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Psychological Disorders
Atypical Behavior - different than normal
Disturbing - determined by others
Maladaptive - distressing, disabling, risk
Unjustifiable - cannot be “rationally” justified
(Richardson, 1999)
Defining Abnormality
• Abnormality as deviation from the average• statistically-based approach
• Abnormality as deviation from the ideal• the standard toward which most people are striving
• Abnormality as a sense of subjective discomfort
• psychological consequences of the behavior for the individual
(Feldman, 1999)
Defining Abnormality
• Abnormality as the inability to function effectively
• inability to adjust to the demands of society
• Abnormality as a legal concept• the legal view of “insanity”
(Feldman, 1999)
Models of Abnormality
• Medical model– suggests that physiological causes are at the
root of abnormal behavior
• Psychoanalytic model– abnormal behavior stems from childhood
conflicts
(Feldman, 1999)
Models of Abnormality
• Behavioral model– abnormal behavior is a learned response
• Cognitive model– assumes cognitions (people’s thoughts and
beliefs) are central to abnormal behavior
(Feldman, 1999)
Models of Abnormality
• Humanistic model– emphasizes people’s control and responsibility
for their own behavior
• Sociocultural model– assumes behavior is shaped by family, society,
and culture
(Feldman, 1999)
Understanding Psych Disorders Medical PerspectiveMedical Perspective
• Mental disorders are a psychological response to stress & inhumane conditions
• Genetic components of many disorders
• Acceptance of phys cause & search for med treatment
The Medical ModelThe Medical Model• Mental illness• Diagnosis of symptoms • Cure via therapy
(Richardson, 1999)
Understanding Psych Disorders
ProblemProblemAren’t mental “illnesses” socially defined?
Bio-psycho-social Bio-psycho-social PerspectivePerspective
Major disorders, like depression & schizophreniaappear to be universal,
HOWEVERHOWEVEROther disorders appear to be tied to specific cultures
(anorexia nervosa & bulimia)
(Richardson, 1999)
Classifying Abnormal Behavior
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV)– a system devised by the American Psychiatric
Association used by most professionals to diagnose and classify abnormal behavior
(Feldman, 1999)
Classifying Abnormal Behavior
• Five axes of the DSM-IV
• DSM is designed to be primarily descriptive and devoid of suggestions as to the underlying causes of an individual’s behavior and problems
(Feldman, 1999)
Classifying Disorders
Goals of Diagnostic ClassificationGoals of Diagnostic Classification Describe a disorder Predict its future course Imply appropriate treatment Stimulate research into its cause
Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
DSM-IVDSM-IV
Classification describes & orders clusters of symptoms
(Richardson, 1999)
Major Disorders
• Anxiety Disorder– the occurrence of anxiety without obvious
external cause, intruding on daily functioning
(Feldman, 1999)
Anxiety Disorders
• Phobic Disorder– intense, irrational fears of specific objects or
situations
• Panic Disorder– anxiety that manifests itself in the form of panic
attacks that last from a few seconds to as long as several hours
(Feldman, 1999)
Anxiety DisordersGeneralized Anxiety Disorder
Feeling unexplainably tense & uneasyUnavoidable because the cause can’t be identified
May develop into “Panic Attacks”
Phobic DisordersIrrational fear of a specific object or situation
People often accept & live with phobiasFear of snakes, high places, crowds, cats etc.
Obsessive-Compulsive DisorderRepetitive Thoughts or Repetitive Behaviors
They interfere with the way we live or cause distress(Richardson, 1999)
PsychoanalyticPerspective
Early childhoodfixation and/or
repression
Explaining Anxiety Disorders
LearningPerspective
Anxiety is based onpredictability of
stimulusBiologicalPerspectiveAnxiety as
evolutionarilyadaptive + twinstudies & PET
scans(Richardson, 1999)
Anxiety Disorders
• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• Obsession– a thought or idea that keeps recurring in one’s
mind
• Compulsion– an urge to repeatedly carry out some act that
seems strange and unreasonable, evenif the sufferer realizes it is unreasonable
(Feldman, 1999)
Somatoform Disorders
• Somatoform disorder– psychological difficulties that take on a
physical (somatic) form of one sort or another
(Feldman, 1999)
Somatoform Disorders
Conversion DisordersConversion Disorders - anxiety converted into a
physical symptom
HypochondriasisHypochondriasis - normal sensations interpreted
as symptoms of scary sicknesses
Disorders that involve physical symptoms
(Richardson, 1999)
Somatoform Disorders
• Hypochondriasis– constant fear of illness, and physical sensations
are misinterpreted as signs of disease
• Conversion disorder– involves an actual physical disturbance, such as
the inability to use a sensory organ or the complete or partial inability to move an arm or leg
(Feldman, 1999)
Dissociative Disorders
• Dissociative disorder– psychological dysfunctions characterized by the
splitting apart of critical personality facets that are normally integrated, allowing stress avoidance by escape
(Feldman, 1999)
Dissociative Disorders
• Dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality)– a disorder in which a person displays
characteristics of two or more distinct personalities
(Feldman, 1999)
Dissociative Disorders
• Dissociative amnesia– a failure or inability to remember past
experiences
• Dissociative fugue– an amnesiac condition in which people take
sudden, impulsive trips, sometimes assuming a new identity
(Feldman, 1999)
Dissociative DisordersDissociative DisordersSudden memory loss or change in identitySudden memory loss or change in identity
Dissociative Amnesia Selective forgeting Response to stress Temporary
Fugue Presumed forgetting Fleeing home & ID Temporary (Real?)
Multiple Personality Disorder Two or more distinct personalities Physio evidence for separate personalities popularity has lead to diagnosed cases More cultural than psychological?
(Richardson, 1999)
Mood Disorders
• Mood disorder– affective disturbances severe enough to
interfere with normal living
• Major depression– a severe form of depression that interferes with
concentration, decision making, and sociability
(Feldman, 1999)
Mood Disorders
• Mania– an extended state of intense euphoria and
elation
• Bipolar disorder– a disorder in which a person alternates between
euphoric feelings of mania and bouts of depression
(Feldman, 1999)
Mood Disorders
Major DepressiveMajor DepressiveDisordersDisorders
Bipolar DisordersBipolar Disorders
Experience prolongedhopelessness & lethargy,eventually rebounding to
normality
Alternate betweendepression and mania
(overexcited &hyperactive state)
(Manic-Depressive Disorder)
(Richardson, 1999)
Major Depressive DisorderMajor Depressive Disorder
Last > 2 weeks w/o notable cause?Last > 2 weeks w/o notable cause?
Seasonal Affective DisorderSeasonal Affective Disorder
Signs of Depression Poor Appetite Insomnia Lethargy Feelings of Worthlessness Loss of Interest in Family,
Friends & Activities
(Richardson, 1999)
Causes of Mood Disorders
• Learned helplessness– a state in which people conclude that
unpleasant or aversive stimuli cannot be controlled
– a view of the world that becomes so ingrained that they cease trying to remedy the aversive circumstances, even if they actually can exert some influence
(Feldman, 1999)
Schizophrenia
• Schizophrenia– a class of disorders in which severe distortion
of reality occurs• decline from a previous level of functioning
• disturbances of thought and language
• delusions
• perceptual disorders
• emotional disturbances
• withdrawal
(Feldman, 1999)
Schizophrenia
• Process schizophrenia– symptoms develop relatively early in life,
slowly and subtly
• Reactive schizophrenia– onset of symptoms is sudden and conspicuous
• Positive-symptom schizophrenia
• Negative-symptom schizophrenia(Feldman, 1999)
Schizophrenic DisordersSchizophrenic Disorders
Signs of Schizophrenia Disorganized Thinking Disturbed Perceptions Inappropriate Actions Inappropriate Emotions Affects ~ 1:100 people
(Richardson, 1999)
Disorganized ThinkingDelusions
Thinking is fragmented and distorted by false beliefs
Q: Why?A: Impaired Attention Breakdown in selective
attention leaves youeasily distracted.
“I’m a movie star, from the planet Gottu - when I finishmaking the movie, the president will give me an award. Is thisroom painted pink because you knew it was my favorite?”
“I’m a movie star, from the planet Gottu - when I finishmaking the movie, the president will give me an award. Is thisroom painted pink because you knew it was my favorite?”
(Richardson, 1999)
Inappropriate Emotions & Actions
Emotions & Actions seem split off from reality
Flat Affect - zombie-like state of apparent apathyCatatonia - period of remaining motionless followed
by state of agitation
Remember Robin Williamsin “Awakenings”?
(Richardson, 1999)
Types of Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a cluster of disordersSchizophrenia is a cluster of disorders
Positive Symptoms vs Negative Symptoms•disorganized/deluded vs toneless/expressionless•inappropriate emotions vs silence/catatonia
Positive Symptoms vs Negative Symptoms•disorganized/deluded vs toneless/expressionless•inappropriate emotions vs silence/catatonia
Chronic vs Acute Schizophrenia• slow development/history of social inadequacy• rapid development/reaction to particular life stress
Chronic vs Acute Schizophrenia• slow development/history of social inadequacy• rapid development/reaction to particular life stress
(Richardson, 1999)
Causes of Schizophrenia• Biological causes
– dopamine hypothesis• schizophrenia occurs when there is excess activity in
those areas of the brain that use dopamine as a neurotransmitter
• Environmental perspectives– expressed emotion
• an interaction style characterized by criticism, hostility, and emotional intrusiveness by family members
(Feldman, 1999)
Bipolar DisorderBipolar Disorder
Signs of Bipolar Disorder Overtalkative Overactive Little Need for Sleep Elated Grandiose Optimism &
Self-Esteem
Mild B-D may result in creativityMild B-D may result in creativity
(Richardson, 1999)
Explaining Mood DisordersExplaining Mood Disorders
PsychoanalyticalCurrent feeling evokes
similar childhoodfeelings that turn inwardand produce depression
BiologicalDepression involves
genetic predispositionsand neurotransmitter
abnormalities
Social-CognitiveNegative thoughts influencebiochemical events creating
a cycle of depression
MoodMood
BrainBrainChemistryChemistry
CognitionCognition
(Richardson, 1999)
Cycle of Depression
22NegativeNegativeExplanatoryExplanatoryStyleStyle 33
DepressedDepressedMoodMood 44
Cognitive andCognitive andBehavioralBehavioralChangesChanges
11StressfulStressfulExperiencesExperiences
Causes of Mood Disorders
• Learned helplessness– a state in which people conclude that
unpleasant or aversive stimuli cannot be controlled
– a view of the world that becomes so ingrained that they cease trying to remedy the aversive circumstances, even if they actually can exert some influence
Disturbed Disturbed PerceptionsPerceptions
Patient experiences an altered worldPatient experiences an altered worldand perceives things that are not there.and perceives things that are not there.
Dreams breaking into waking consciousnessDreams breaking into waking consciousness(Richardson, 1999)
Understanding SchizophreniaBrain Abnormalities
Excessive dopamine (+ symptoms) Abnormal brain tissue Low activity in frontal lobes
Genetic Predisposition Odds are…
1:100 for general population1:10 if sibling or parent has it1:2 if identical twin has it
Psychological Factors(Richardson, 1999)
Personality Disorders
• Personality disorder– a mental disorder characterized by a set of
inflexible, maladaptive personality traits that keep a person from functioning properly in society
Personality Disorders
• Antisocial or sociopathic personality disorder
• a disorder in which individuals tend to display no regard for the moral and ethical rules of society or the rights of others
• Borderline personality disorder• a disorder in which individuals have difficulty in
developing a secure sense of who they are
Personality Disorders• Antisocial or sociopathic personality
disorder• no regard for the moral and ethical rules of society or
the rights of others
• Borderline personality disorder• difficulty in developing a secure sense of who they
are
• Narcissistic personality disorder• exaggerated sense of self-importance
References
• Feldman, M. (1999). McGraw Hill Company. Retrieved May 2002 from World Wide Web at: http://www.mcgrawhill.com.
• Kohn, A. J. & Kohn, W. (1998). The Integrator 2.0. CD-Rom. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.
• Richardson, K. (1999). Retrieved May 2002 from the World Wide Web at:
http://www.monmouth.edu.