Welcome to 3 · Dalton’s Model of the Atom (1803) 1. Matter is composed of atoms that are indivisible and indestructible. 2. All atoms of an element are identical. 3. Atoms of different

Welcome to 3.091Lecture 2

September 11, 2009

The Periodic Table

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John Dalton1803

Public domain image from Wikimedia.

Dalton’s Model of the Atom (1803)1. Matter is composed of atoms that are

indivisible and indestructible. 2. All atoms of an element are identical. 3. Atoms of different elements have different

weights and different chemical properties. 4. Atoms of different elements combine in

simple whole number ratios to form compounds.

5. Atoms cannot be created or destroyed. When a compound is decomposed, the atoms are recovered unchanged.

1869

H

Li

Na

K

Rb

Cs

Be

Mg

Ca

Sr

Ba

Y

Ti

Zr

V

Nb

Ta

Cr

Mo

W

Mn Fe

Ru

Os

Co

Rh

Ir

Ni

Pd

Pt

Cu

Ag

Au

Zn

Cd

Hg

B

Al

In

Tl

C

Si

Sn

Pb

N

P

As

Sb

Bi

O

S

Se

Te

Cl

He

Br

I

La Ce

Th U

Tb Er

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

1869


principles of modern chemistry:

* recognize patterns

* develop a quantitative model that - explains our observations - makes predictions that can be

tested by experiment

Comparison of eka-silicon with germanium

eka-silicon 72 g/mol

5.5 g/cm3

“high” m.p.

Es forms EsO2 which has high m.p. and ρ = 4.7 g/cm3

EsCl4 volatile liquid with b.p. < 100ºC and ρ = 1.9 g/cm3

germanium 72.59 g/mol

5.36 g/cm3

m.p. = 958ºC

Ge forms GeO2 m.p. = 1100ºC and ρ = 4.70 g/cm3

GeCl4 volatile liquid b.p. = 83ºC and ρ = 1.88 g/cm3

Boiling point vs proton number

Electrical conductivity vs proton number

1.00794-259.34-252.870.08992.2013.5981s1

Hydrogen

6.941180.513420.5340.985.392[He]2s1

Lithium

9.012182128724711.84771.579.322[He]2s2

Beryllium

22.98976897.728830.970.935.139[Ne]3s1

Sodium

24.305065010901.741.317.646[Ne]3s2

Magnesium

39.098363.387590.860.824.341[Ar]4s1

Potassium

88.90585152633364.4691.226.38[Kr]4d15s2

Yttrium

87.6277713822.60.955.695[Kr]5s2

Strontium

85.467839.316881.5320.824.177[Kr]5s1

Rubidium

138.905592034556.1461.105.577[Xe]5d16s2

Lanthanum

178.492233460313.311.37.0[Xe]4f145d26s2

Hafnium

180.94793017545816.61.57.89[Xe]4f145d36s2

Tantalum

183.843422555519.352.367.98[Xe]4f145d46s2

Tungsten

186.2073186559620.51.97.88[Xe]4f145d56s2

Rhenium

190.233033501222.612.28.7[Xe]4f145d66s2

Osmium

192.222446442822.652.209.1[Xe]4f145d76s2

Iridium

195.081768.4382521.452.289.0[Xe]4f145d96s1

Platinum

196.966541064.18285619.312.549.225[Xe]4f145d106s1

Gold

200.59-38.83356.7313.5462.0010.437[Xe]4f145d106s2

Mercury

204.3833304147311.852.046.108[Xe]4f145d106s2p1

Thallium

207.2327.46174911.342.337.416[Xe]4f145d106s2p2

Lead

208.98037271.4015649.782.027.289[Xe]4f145d106s2p3

Bismuth

(208.9824)2549629.1962.08.42[Xe]4f145d106s2p4

Polonium

(209.9871)302337-2.2-[Xe]4f145d106s2p5

Astatine

(222.0176)-71-61.79.73-10.748[Xe]4f145d106s2p6

Radon

137.32772718973.5940.895.212[Xe]6s2

Barium

132.9054328.446711.8790.793.894[Xe]6s1

Cesium

(226.0254)700<11405.80.95.279[Rn]7s2

Radium

(227.0278)1051319810.071.16.9[Rn]6d17s2

Actinium

140.11579934246.7701.125.466[Xe]4f15d16s2

Cerium

140.9076593135106.7731.135.422[Xe]4f36s2

Praseodymium

144.24101630667.001.145.489[Xe]4f46s2

Neodymium

(144.9127)104230007.2541.135.554[Xe]4f56s2

Promethium

150.36107217907.5361.175.631[Xe]4f56s2

Samarium

151.96582215965.2441.25.666[Xe]4f76s2

Europium

157.25131432647.9011.206.141[Xe]4f75d16s2

Gadolinium

158.92534135932218.2301.25.842[Xe]4f96s2

Terbium

162.50141125618.5511.225.927[Xe]4f106s2

Dysprosium

164.93032147226948.801.236.018[Xe]4f116s2

Holmium

167.26152928629.0661.246.101[Xe]4f126s2

Erbium

168.93421154519469.3211.256.18436[Xe]4f136s2

Thulium

173.0482411946.9661.16.25394[Xe]4f146s2

Ytterbium

174.967166333939.841.275.42589[Xe]4f145d16s2

Lutetium

232.03811750478811.721.36.08[Rn]6d27s2

Thorium

231.035881572-15.371.55.89[Rn]5f26d17s2

Protactinium

238.02891135413119.05+0.021.386.05[Rn]5f36d17s2

Uranium

(237.0482)644-20.451.366.19[Rn]5f46d17s2

Neptunium

(244.0642)640322819.8161.285.8[Rn]5f67s2

Plutonium

(243.0614)1176250713.671.35.993[Rn]5f77s2

Americium

(247.0703)1345-13.511.36.02[Rn]5f76d17s2

Curium

(247.0703)1050-14.781.36.23[Rn]5f97s2

Berkelium

(251.0796)900--1.36.30[Rn]5f107s2

Californium

(252.083)860--1.36.42[Rn]5f117s2

Einsteinium

(257.0951)1527--1.36.50[Rn]5f127s2

Fermium

(258.10)827--1.36.58[Rn]5f137s2

Mendelevium

(259.1009)827--1.36.65[Rn]5f147s2

Nobelium

(252.11)1627----[Rn]5f146d17s2

Lawrencium

(261)-----[Rn]5f146d27s2

Rutherfordium**

(262)-----[Rn]5f146d37s2

Dubnium**

(263)-----[Rn]5f146d47s2

Seaborgium**

(262)-----[Rn]5f146d57s2

Bohrium**

(265)-----[Rn]5f146d57s2

Hassium**

(266)-----[Rn]5f146d77s2

Meitnerium**

(272)-----[Rn]5f146d107s1

Unununium

(277)-----[Rn]5f146d107s2

Ununbium

(285)-----[Rn]5f146d107s27p2

Ununquadium

(289)-----[Rn]5f146d107s27p4

Ununhexium

(293)-----[Rn]5f146d107s27p6

Ununoctium

-----

Ununpentium

-----

Ununseptium

-----

Ununtrium

(223.0197)27677-0.7-[Rn]7s1

Francium

40.07884214841.541.006.113[Ar]4s2

Calcium

44.955910154128302.9891.366.54[Ar]3d14s2

Scandium

47.8816 832874.51.546.82[Ar]3d24s2

Titanium

91.224185544096.491.336.84[Kr]4d25s2

Zirconium

92.90638247747448.571.66.9[Kr]4d45s1

Niobium

50.9415191034075.961.636.74[Ar]3d34s2

Vanadium

95.942623463910.22.167.099[Kr]4d55s1

Molybdenum

51.9961190726717.201.666.766[Ar]3d54s1

Chromium

54.93805124620617.471.557.435[Ar]3d54s2

Manganese

55.847153828617.861.837.870[Ar]3d64s2

Iron

58.93320149529278.921.887.86[Ar]3d74s2

Cobalt

58.6934145529138.901.917.635[Ar]3d84s2

Nickel

63.5461084.6225628.941.907.726[Ar]3d104s1

Copper

65.39419.539077.1425%

1.659.394[Ar]3d104s2

Zinc

69.72329.7622046.0951.815.999[Ar]3d104s2p1

Gallium

10.811207540002.312.048.298[He]2s2p1

Boron

12.0114492TP

3825SP

2.252.5511.260[He]2s2p2

Carbon

72.61938.2528335.352.017.899[Ar]3d104s2p2

Germanium

74.92159817TP

614SP

5.72725oC

2.189.81[Ar]3d104s2p3

Arsenic

78.962216854.812.559.752[Ar]3d104s2p4

Selenium

79.904-7.258.63.1192.9611.814[Ar]3d104s2p3

Bromine

83.80-157.36-153.223.74-13.999[Ar]3d104s2p5

Krypton

107.8582961.78216210.51.937.576[Kr]4d105s1

Silver

112.411321.077678.6421.698.993[Kr]4d105s2

Cadmium

114.818156.6020727.301.785.786[Kr]4d105s2p1

Indium

118.710231.9326027.281.967.344[Kr]4d105s2p2

Tin

121.757630.6315876.68425oC

2.058.641[Kr]4d105s2p3

Antimony

127.60449.519886.252.19.009[Kr]4d105s2p4

Tellurium

126.90447113.7184.44.932.6610.451[Kr]4d105s2p5

Iodine

131.29-111.75-108.045.89-12.130[Kr]4d105s2p6

Xenon

106.421554.9296312.022.208.34[Kr]4d10

Palladium

101.072334415012.32.27.37[Kr]4d75s1

Ruthenium

102.905501964369512.42.287.46[Kr]4d85s1

Rhodium

(97.9072)2157426511.51.97.28[Kr]4d55s2

Technetium

1

H1

3

Li1

11

Na1

19

K1

37

Rb1

55

Cs1

56

Ba2

57

La3

72

Hf4

73

Ta5

58

Ce3,4

59

Pr3,4

60

Nd3

61

Pm3

62

Sm2,3

63

Eu2,3

64

Gd3

65

Tb3,4

66

Dy3

67

Ho3

68

Er3

69

Tm2,3

70

Yb2,3

71

Lu3

103

Lr3

102

No2,3

101

Md2,3

100

Fm3

99

Es3

98

Cf3

97

Bk3,4

96

Cm3

95

Am3,4,5,6

94

Pu3,4,5,6

93

Np3,4,5,6

92

U3,4,5,6

91

Pa4,5

90

Th4

74

W2,3,4,5,6

75

Re-1,2,4,6,7

76

Os2,3,4,6,8

77

Ir2,3,4,6

78

Pt2,4

79

Au1,3

80

Hg1,2

81

Tl1,3

82

Pb2,4

83

Bi3,5

84

Po2,4

86

Rn118

Uuo-

117

Uus-

116

Uuh-

115

Uup-

114

Uuq-

113

Uut-

112

Uub-

111

Uuu-

109

Mt-

108

Hs-

107

Bh-

106

Sg-

105

Db-

104

Rf4

89

Ac3

88

Ra2

87

Fr1

(269)-----[Rn]5f146d97s1

Ununnilium

110

Uun-

38

Sr2

39

Y3

40

Zr4

41

Nb3,5

42

Mo2,3,4,5,6

43

Tc7

44

Ru2,3,4,6,8

45

Rh2,3,4

46

Pd2,4

47

Ag1

48

Cd2

49

In3

50

Sn2,4

51

Sb52

Te-2,4,6

53

I1,5,7

54

Xe

20

Ca2

21

Sc3

22

Ti3,4

23

V2,3,4,5

24

Cr2,3,6

25

Mn2,3,4,6,7

26

Fe2,3

27

Co2,3

28

Ni2,3

29

Cu1,2

30

Zn2

31

Ga3

5

B3

26.981539660.3225192.7021.615.986[Ne]3s2p1

Aluminum

13

Al3

28.0855141432652.331.908.151[Ne]3s2p2

Silicon

14

Si4

39.948-189.35-185.851.784-15.759[Ne]3s2p6

Argon

18

Ar

15.9994-218.79-182.951.4293.4413.618[He]2s2p4

Oxygen

8

O-2

18.9984032-219.62-188.121.693.9617.422[He]2s2p5

Fluorine

9

F-1

20.1797-248.59-246.080.9002-21.564[He]2s2p6

Neon

10

Ne

4,002602-272.226 atm

-268.930.1785-24.5871s2

Helium

2

He

32

Ge4

34

Se-2,4,6

36

Kr33

As3,5-

3,5-

6

C2, 4-

14.00674-210.00-195.791.250463.0414.534[He]2s2p3

Nitrogen

7

N2, 3,4,5-

30.97376244.152771.822.1910.486[Ne]3s2p3

Phosphorus

15

P 3,4,5-

32.066115.21444.602.072.5810.360[Ne]3s2p4

Sulfur

16

S 2,4,6-

35.4527-101.5-34.043.2143.1612.967[Ne]3s2p5

Chlorine

17

Cl 1,3,5,7-

85

At 1,3,5,7-

35

Br1,5-

-

12

Mg2

4

Be2

**

*

*

**

2IIAIIA

3IIIAIIIB

4IVAIVB

5VAVB

6VIAVIB

7VIIAVIIB

8VIIIAVIII

9VIIIAVIII

10VIIIAVIII

11IBIB

12IIBIIB

13IIIBIIIA

14IVBIVA

15VBVA

16VIBVIA

17VIIBVIIA

18VIII

0

1IAIA


the superheavies

110

Uun -

111

Uuu -

112

Uub -

113

Uut -

(269) -----

Ununnilium

(272) -----

Unununium

(277) -----

Ununbium

114

Uuq -

(285) -----[Rn]5f146d107s27p2[Rn]5f146d107s2[Rn]5f146d107s1[Rn]5f146d97s1

Ununquadium

115

Uup -

-----

Ununpentium

117

Uus -

-----

Ununseptium

-----

Ununtrium

116

Uuh -

(289) -----[Rn]5f146d107s27p4

Ununhexium

118

Uuo -

(293) -----[Rn]5f146d107s27p6

Ununoctium


123456789

Naming the Superheavy Elements

un bi tri quad pent + ium hex sept oct enn

0 nil

111 unununium Uuu 112 ununbium Uub 113 ununtrium Uut 114 ununquadium Uuq 115 ununpentium Uup 116 ununhexium Uuh 117 ununseptium Uus 118 ununoctium Uuo 119 ununenium Uue 120 unbinilium Ubn

(266) 109 (269) 110 (272) 111 (277) 112 113 - - - - -- - - - -- - - - -

-- Mt -

- Uun -- Uuu -

- Uub -- Uut

- - - - -[Rn]5f146d77s2 [Rn]5f146d97s1 [Rn]5f146d107s1 [Rn]5f146d107s2

Meitnerium** Ununnilium Unununium Ununbium Ununtrium

Rg 111

Roentgenium

Ds 110

Darmstadtium


Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.Strathern, Paul. Mendeleyev's Dream: The Quest for the Elements. New York, NY: Thomas Dunne Books, 2001. ISBN: 9780312262044.

Table 1.1 The Structure of the Atom

particle symbol charge (C) mass (kg)

electron e – –1.6×10–19 9.11×10–31

proton p+ +1.6×10–19 1.673×10–27

neutron no 0 1.675×10–27

6

C 2,+4

12.011

Carbon [He]2s2p2

4492TP

3825SP

2.25 2.55 11.260


+

_ X

Atomizer

Electrically charged condenser plates

Telescope


Robert A. Millikan, University of Chicago (1909)Nobel Prize in Physics 1923

Atomizer

Electrically charged condenser plates

Telescope !!! radiation source


Robert A. Millikan, University of Chicago (1909)Nobel Prize in Physics 1923

Kroll Reaction

TiCl4 Mg

TiCl4(g)

Mg(l)


Kroll Reaction

T = 900 oCReaction site

TiCl4(g)

Mg(l)


Kroll Reaction

TiCl4(g)

Mg(l)

T = 900 oC

MgCl2(l)

Ti(S)


Titanium sponge produced by the Kroll Process:

giant ingot of titanium

TiCl4 + 2 Mg = 2 MgCl2 + Ti

© source unknown. All rights reserved. This content isexcluded from our Creative Commons license.For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.

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Aleksandr P. BORODIN - composer and member of “The Five”:

Balakirev, Borodin, Cui, Mussorgsky, and Rimsky-Korsakov

- professor of chemistry, Medico-Surgical Academy, St. Petersburg

- friend of Mendeleyev

today’s selection: Polovtsian Dance No. 17 from Prince Igor

D.I. Mendeleyev

(1834 - 1907)

image made during the 60s showing him as he

was at the time he enunciated the Table of

the Elements

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3.091SC Introduction to Solid State Chemistry Fall 2009

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Welcome to 3 · Dalton’s Model of the Atom (1803) 1. Matter is composed of atoms that are indivisible and indestructible. 2. All atoms of an element are identical. 3. Atoms of different