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1 Customer Portfolio Management: Implications for the Asian Hospitality Industry Wei Lun Lecture at The Chinese University of Hong Kong by Michael D. Johnson Dean and E. M. Statler Professor Cornell University School of Hotel Administration\ May 2, 2008

Wei Lun Lecture at The Chinese University of Hong Kong · Agenda n Overview of Customer Portfolio Management n The evolution of management thought: q Market share management q Customer

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Page 1: Wei Lun Lecture at The Chinese University of Hong Kong · Agenda n Overview of Customer Portfolio Management n The evolution of management thought: q Market share management q Customer

1

Customer Portfolio Management: Implications for the Asian Hospitality Industry

Wei Lun Lecture at The Chinese Univers ity of Hong Kong

by

Michael D. Johnson Dean and E. M. Statler Professor Cornell Univers ity School of Hotel Adminis tration\ May 2, 2008

Page 2: Wei Lun Lecture at The Chinese University of Hong Kong · Agenda n Overview of Customer Portfolio Management n The evolution of management thought: q Market share management q Customer

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Agenda

n Overv iew of Customer Portfolio Management n The evolution of management thought:

q Market share management q Customer satisfaction and loyalty management q Customer Portfolio Management (CPM)

n CPM Framework n Implications for the As ian Hospitality Industry

q Customer portfolios in growth markets q The rise of competition and eroding margins q “High touch” versus “low touch” services q The diffusion of service innovations q Shocks in the system: Volatility in costs and resulting margins

n Summary and Conclusions

Page 3: Wei Lun Lecture at The Chinese University of Hong Kong · Agenda n Overview of Customer Portfolio Management n The evolution of management thought: q Market share management q Customer

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Customer Portfolio Management (CPM) n  At its core, CPM is about creating value with all of the customers in a portfolio: q  Johnson and Selnes (2004, 2005) q  Selnes and Johnson (2004) 

n  Customers create value in fundamentally different ways and at different points in time, which requires viewing customers as a portfolio of different assets. 

n  The value of the approach depends upon: q  The variance in a company’s customer relationships. q  Adaptation of the marketing mix to those relationships.

Page 4: Wei Lun Lecture at The Chinese University of Hong Kong · Agenda n Overview of Customer Portfolio Management n The evolution of management thought: q Market share management q Customer

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Evolution of Management Thought n  1950s­1970s: Market share management q  Market share is the key to profitability! n  Under what assumptions? 

n  1980s­1990s: Satisfaction and loyalty management q  Creating satisfied and loyal customers is the key to profitability! n  Under what assumptions? 

n  Today: Customer portfolio management and strategy

Page 5: Wei Lun Lecture at The Chinese University of Hong Kong · Agenda n Overview of Customer Portfolio Management n The evolution of management thought: q Market share management q Customer

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Evolution of Management Thought 

Customer Portfolio Strategy: Optimize Investments in Relationships Over Time 

Customer Portfolio Management: Create Value through 

Acquaintances, Friends and Partners 

Market Share Management: 

Optimize Returns on Volume and Cost Reductions 

Satisfaction and Loyalty Management: 

Optimize Returns on Satisfaction and Relationship Management

Page 6: Wei Lun Lecture at The Chinese University of Hong Kong · Agenda n Overview of Customer Portfolio Management n The evolution of management thought: q Market share management q Customer

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The Power of Weak Relationships

n  The intuition of CPM becomes clear with the Power of Weak Relationships! 

n Many of a company’s most profitable customers today were strangers or mere acquaintances but a decade ago. 

n  Examples: q  L.L. Bean’s customer loyalty strategy q  Credit Suisse’s focus on larger customer accounts

Page 7: Wei Lun Lecture at The Chinese University of Hong Kong · Agenda n Overview of Customer Portfolio Management n The evolution of management thought: q Market share management q Customer

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CPM Framework

n  A typology of relationships: q  Acquaintances, friends and partners 

n  Relationship evolution n  The diffusion process and cost implications 

n  The CPLV (Customer Portfolio Lifetime Value) model 

n  Simulation results: q  Baseline scenario

Page 8: Wei Lun Lecture at The Chinese University of Hong Kong · Agenda n Overview of Customer Portfolio Management n The evolution of management thought: q Market share management q Customer

8

Relationship Types and Characteristics 

To capture value through the premium 

customers pay for customized 

experiences and solutions. 

To capture value through the premium 

customers pay for differentiated offerings. 

To capture value through standardization, 

economies of scale and scope. 

What is the seller’s objective? 

Satisfaction and trust evolve to a level of 

relationship commitment. 

An elevated level of customer satisfaction creates a level of trust and brand equity that reinforces repeat 

buying. 

A minimum level of customer satisfaction reinforces inclusion of the seller amongst a customer’s options. 

What drives buyer behavior? 

A customized offering adapted to an 

individual customer or buying organization. 

A differentiated offering adapted to specific market segments 

A relative commodity or form of industry 

standard 

What does the seller offer? 

Partners Friends Acquaintances 

Relationship Types 

Relationship Characteristics

Page 9: Wei Lun Lecture at The Chinese University of Hong Kong · Agenda n Overview of Customer Portfolio Management n The evolution of management thought: q Market share management q Customer

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Relationship Evolution 

Stranger t 

Stranger t+1 

Stranger t+2 

Stranger t+3 

Stranger t+4 

Acquaintance t+1 

Acquaintance t+2 

Acquaintance t+3 

Acquaintance t+4 

Friend t+2 

Friend t+3 

Friend t+4 

Partner t+3 

Partner t+4 

Time 

Churn  Churn  Churn Churn 

Churn  Churn Churn 

Churn Churn

Page 10: Wei Lun Lecture at The Chinese University of Hong Kong · Agenda n Overview of Customer Portfolio Management n The evolution of management thought: q Market share management q Customer

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Sample Bass Model Diffusion Curve 

200,000 

400,000 

600,000 

800,000 

1,000,000 

1,200,000 

0  25  50  75  100 

Time Period t 

Cus

tomers in Tim

e t

Page 11: Wei Lun Lecture at The Chinese University of Hong Kong · Agenda n Overview of Customer Portfolio Management n The evolution of management thought: q Market share management q Customer

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CPLV Model

n  Conceptually, the CPLV model calculates the contribution, over time, of acquaintances, friends and partners in a portfolio taking into account: q  A unit cost per customer, which is a function of a diffusion process and associated economies of scale 

q  A base revenue per customer q  Price premiums gained from closer relationships q  A cost of relationship conversion (e.g., from acquaintances to friends) 

q  A cost of churn (e.g., gaining customers from competitors at the same relationship level)

Page 12: Wei Lun Lecture at The Chinese University of Hong Kong · Agenda n Overview of Customer Portfolio Management n The evolution of management thought: q Market share management q Customer

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CPLV Model (From Johnson and Selnes 2004, Journal of Marketing) 

CPLV = ∑[(A st * (CR st – UC st ) – (A st Converted * AC st Conversion ) – (A st Gained * AC st Gaining )] 

+ ∑[(F st * (CR st – UC st + FP st ) – (F st Converted * FC st Conversion ) – (F st Gained * FC st Gaining )] 

+ ∑[(P st * (CR st – UC st + PP st ) – (P st Converted * PC st Conversion ) – (P st Gained * PC st Gaining )] 

t = 1 

t = 1 

t = 1

Page 13: Wei Lun Lecture at The Chinese University of Hong Kong · Agenda n Overview of Customer Portfolio Management n The evolution of management thought: q Market share management q Customer

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Sample Simulation Results: Baseline scenario 

­$1,000,000.00 

$0.00 

$1,000,000.00 

$2,000,000.00 

$3,000,000.00 

$4,000,000.00 

$5,000,000.00 

$6,000,000.00 

1  7  13  19  25  31  37  43  49  55  61  67  73  79  85  91  97 

Time Period 

Con

tribution 

Acquaintances Contribution  Friends Contribution  Partners Contribution

Page 14: Wei Lun Lecture at The Chinese University of Hong Kong · Agenda n Overview of Customer Portfolio Management n The evolution of management thought: q Market share management q Customer

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Dynamic Aspects of the Asian Hospitality Industry

n  Unprecedented growth in the Asian hospitality industry 

n  Increased competition and eroding margins n  “High touch” versus “low touch” services n  The diffusion of service innovations n  Shocks in the system

Page 15: Wei Lun Lecture at The Chinese University of Hong Kong · Agenda n Overview of Customer Portfolio Management n The evolution of management thought: q Market share management q Customer

15

Growth in the Asian Hospitality Industry n  With the economic growth of China, India and other SE Asian economies, the hospitality industry is booming. 

n  Unlike markets in the US, where service concepts diffuse through a given population, Asian markets are also growing their base population of customers. 

n  What are the CPM implications of a diffusion process with sustained growth in a market’s population? q  Assume t = months and a 10% AGR in the customer population

Page 16: Wei Lun Lecture at The Chinese University of Hong Kong · Agenda n Overview of Customer Portfolio Management n The evolution of management thought: q Market share management q Customer

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Diffusion in a growth industry 

500,000 

1,000,000 

1,500,000 

2,000,000 

2,500,000 

0  25  50  75  100 

Time Period t 

Customers in Tim

e t

Page 17: Wei Lun Lecture at The Chinese University of Hong Kong · Agenda n Overview of Customer Portfolio Management n The evolution of management thought: q Market share management q Customer

17

Portfolio Contributions in a “Growth” Market: A New Baseline 

­$2,000,000.00 

$0.00 

$2,000,000.00 

$4,000,000.00 

$6,000,000.00 

$8,000,000.00 

$10,000,000.00 

$12,000,000.00 

1  8  15  22  29  36  43  50  57  64  71  78  85  92  99 

Time Period 

Con

tribution 

Acquaintances Contribution  Friends Contribution  Partners Contribution

Page 18: Wei Lun Lecture at The Chinese University of Hong Kong · Agenda n Overview of Customer Portfolio Management n The evolution of management thought: q Market share management q Customer

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Competition and Eroding Margins

n  As the Asian service economy continues to grow: q  More and more competitors will enter the markets. q  As market conditions evolve toward zero economic profit, margins will systematically erode. 

q  Assume the base CR (customer revenue) erodes by 25% over time.

Page 19: Wei Lun Lecture at The Chinese University of Hong Kong · Agenda n Overview of Customer Portfolio Management n The evolution of management thought: q Market share management q Customer

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Competition and Eroding Margins 

­$8,000,000.00 

­$6,000,000.00 

­$4,000,000.00 

­$2,000,000.00 

$0.00 

$2,000,000.00 

$4,000,000.00 

$6,000,000.00 

1  8  15  22  29  36  43  50  57  64  71  78  85  92  99 

Time Period 

Con

tribution 

Acquaintances Contribution  Friends Contribution  Partners Contribution

Page 20: Wei Lun Lecture at The Chinese University of Hong Kong · Agenda n Overview of Customer Portfolio Management n The evolution of management thought: q Market share management q Customer

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High Touch versus Low Touch

n  “High touch” services (four and five star hotels and restaurants) are imminently less scalable than are “low touch” services. 

n  The biggest HR need today is for front line service people who can provide service excellence. 

n  Our simulations capture this difference through a comparison of: q  The new baseline model with 50% economies of scale (low touch services) 

q  A model with 20% economies of scale (high touch services)

Page 21: Wei Lun Lecture at The Chinese University of Hong Kong · Agenda n Overview of Customer Portfolio Management n The evolution of management thought: q Market share management q Customer

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High Touch Services with Lower Economies of Scale 

­$2,000,000.00 

­$1,000,000.00 

$0.00 

$1,000,000.00 

$2,000,000.00 

$3,000,000.00 

$4,000,000.00 

1  8  15  22  29  36  43  50  57  64  71  78  85  92  99 

Time Period 

Con

tribution 

Acquaintances Contribution  Friends Contribution  Partners Contribution

Page 22: Wei Lun Lecture at The Chinese University of Hong Kong · Agenda n Overview of Customer Portfolio Management n The evolution of management thought: q Market share management q Customer

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The Diffusion of Service Innovations q Where is the next “hot” restaurant or hotel in a given market? 

q  Today’s technology and resulting customer generated media (CGM) has accelerated word­of­mouth (WOM) and resulting diffusion processes for such concepts. 

q Consider a scenario where the WOM factor increases 200% compared to traditional diffusion curves.

Page 23: Wei Lun Lecture at The Chinese University of Hong Kong · Agenda n Overview of Customer Portfolio Management n The evolution of management thought: q Market share management q Customer

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Rapid Diffusion of Service Innovations 

­$4,000,000.00 

­$2,000,000.00 

$0.00 

$2,000,000.00 

$4,000,000.00 

$6,000,000.00 

$8,000,000.00 

$10,000,000.00 

$12,000,000.00 

1  8  15  22  29  36  43  50  57  64  71  78  85  92  99 

Time Period 

Con

tribution 

Acquaintances Contribution  Friends Contribution  Partners Contribution

Page 24: Wei Lun Lecture at The Chinese University of Hong Kong · Agenda n Overview of Customer Portfolio Management n The evolution of management thought: q Market share management q Customer

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Cost Shocks

n  Be it the cost of oil, food, money or other commodities, we have entered uncertain economic times. 

n  Assume “cost shocks” (increases of 33% of initial unit cost) occur in periods 34 and 67 (out of 100). 

n  What are the implications for CPM?

Page 25: Wei Lun Lecture at The Chinese University of Hong Kong · Agenda n Overview of Customer Portfolio Management n The evolution of management thought: q Market share management q Customer

25

Cost Shocks 

­$3,000,000.00 

­$2,000,000.00 

­$1,000,000.00 

$0.00 

$1,000,000.00 

$2,000,000.00 

$3,000,000.00 

$4,000,000.00 

1  8  15  22  29  36  43  50  57  64  71  78  85  92  99 

Time Period 

Con

tribution 

Acquaintances Contribution  Friends Contribution  Partners Contribution

Page 26: Wei Lun Lecture at The Chinese University of Hong Kong · Agenda n Overview of Customer Portfolio Management n The evolution of management thought: q Market share management q Customer

26

Just for fun, let’s model a growth market with low scalability (high touch), eroding margins (growing competition), and rapid service diffusion? 

­$5,000,000.00 

­$4,000,000.00 

­$3,000,000.00 

­$2,000,000.00 

­$1,000,000.00 

$0.00 

$1,000,000.00 

$2,000,000.00 

$3,000,000.00 

1  4  7  10  13  16  19  22  25  28  31  34  37  40  43  46  49 

Time Period 

Con

tribution 

Acquaintances Contribution  Friends Contribution  Partners Contribution

Page 27: Wei Lun Lecture at The Chinese University of Hong Kong · Agenda n Overview of Customer Portfolio Management n The evolution of management thought: q Market share management q Customer

27

Summary and Conclusions

n  Overall, the results reinforce the “power of weak relationships.” q  Acquaintances provide economies of scale that benefit the entire portfolio. 

q  Acquaintances are the basis for future, more profitable friends and partners. 

n  Building closer relationships with customers protects the portfolio from eroding margins, even in a growth market. q  Friendships are a natural way to balance risk and return. 

n  However, even in high touch (e.g. luxury) markets, acquaintances are critical to the value of the portfolio.

Page 28: Wei Lun Lecture at The Chinese University of Hong Kong · Agenda n Overview of Customer Portfolio Management n The evolution of management thought: q Market share management q Customer

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Summary and Conclusions

n  The complexity of decision making in Customer Portfolio Strategy increases dramatically with rapid service diffusion. 

n  “Shocks” in the system quickly turn a large population of profitable acquaintances into a large population of unprofitable acquaintances. 

n  With all of the factors varying simultaneously in the Asian hospitality industry, modeling the complexity is essential.

Page 29: Wei Lun Lecture at The Chinese University of Hong Kong · Agenda n Overview of Customer Portfolio Management n The evolution of management thought: q Market share management q Customer

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References

n  Johnson, Michael D. and Fred Selnes (2004), “Customer Portfolio Management: Toward a Dynamic Theory of Exchange Relationships,” Journal of Marketing, 68 (April), 1­ 17. 

n  Johnson, Michael D. and Fred Selnes (2005), “Diversifying Your Customer Portfolio,” MIT Sloan Management Review, 46 (Spring), 11­14. 

n  Selnes, Fred and Michael D. Johnson (2004), “A Dynamic Customer Portfolio Management Perspective on Marketing Strategy,” in Håkan Håkansson, Debbie Harrison and Alexandra Waluszewski (eds.), Rethinking Marketing: Developing a New Understanding of Markets, West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 117­135.