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STAAR Ladder to Success Rung 2

STAAR Ladder to Success Rung 2. John Dalton Dalton’s Four Postulates 1.Elements are composed of small indivisible particles called atoms. 2.Atoms of the

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Page 1: STAAR Ladder to Success Rung 2. John Dalton Dalton’s Four Postulates 1.Elements are composed of small indivisible particles called atoms. 2.Atoms of the

STAAR Ladder to Success

Rung 2

Page 2: STAAR Ladder to Success Rung 2. John Dalton Dalton’s Four Postulates 1.Elements are composed of small indivisible particles called atoms. 2.Atoms of the

John Dalton

Dalton’s Four Postulates

1. Elements are composed of small indivisible particles called atoms.

2. Atoms of the same element are identical. Atoms of different elements are different.

3. Atoms of different elements combine together in simple proportions to create a compound.

4. In a chemical reaction, atoms are rearranged, but not changed.

Page 3: STAAR Ladder to Success Rung 2. John Dalton Dalton’s Four Postulates 1.Elements are composed of small indivisible particles called atoms. 2.Atoms of the

J. J. Thomson (1903)

• Cathode Ray Tube Experiments– beam of negative particles

• Discovered Electrons– negative particles within the

atom

• Plum-pudding Model

http://youtu.be/IdTxGJjA4Jw
Page 4: STAAR Ladder to Success Rung 2. John Dalton Dalton’s Four Postulates 1.Elements are composed of small indivisible particles called atoms. 2.Atoms of the

Ernest Rutherford (1911)

• Gold Foil Experiment

• Discovered the nucleus– dense, positive charge in the

center of the atom

• Nuclear Model

Page 5: STAAR Ladder to Success Rung 2. John Dalton Dalton’s Four Postulates 1.Elements are composed of small indivisible particles called atoms. 2.Atoms of the

Niels Bohr (1913)

• Energy Levels– electrons can only exist in

specific energy states

Page 6: STAAR Ladder to Success Rung 2. John Dalton Dalton’s Four Postulates 1.Elements are composed of small indivisible particles called atoms. 2.Atoms of the

Erwin Schrödinger (1926)

Electron Cloud Model (orbital)• dots represent probability of finding an e-

not actual electrons

Page 7: STAAR Ladder to Success Rung 2. John Dalton Dalton’s Four Postulates 1.Elements are composed of small indivisible particles called atoms. 2.Atoms of the

EM Spectrum

LOW

ENERGY

HIGH

ENERGY

R O Y G. B I V

red orange yellow green blue indigo violet

http://youtu.be/kfS5Qn0wn2o
Page 8: STAAR Ladder to Success Rung 2. John Dalton Dalton’s Four Postulates 1.Elements are composed of small indivisible particles called atoms. 2.Atoms of the

Calculations

• Example #1:If a particular green light has a wavelength of 4.9 x 10-7 m, what is its frequency?

Page 9: STAAR Ladder to Success Rung 2. John Dalton Dalton’s Four Postulates 1.Elements are composed of small indivisible particles called atoms. 2.Atoms of the

• Example #2:The human eye can see light with a frequency about as high as 7.9 x 1014 Hz, which appears violet. Calculate the energy that one photon of violet light carries.

Page 10: STAAR Ladder to Success Rung 2. John Dalton Dalton’s Four Postulates 1.Elements are composed of small indivisible particles called atoms. 2.Atoms of the

• Example #3:Find the energy of violet light if the wavelength is 4 x 10-7 m.

Page 11: STAAR Ladder to Success Rung 2. John Dalton Dalton’s Four Postulates 1.Elements are composed of small indivisible particles called atoms. 2.Atoms of the

Isotopes

• Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

C126Mass

Atomic #

• Isotope symbol:

“Carbon-12”

Page 12: STAAR Ladder to Success Rung 2. John Dalton Dalton’s Four Postulates 1.Elements are composed of small indivisible particles called atoms. 2.Atoms of the

Average Atomic Mass

• weighted average of all isotopes• on the Periodic Table• round to whole number

100

(%)(mass(mass)(%) )

Avg.AtomicMass

Page 13: STAAR Ladder to Success Rung 2. John Dalton Dalton’s Four Postulates 1.Elements are composed of small indivisible particles called atoms. 2.Atoms of the

Avg.AtomicMass

Average Atomic Mass

• EX: Calculate the avg. atomic mass of oxygen if its abundance in nature is 99.76% 16O, 0.04% 17O, and 0.20% 18O.

100

(18)(0.20)(17)(0.04))(16)(99.76 16.00amu

Page 14: STAAR Ladder to Success Rung 2. John Dalton Dalton’s Four Postulates 1.Elements are composed of small indivisible particles called atoms. 2.Atoms of the

The Orbitals

sp d

f

Page 15: STAAR Ladder to Success Rung 2. John Dalton Dalton’s Four Postulates 1.Elements are composed of small indivisible particles called atoms. 2.Atoms of the

© 1998 by Harcourt Brace & Company

sp

d

f

1234567

67

Periodic Patterns

Page 16: STAAR Ladder to Success Rung 2. John Dalton Dalton’s Four Postulates 1.Elements are composed of small indivisible particles called atoms. 2.Atoms of the

Lewis Dot Diagrams

• Dots represent the valence e-.• EX: Sodium • EX: Chlorine


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