SUBMITTED TO, ECE DEPTT. SUBMITTED TO, ECE DEPTT. SUBMITTED BY,
PRAKASH KUMAR ARYA ROLL NO. 1608214 GROUP:- A BRANCH:- ECE YEAR:- 3
rd Yr. SUBMITTED BY, PRAKASH KUMAR ARYA ROLL NO. 1608214 GROUP:- A
BRANCH:- ECE YEAR:- 3 rd Yr. TRAINING REPORT ON
TELECOMMUNICATION
Slide 5
INTRODUCTION TO BSNL
Slide 6
BSNL: Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited was formed in year 2000 and
took over the service providers role from DoT. Today, BSNL has a
customer base of over 9 crore and is the fourth largest integrated
telecom operator in the country. BSNL is the market leader in
Broadband, landline and national transmission network. BSNL is also
the only operator covering over 5 lakh village with telecom
connectivity. Area of operation of BSNL is all India except Delhi
& Mumbai.
Slide 7
INTRODUCTION Governments also need to intervene for ensuring
fair competition and the best value for money for its citizens.
This handouts gives exposure on the Telecom Environment in India
and also dwells on the role of international bodies in
standardizing and promoting Telecom Growth in the world.
Slide 8
Institutional Framework It is defined as the systems of formal
laws, regulations, and procedures, and informal conventions,
customs, and norms, that broaden, mold, and restrain socio-economic
activity and behaviour. country has been divided into units called
Circles, Metro Districts, Secondary Switching Areas (SSA), Long
Distance Charging Area (LDCA) and Short Distance Charging Area
(SDCA).
Slide 9
Major changes in Telecommunications in India Its began in the
1980s. The initial phase of telecom reforms began in 1984 with the
creation of Center for Department of Telematics (C-DOT) for
developing indigenous technologies and private manufacturing of
customer premise equipment. Soon after, the Mahanagar Telephone
Nigam Limited (MTNL) and Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) were
set up in 1986.
Slide 10
Major changes in Telecommunications in India The Indian telecom
sector was setting up of an independent regulatory body in 1997 the
Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), to assure investors
that the sector would be regulated in a balanced and fair manner.
In 2000, DoT corporatized its services wing and created Bharat
Sanchar Nigam Limited.
Slide 11
Major changes in Telecommunications in India With the TRAI Act
of 2000 that aimed at restoring functional clarity and improving
regulatory quality and a separate disputes settlement body was set
up called Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal
(TDSAT) to fairly adjudicate any dispute between licensor and
licensee, between service provider, between service provider and a
group of consumers.
Slide 12
Major changes in Telecommunications in India In October 2003,
Unified Access Service Licenses regime for basic and cellular
services was introduced. This regime enabled services providers to
offer fixed and mobile services under one license. Indian telecom
has seen unprecedented customer growth crossing 600 million
connections. India is the fourth largest telecom market in Asia
after China, Japan and South Korea. The Indian telecom network is
the eighth largest in the world and the second largest among
emerging economies.
Slide 13
Lesson Plan Institutional Mechanism and role & Telecom Eco
system National DOT, TRAI,TDSAT, TEC,CDOT International
Standardization bodies- ITU,APT,ETSI etc. Licensed
Telecommunication services of DOT Various Trade associations,
Network Operators, Manufacturers, service providers, service
provisioning and retailing, billing and OSS Job opportunities in
telecom Market, government and statutory bodies.
Slide 14
TELECOMMUNICATION
Slide 15
INTRODUCTION Computer network A communications, data exchange,
and resource- sharing system created by linking two or more
computers and establishing standards, or protocols, so that they
can work together Telecommunication system - Enable the
transmission of data over public or private networks (voice, data,
graphics, video)
Slide 16
TELECOMMUNICATIONS-VOICE Voice Communications Require:- 1. A
source device 2. A switching system 3. A data channel 4. A
destination device The line remains open for the duration of the
call Requires a dedicated connection
Slide 17
Telecommunications - data Data communications data traffic Data
traffic on the Internet doubles every 100 days. Does not grab the
line during transmission Uses packet switching technology
Slide 18
Ways to describe a network Type of traffic (voice or data) Type
of signal (analog or digital) Type of transmission mode (Simplex)
Geographic area covered (LAN, WAN...) Architecture - peer-to-peer,
client/server Physical topology (Bus, Star) Protocols - Ethernet,
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
Transmission medium (guided or unguided)
Slide 19
Types of Signals Analog Continuous sine wave over a certain
frequency range positive voltage = 1 negative voltage = 0 Digital
Discrete burst of electric energy on = 1 off = 0 Most phone lines
use analog signaling
Slide 20
Converting Signals Computers can only process digital signals
If data is transmitted using analog signaling over a phone line, it
must be converted into a digital signal before the computer can
process it
Slide 21
Converting Signals
Slide 22
Modems Modulation - converting digital signals into analog form
DEModulation - converting analog signals back into digital
form
Slide 23
Transmission Modes Performance can be measured by the mode of
the connection. Simplex transmission, messages can be carried in
only one direction. Half-duplex, messages can be carried in both
directions just not simultaneously. Full-duplex, messages can be
carried in both directions simultaneously.
Slide 24
LOGICAL TOPOLOGIES (protocols) Protocol - a standard that
specifies the format of data as well as the rules to be followed
during transmission A communication protocol is essentially a set
of codes or conventions used for facilitating communications
between hardware and software. Interoperability - the capability of
two or more computer systems to share data and resources, even
though they are made by different manufacturers
Slide 25
Protocol how it works common set of rules that allow different
components in a network to talk to each other handshaking protocol
identify each device secure attention of other device transmission
protocol verify correct receipt of message send re-transmit message
if necessary recover error and re-transmit
Slide 26
Some Protocols Ethernet - a physical and data layer technology
for LAN networking IP or Internet Protocol directs packets on the
Internet. TCP or Transmission control protocol puts the packets in
their correct sequence. HTTP or hyper text transfer protocol is
used to transmit web pages over the Internet. Mobile IP provides IP
routing for mobile devices. Voice over IP (VoIP) - uses TCP/IP
technology to transmit voice calls over long-distance telephone
lines
Slide 27
TRANSMITTING AND RECEIVING DEVICES THE HARDWARE: Network
adapters Modems Repeaters Wiring concentrators, hubs, and switches
Bridges, routers, and gateways Microwave transmitters Infrared and
laser transmitters Cellular transmitters Wireless LAN
transmitters
Slide 28
NETWORKING BASICS Bandwidth - indicates how much information
can be carried in a given time period (usually a second) over a
wired or wireless communications link. Measured in megabits per
second
Slide 29
cdma2000 Radio Access Network
Slide 30
Outline cdma2000 network architecture Call processing states
and call flows CDMA evolution Essential elements in a CDMA system
Power Control Mobility management Handoffs Registration
Roaming
Slide 31
Network Architecture Ericsson Black Mountain UCSD MSC BSC PSTN
Packet Network PDSN
Slide 32
A CDMA Network architecture consists of the following
components: Mobile station Radio Base Station (RBS) Base Station
Controller (BSC) Mobile Switching Center (MSC) Public Switch
Telephone Network PDSN as an IP Gateway
Slide 33
Call Processing - Pilot First MS monitors Pilot channel for
Initial acquisition Channel estimation Detection of multipaths for
rake receiver Handoffs Pilot Ch
Slide 34
Call Processing - Sync Pilot channel is transmitted at all
times by the base station. MS uses it to lock to Synch Channel to
Synchronize to CDMA system time Obtain configuration parameters
such as Protocol Revision (P-REV) Network Identifier (NID) Pilot PN
offset Long-code state Paging channel data rate Sync Ch
Slide 35
Call Processing - Paging MS decodes the Paging Channel with the
information received from the Sync Channel. Paging channel provides
Overhead messages: systems parameter, access parameter, neighbor
list, channel list Mobile directed messages: page request, SMS
Paging Ch
Slide 36
Call Processing Access MS uses Access channel to originate a
call or to respond to a page request. Access Channel is used in a
random access fashion. Access Ch
Slide 37
Call Processing - Traffic Base station assigns a forward and
reverse traffic channel to the mobile when it is in conversation
Traffic Channel conveys signaling and traffic information When MS
is on traffic channel it no longer listens to paging channel or
uses the access channel
Slide 38
Mobile Station States Power Up Initialization State Access
State Traffic State Synchronization Paging Loss Call origination or
page response Page response completed End of call Idle State
Slide 39
Initialization: Acquire pilot channel of the selected CDMA
system within 20 secs (not standardized) Process synch channel for
synchronization (long code and CDMA timing) Idle: Monitor paging
channel for overhead and mobile directed messages Move to access
state to originate a call or respond to a page request
Slide 40
Access: MS sends messages to the base station and gets
responses in the paging channel This can be a call origination or a
page response Traffic: MS communicates with the base station using
forward and reverse traffic channels Paging and access channels are
no longer monitored Alert with info is used for order message
Slide 41
Mobile Originated Voice Call Flow MS BSC MSC Paging Ch. Rev
Traffic Ch. Paging Ch. Fwd Traffic Ch. Paging Ch. Access Ch. Fwd
Traffic Ch. Rev Traffic Ch. Fwd Traffic Ch. Assignment Complete
Overhead Info BS Ack Order Origination Msg Null Frames Channel
Assign Msg Preamble BS Ack Order MS Ack Order Service Connect CM
Service Request SCCP Connection Cfm Assignment Request Service Conn
Cmplt Rev Traffic Ch.
Slide 42
CDMA Evolution (1/3) IS-95A (2G) First CDMA protocol, published
in May99 14.4/9.6 kbps circuit/packet data IS-95B (2.5G) Most
analog information is removed Some technical corrections New
Capabilities, such as higher data rate 64 kbps packet data
Slide 43
CDMA Evolution (2/3) CDMA2000 1X High speed data (144 kbps
packet data with Mobile IP) Coding (Turbo) and Modulation (Hybrid
QPSK) New dedicated and common channels Enhanced Power Control
Reverse link detection Forward link modulation
Slide 44
CDMA Evolution (3/3) 1X EV-DO (1xRTT Evolution for high-speed
integrated Data Only) The objective is to provide the largest
practical number of users to run high-speed packet data
applications 2.4 Mbps packet data 1X EV-DV (1xRTT Evolution for
high-speed integrated Data and Voice) Voice and High Speed Data
mixed on one carrier Backward-compatible with CDMA2000 1X 3.1 Mbps
packet data
Slide 45
Multiple Access Methods Dedicated band during entire call
Certain frequency, time-slotted Each user transmits at the same
time, at the same frequency with a unique code
Slide 46
Frequency Re-use Patterns FDMA and TDMAvs.CDMA A A A A A AA A A
A A A A D C G B EF E G F B A
Slide 47
Channelization Channelization is provided by orthogonal Walsh
codes cdma 2000 uses variable length Walsh codes for supplemental
channel data services Walsh codes can be of length 8, 16, 32, 64,
and 128
Slide 48
Walsh Codes Walsh codes are orthogonal to each other The
shorter the code the higher the data rate since the chip rate is
kept constant 1 10 10011010 11 11001111
Slide 49
Use of Multipath sin CDMA Systems FDMA/TDMA (narrow-band)
multipath hurts equalizers are used to cancel multipath CDMA
(wide-band) can discriminate between the multipath arrivals Rake
receivers are used to combine multipath signals to reduce error
rate at the receiver
Slide 50
Power Control Algorithm Capacity is maximized By having each
user transmitting just sufficient SNR to maintain a target FER Open
Loop Estimate Initial transmit power level for the mobile is
determined by the received pilot strength Closed Loop Power Control
Base station controls the power level on the mobile by the received
quality information.
Slide 51
Mobility management A CDMA system provides mobility: Handoff
continuity of the service across adjacent cells Registration
locating the mobile user Roaming continuity of the service across
different service providers
Slide 52
Handoff Handoffs between cells are supported while the mobile
is in traffic or idle MS continuously keeps searching for new cells
as it moves across the network MS maintains active set, neighbor
set, and remaining set as well as candidate set There are 4 types
of handoffs: Idle Handoff Access Handoff Soft/Softer Handoff Hard
Handoff
Slide 53
Soft Handoff Ericsson Black Mountain UCSD MSC BSC PDSN Both
cells have the same frequency
Slide 54
Soft Handoff Make-before-break Both cells are at the same
frequency Reduces number of call drops Increases the overall
capacity Mobile transmit power is reduced Voice quality near the
cell boundaries are improved MS reports the SNR of the candidate
sets
Slide 55
Hard Handoff Break-before-make Handoff between different
frequencies, non-synchronized or disjoint cells which are
controlled by different BSCs
Slide 56
Registration It is sufficient to know the cell or the region
that a MS is active for routing purposes Mobile station identifier,
desired paging slot cycle, and registration type is conveyed
Cell/LAC based paging is preferred to flood paging
Roaming Users that are outside their home area can receive
service from another system by paying some additional charges
Mobile station can be: Home state (not roaming) Network roaming
System roaming Network 1 Network 2 Network 3 System
Slide 59
Fibre used in Telecom & Their Characteristics
Slide 60
Brief History In 1880, Alexander Graham Bell patented an
optical telephone system, which he called the Photophone. By 1970
Corning Glass invented fiber-optic wire or "optical waveguide
fibers" which was capable of carrying 65,000 times more information
than copper wire. Prof. Kao was awarded half of the 2009 Nobel
Prize in Physics for "groundbreaking achievements concerning the
transmission of light in fibers for optical communication".Nobel
Prize in Physics Today more than 80 percent of the world's long-
distance voice and data traffic is carried over optical- fiber
cables
Slide 61
Fiber-Optic Applications FIBRE OPTICS: The use and demand for
optical fiber has grown tremendously and optical-fiber applications
are numerous Telecommunication applications are widespread, ranging
from global networks to desktop computers. These involve the
transmission of voice, data, or video over distances of less than a
meter to hundreds of kilometers, using one of a few standard fiber
designs in one of several cable designs
Slide 62
ADVANTAGES OF FIBRE OPTICS SPEED: Fiber optic networks operate
at high speeds - up into the gigabits BANDWIDTH: Large carrying
capacity DISTANCE: Signals can be transmitted further without
needing to be "refreshed" or strengthened. RESISTANCE: Greater
resistance to electromagnetic noise such as radios, motors or other
nearby cables. MAINTENANCE: Fiber optic cables costs much less to
maintain.
Slide 63
Fiber Optic System Information is Encoded into Electrical
Signals. Electrical Signals are Converted into light Signals. Light
Travels Down the Fiber. A Detector Changes the Light Signals into
Electrical Signals. Electrical Signals are Decoded into
Information. Inexpensive light sources available. Repeater spacing
increases along with operating speeds because low loss Fibres are
used at high data rates.
Slide 64
Slide 65
Principle of Operation - Theory Total Internal Reflection The
Reflection that Occurs when a Light Ray Travelling in One Material
Hits a Different Material and Reflects Back into the Original
Material without any Loss of Light Speed of light is actually the
velocity of electromagnetic energy in vacuum such as space. Light
travels at slower velocities in other materials such as glass.
Light travelling from one material to another changes speed, which
results in light changing its direction of travel. This deflection
of light is called Refraction
Slide 66
Slide 67
PROPAGATION OF LIGHT THROUGH FIBRE The optical fibre has two
concentric layers called the core and the cladding. The inner core
is the light carrying part. The surrounding cladding provides the
difference refractive index that allows total internal reflection
of light through the core. The index of the cladding is less than
1%, lower than that of the core. Most fibres have an additional
coating around the cladding. This buffer coating is a shock
absorber and has no optical properties affecting the propagation of
light within the fibre.
Slide 68
Specific characteristics of light depends on The size of the
fibre. The composition of the fibre. The light injected into the
fibre.
Slide 69
.
Slide 70
Diameters of the core and cladding
Slide 71
FIBRE TYPES Step Index Graded Index By this classification
there are three types of fibres : Multimode Step Index fibre (Step
Index fibre) Multimode graded Index fibre (Graded Index fibre)
Single- Mode Step Index fibre (Single Mode Fibre)
Slide 72
STEP-INDEX MULTIMODE FIBER large core, up to 100 microns in
diameter. As a result, some of the light rays that make up the
digital pulse may travel a direct route, whereas others zigzag as
they bounce off the cladding. These alternative pathways cause the
different groupings of light rays, referred to as modes, to arrive
separately at a receiving point. The pulse, an aggregate of
different modes, begins to spread out, losing its well-defined
shape.
Slide 73
Slide 74
GRADED-INDEX MULTIMODE FIBER Contains a core in which the
refractive index diminishes gradually from the center axis out
toward the cladding. The higher refractive index at the center
makes the light rays moving down the axis advance more slowly than
those near the cladding Also, rather than zigzagging off the
cladding, light in the core curves helically because of the graded
index, reducing its travel distance.
Slide 75
GRADED-INDEX MULTIMODE FIBER The shortened path and the higher
speed allow light at the periphery to arrive at a receiver at about
the same time as the slow but straight rays in the core axis. The
result: a digital pulse suffers less dispersion.
Slide 76
Slide 77
SINGLE-MODE FIBER has a narrow core (eight microns or less),
and the index of refraction between the core and the cladding
changes less than it does for multimode fibers. Light thus travels
parallel to the axis, creating little pulse dispersion. Telephone
and cable television networks install millions of kilometers of
this fiber every year
ComponentFunctionMaterial Buffer Protect fibre From Outside
Nylon, Mylar, Plastic Central Member Facilitate Stranding
Temperature Stability Anti-Buckling Steel, Fibreglass Primary
Strength MemberTensile StrengthAramid Yarn, Steel Cable Jacket
Contain and Protect Cable Core Abrasion Resistance PE, PUR, PVC,
Teflon Cable Filling Compound Prevent Moisture intrusion and
Migration Water Blocking Compound Armoring Rodent Protection Crush
Resistance Steel Tape
Slide 81
INTRODUCTION TO BROADBAND SERVICES
Slide 82
Overview Broadband service in growth of GDP and enhancement in
quality of life through societal applications including
tele-education tele-medicine, e-governance, entertainment
employment generation by way of high speed access to information
and web-based communication,
Slide 83
Overview Broadband refers to greater bandwidth-or transmission
capacity of a medium Broadband technology will allow for high-speed
transmission of voice, video, and data over networks like the
Internet Currently, high speed Internet access is available from 64
kbps onwards and an always-on high speed Internet access at 128
kbps is considered as Broadband ; There are no uniform standards
for Broadband connectivity and various countries follow various
standards.
Slide 84
Broadband Is... High Speed Megabits: Millions of bits per
second at least in one direction Always on Continuous connection to
the outside world Bidirectional High speed from the home as well as
to the home Can see the home from the outside
Slide 85
BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY:DEFINITION An always-on data connection
that is able to support interactive services including Internet
access and has the capability of the minimum download speed of 256
kbps to an individual subscriber from the Point Of Presence
(POP).
Slide 86
Broadband Different technologies Narrowband 2.4 kbps 128kbps
Broadband 256kbps 8000kbps LAN 1000kbps 100Mbps / Giga
Ethernet
Slide 87
NETWORK EVOLUTION - VOICE Voice POTS/Paypho ne ISDN BRI E1
leased lines ADSL access SHDSL access TV & VOD CP E Cu OSP LE
GE L2 Ring xDSL STB Edge Video Servers GE ` RAS Internet B-RAS ISP
NOC Encoders Class 5 LE + DATA + TV & VIDEO RSU DLC Dial-up
Internet High-Speed Internet TV & VoD IP DSLAM IP-DSLAM Central
Video Servers Edge Video Servers Incremental infrastructure by way
of DSLAMs and IPTV solution to provide High-speed Data and TV &
Video Services OSS/BSS ISP Infrastructure Broadcast TV Head-end
Wi-Fi + Video Phone Home Gateway
Slide 88
BROADBAND APPLICATIONS 1. Personal Services High Speed Internet
Access Multimedia 2. Govts. Public services E-governance
E-education Tele-medicine 3. Commercial services E-commerce
Corporate Internet Videoconferencing 4. Video & Entertainment
services Broadcast TV Video on Demand Interactive gaming Music on
Demand Online Radio (256 Kbps and above)
Slide 89
BROADBAND APPLICATIONS
Slide 90
VARIOUS ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES DSL on copper loop Optical Fiber
Technologies Cable TV Network Satellite Media Terrestrial Wireless
Future Technologies
Slide 91
Wireline Broadband Access Technologies In the domain of wide
area network access, there are numerous wireline technology options
that are presently competing for market share and acceptance These
technology options originate from both the WAN and LAN environments
and include e.g. ISDN, ATM, switched Ethernet Frame Relay, several
technologies for data transmission over coaxial (CATV) cable, and
the family of Digital Subscriber Line technologies.
Slide 92
Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) on copper loop DSL has proved to
be an important technology for provisioning of Broadband services
through the copper loop. The owners of copper loop have to be given
a high priority because their role is critical as key drivers in
the Broadband service market using DSL. BSNL and MTNL as well as
other access providers are expected to aggressively use their
copper loop infrastructure for providing Broadband services through
this technology
Slide 93
OPTICAL FIBRE TECHNOLOGIES It provides nearly unlimited
bandwidth potential and is steadily replacing copper network
specially in intra-city backbone networks. This is being deployed
in commercial buildings and complexes and some metros / big cities
having high-density potential broadband subscribers. The fiber
based models are future proof as they are able to provide huge
amounts of bandwidth in the last mile as well as provide a true IP
and converged network that can deliver high quality voice, data and
video
Slide 94
Cable TV Network Cable TV network can be used as franchisee
network of the service provider for provisioning Broadband
services. The cable network was designed to deliver TV signals in
one direction from the Head-End to the subscribers homes Operators
had to upgrade the cable network so that signals could flow in both
directions One spectrum is used for the signals that move from the
Head-End towards the cable subscriber
Slide 95
Cable TV Network
Slide 96
GSM Architecture
Slide 97
Network Components Switching System(SS) Base Station
System(BSS)
Slide 98
BTSBTS MSC VLR HLR PSTN ISDN Data Networks Air interface OSS
BTSBTS BTSBTS MSC VLR BSC A Interface A-bis interface
Slide 99
BGW SOG OSS ERICSSONS GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE SCF MIN SDP EIR
AUC HLR Switching System ILR MSC/VLR DTISSF MC (MXE) GMSC Other
PLMNsz ISDN PSTN Public Data Networks
Slide 100
TRC BSC RBS Base Station System
Slide 101
LOCATION AREA A LA is defined as a group of cells. Within the
network, a subscribers location is known by the LA which they are
in. The identity of the LA in which an MS is currently located is
stored in the VLR. (LAI) Network Structure
Slide 102
MSC Service Area An MSC Service Area is made up of LAs and
represents the geographical part of the network controlled by one
MSC.
Slide 103
MSC Service Area MSC VLR LA1 LA2 LA3 LA6 LA4 LA5
Slide 104
Network Structure PLMN SERVICE AREA A PLMN service area is the
entire set of cells served by one network operator and is defined
as the area in which an operator offers radio coverage and access
to its network.
Slide 105
Network Structure GSM SERVICE AREA The GSM service area is the
entire geographical area in which a subscriber can gain access to a
GSM network.
Slide 106
Relation between areas in GSM Location Area Cell Location Area
MSC Service Area PLMN Service Area GSM Service Area
Slide 107
Mobile Station GSM MSs consist of: Mobile Equipment Subscriber
Identity Module
Slide 108
Functions of Mobile Station Voice and data transmission&
receipt Frequency and time synchronization Monitoring of power and
signal quality of the surrounding cells Provision of location
updates even during inactive state
Slide 109
Functions of Mobile Station Voice and data transmission&
receipt Frequency and time synchronization Monitoring of power and
signal quality of the surrounding cells Provision of location
updates even during inactive state
Slide 110
SIM Fixed data stored for the subscription: IMSI,
Authentication Key, Ki Security Algorithms:kc,A3,A8
PIN&PUK
Slide 111
SIM Temporary network data: Location area of subscriber and
forbidden PLMNs Service data: language preference, advice of
charge
Slide 112
KEY TERMS An MS can have one of the following states : Idle:
the MS is ON but a call is not in progress. Active: the MS is ON
and a call is in progress. Detached: the MS is OFF.
Slide 113
Network Identities MSISDN IMSI TMSI MSRN IMEI
Slide 114
MSISDN Mobile Station ISDN Number The MSISDN is registered in
the telephone directory and used by the calling party for dialing.
MSISDN shall not exceed 15 digits. NDC--National Destination Code
SN--Subscriber Number CCNDCSN 1 to 3 digitsVariable MSISDN : not
more than 15 digits
Slide 115
IMSI International mobile subscriber Identity The IMSI is an
unique identity which is used internationally and used within the
network to identify the mobile subscribers. The IMSI is stored in
the subscriber identity module (SIM), the HLR, VLR database.
Slide 116
IMSI 3 digits MCC MNC MSIN 3 digitsNot more than 9 digits NMSI
IMSI : Max. 15 digits MCC--Mobile Country Code, MNC--Mobile N/W
Code, MSIN--Mobile Station Identification Number NMSI--National
Mobile Station Identity, assigned by Individual Administration.
Mobile station Identification Number. It identifies the subs. In a
PLMN. First 3 digit identifies the Logical HLR- id of Mobile
subs.
Slide 117
IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity The IMEI is an
unique code allocated to each mobile equipment. It is checked in
the EIR. IMEI check List White List Grey List Black List
Slide 118
GSM Applications Mobile telephony GSM-R Telemetry System -
Fleet management - Automatic meter reading - Toll Collection -
Remote control and fault reporting of DG sets Value Added
Services
Slide 119
Future Of GSM 2nd Generation GSM -9.6 Kbps (data rate) 2.5
Generation ( Future of GSM) HSCSD (High Speed ckt Switched data)
Data rate : 76.8 Kbps ( 9.6 x 8 kbps ) GPRS (General Packet Radio
service) Data rate: 14.4 - 115.2 Kbps EDGE (Enhanced data rate for
GSM Evolution) Data rate: 547.2 Kbps (max) 3 Generation WCDMA (Wide
band CDMA) Data rate : 0.348 2.0 Mbps