl group and the alpha carbon, circle the water

molecule to be removed and then note the peptide bond formed when the two are joined.

15. Explain the four levels of protein structure – a. Primary

b. Secondary

c. Tertiary

d. Quaternary

16. How does the characteristics of an amino acid – nonpolar, polar, acidic or basic relate to the issue of tertiary and quaternary structure?

17. What does denaturation mean and why is it important?

18. What are chaperonins and what is their role in protein structure?

19. Describe the technique of x-ray crystallography.

20. What are the roles of nucleic acids?

21. Label the blank diagram below:

22. What is meant by the term that DNA is antiparallel

AP Biology Name: __________________________ Guided Reading Chapter 41

1. Define the following types of feeding mechanisms: a. Suspension

b. Substrate

c. Fluid

d. Bulk

2. Complete the diagram below concerning animal homeostasis and blood sugar regulation.

3. How do hormones regulate appetite in humans?

4. Contrast the terms undernourished, overnourished and malnourished?

5. What are essential amino acids and essential fatty acids?

6. Contrast vitamins and minerals.

7. Define the following terms: a. Ingestion

b. Digestion

c. Enzymatic hydrolysis

d. Absorption

e. Elimination

8. Contrast intracellular and extracellular digestion.

9. Label the diagram below of the human digestive system.

10. What are the accessory glands of the digestive system and why are they call “accessory” – are they part of the digestive tract?

11. What is peristalsis?

12. Use the diagram below to label and explain the process of swallowing.

13. What are the three cell types of the gastric glands and what does each of them secrete?

14. Why is it an advantage that pepsin is secreted in its inactive form?

15. Describe the first part of the small intestine – what activity is occurring here?

16. What is bile – is it’s action mechanical or chemical digestion?

17. Complete the chart below – use it as a study guide for the process of enzymatic digestion and the respective enzymes.

18. Explain the roles of the hormones listed below on digestive activity – note whether each are a case of stimulation or inhibition. Why is this level of control an advantage to the organism?

a. Enterogastrone

b. Gastrin

c. Secretin

d. Cholecystokinin

19. How does the body control the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine?

20. What is the route for fat absorption? Include the term chylomicrons and the role of bile.

21. What role does the liver play in homeostasis with regard to digestion?

22. What is the major role of the large intestine in the digestive process?

23. Does the appendix have a role in the human body?

24. How can you infer an organism’s diet based on its teeth?

25. What general trends are noted in the digestive tracts of herbivores and carnivores?

26. What is different about the ruminant’s digestive system that adapts it to eating a diet of “cellulose”?

27. How does symbiotic interactions impact digestion?

AP Biology Name: _________________________________ Chapter 42 Guided Reading

1. What are the limits to diffusion as a means of transport for living organisms?

2. Compare and contrast open and closed circulatory systems. Be certain focus on advantages of each.

3. Contrast arteries, arterioles, capillaries and venules and veins,

4. Contrast the vertebrate circulatory systems of fish, amphibians, non-avian reptiles and mammals/birds.

5. What is the advantage to double circulation?

6. Write the path of blood through the heart.

7. Define the following terms:

a. The cardiac cycle – describe in terms of valves opening and closing

b. Systole

c. Diastole

d. Cardiac output

e. Stroke volume

8. What does the SA node do?

9. What is the difference between the myogenic heart and neurogenic heart?

10. Label the diagram below concerning the structure of blood vessels.

11. How does the law of continuity relate to the velocity of blood flow and what is the relationship between blood pressure, velocity and total cross-sectional area? This is a key concept – why would blood flow slow in a capillary just when you think it will speed up because the capillary is narrow?

12. How does peripheral resistance impact blood pressure?

13. How is blood flow to the capillaries controlled with respect to meeting the bodies needs? Why are people with severe cardiac disease instructed not to “overeat” at the holidays?

14. What is the lymphatic system and why is it important to the circulatory system with regard to blood volume?

15. What are the major components of plasma and what are their functions?

16. What are the three cell types in blood and what are their relative amounts and functions?

17. What are pluripotent stem cells and where do they come from? What role does erythropoietin play?

18. Label the diagram below concerning blood clotting.

19. What is the difference between the LDL’s and HDL’s?

20. Define the following: a. Heart attack

b. Stroke

21. Why is gas exchange essential to all living organisms?

22. Considering the rate of diffusion, why is it essential for respiratory surfaces to maximize surface area?

23. What is meant by the term countercurrent exchange and why is it an advantage to animals?

24. How does the tracheal system “work” in insects and why is this an advantage to gas exchange?

25. Why do organisms with lungs require a circulatory system?

26. On the diagram below – label the respective structures and then briefly list the function of each below the label.

27. Contrast amphibian and mammalian breathing with regard to pressure.

28. Define the following terms: a. Tidal volume

b. Vital capacity

c. Residual volume

29. Describe the process of inhalation and exhalation with regard to the contraction of the diaphragm – which is an active process and which is passive?

30. Use the diagram below to explain how a bird breathes – why is this an advantage to organism that require energy to fly?

31. Label the diagram below concerning the control of breathing in humans.

32. The diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide is dependent on the partial pressure of the gases – use the diagram below to assist in your understanding.

33. What is the relationship between oxygen releasing from hemoglobin and the pH of the blood – why does this make it critical that humans maintain pH within a very strict range?

34. How is carbon dioxide transported? Write the equation of respiration that I have reviewed sooooooooo many times and relate the diagram on page 893 to this.

35. What is the adaptation of diving mammals that allow them to swim to great depths for very long periods of time?

AP Biology Protein and Digestion Essay Chapter 5 and 41 The physical structure of a protein often reflects and affects its function.

1. Compare and contrast the four protein structural configurations – primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary. 2. Describe THREE types of chemical bonds/interactions found in proteins. For each type, describe its role in

determining protein structure. You may include diagrams WITH your explanations.

3. The process of digestion is both mechanical and chemical. Choose any 3 chemicals involved in the process of digestion. For EACH of the three chemicals:

a. Indicate where in the body this chemical is made. b. Describe how, in detail, this chemical is involved in digestion.

Be sure to include in text citations. In addition, a full citation list should be included at the end of the essay. You may hand write your essay, submit it electronically via email or type and print your essay. Any method is acceptable.