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Welcome to 755. Brain in health and disease Chris Elliott & Sean Sweeney Aim: describe the workings of the CNS in health and disease Neurons Glia Blood vessels See http://biolpc22.york.ac.uk/755. Synapses Learning & Memory. complementary module more cellular approach - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Welcome to 755
Brain in health and disease Chris Elliott & Sean Sweeney Aim: describe the workings of the CNS
in health and disease Neurons Glia Blood vessels
See http://biolpc22.york.ac.uk/755
Synapses Learning & Memory
complementary module more cellular approach
what is cellular basis of synaptic function
how does this relate to learning how is memory stored and related to
our “conscious remembering” Gareth Evans, Sean Sweeney, Chris
Elliott
Reading
Purves, D et al 2008 Neuroscience 4th ed (Sinauer)
Most of my pictures come from this
Carlson NR (2010) Physiology of behaviour (10th ed) (Allyn & Bacon)
Diseases
Aim of the lecture
Techniques to study brain What makes a brain?
neurons glia synapses
neurotransmitters mammalian brain regions
Consciousness
Techniques for brain study
Anatomy post-mortem ?
Electrophysiology Extra - & Intracellular recording Electroencephalography DBS & TMS
Scanners PET & fMRI
Anatomical techniques Silver
stain/fluorescent label
Immunocytochemistry
deoxyglucose
Intracellular recording
Electroencephalography
EEG
DBS & TMS DBS (deep brain
stimulation) TMS (transcranial
magnetic stimulation)
transient stimulus or lesion by intense electromagnetic wave
Scanners CT scanners (X-rays) PET
inject positron-labelled H2O
accumulates labelled O2 or glucose
fMRI – resonance of haemoglobin affects nearby water depending on amount of O2 bound
Summary so far…
Properties of neurons accessible anatomically functionally even in humans
What makes a brain ?
Cells
Axon Dendrites Soma
Synapses
Molecular release of NT
Key neurotransmitters Acetylcholine – NMJ / heart / CNS Glutamate main excitatory NT GABA main inhibitory NT
glycine in spinal cord Adrenaline Dopamine Serotonin Any diseases ?
degenerative developmental
Glia
About 100 times more glial cells than neurons
Support neurons
Astrocytes form blood-brain barrier
Meninges Dura [hard] mater Arachnoid [spider-
like] pia [soft, gentle]
mater
meningitis ~ 9 new cases in UK+Ireland /day
Neurons
Why are neurons so interesting ? Fast signalling Specific connections Long distances
Key features: Need glia Ion channels Synaptic transmission
Summary so far…
Properties of neurons accessible anatomically functionally even in humans
Brain depends on neurons glia blood supply constant environment
Human CNS
Axes of human CNS
Planes of section
Lobes of the cortex
Sagital section
Brainstem
hippocampus
Spinal cord
http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1093/icb/42.4.743?journalCode=icbi
cerebellumcerebral
hemispheres
olfactory bulb
medulla
optic tectum
Summary so far… Properties of neurons accessible Brain depends on …
Main parts of CNS cortex = cerebrum
highly developed in mammals, especially primates
midbrain brainstem spinal cord
How does brain activity link to movement?
Spinal cord
Feedback reflex
feedback reflexes
Motor cortex
motivated movement
Basal ganglia
timing of movement
Cerebellum
important in learned motor skills
Summary so far…
Properties of neurons accessible Brain depends on … Main parts of CNS Feedback control of movement
spinal cord cerebellum
Feedforward cortex basal ganglia
Consciousness?
Stages of Sleep
Sleep pattern
Sleep Dolphins can sleep
with L or R half- brain
Flies sleep roles for DA and 5-
HT
Sleep is necessary
Summary to end…
Properties of neurons accessible Brain depends on … Main parts of CNS Control of movement
Feedback Feedforward
Control of awareness
Thought for the day"Why does research take so long?“"Why is progress so slow?“"Why don't we have
effective therapies for these devastating diseases?"
http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/full/29/41/12722