147
1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16

1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders Defining Psychological Disorders Understanding

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

1

Psychological Disorders

Chapter 16

Page 2: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

2

Psychological Disorders

Perspectives on Psychological Disorders Defining Psychological Disorders

Understanding Psychological Disorders

Classifying Psychological Disorders

Labeling Psychological Disorders

Page 3: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

3

Psychological Disorders

Anxiety Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder

and Panic Disorder

Phobias

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders

Anxiety Disorder Explanation

Page 4: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

4

Psychological Disorders

Mood Disorders Major Depressive Disorders

Bipolar Disorder

Mood Disorder Explanation

Schizophrenia Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Subtypes of Schizophrenia

Page 5: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

5

Psychological DisordersSchizophrenia Understanding

Schizophrenia

Personality Disorders

Somatoform Disorders

Developmental Disorders- ADHD

Page 6: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

6

Do Now: 1) What does “abnormal psychology” mean?Not normal- what is considered normal by society? Average or moremind and behavior

2) Think of any disorders that you would classify under “abnormal psychology?”

Fetishes, bipolar, schizophrenia, PTSD, Autism, OCD

Page 7: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

AIM: How can we define abnormal psychology?

Page 8: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

8

Psychological Disorders

To study the abnormal is the best way of understanding the normal.

1. There are 450 million people suffering from psychological disorders (WHO, 2004).

2. Depression and schizophrenia exist in all cultures of the world.

William James (1842-1910)

Page 9: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

10

Defining Psychological Disorders

Criteria for psychological disorder• Deviant: atypical- not shared by the majority of others in population

• Distressful: persistently harmful thought, feelings, and actions

• Dysfunctional: maladaptive -harmful to self or others

unjustifiable-doesn’t make sense to average person

When behavior is deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional psychiatrists and

psychologists label it as disordered (Comer, 2004).

Page 10: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

11

What does it feel like to have a psychological disorder?

Page 11: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

12

Psychological Disorders

I felt the need to clean my room … spent four to five hours at it … At the time I loved it but then

didn't want to do it any more, but could not stop … The clothes hung … two fingers apart …I touched my bedroom wall before leaving the house … I had

constant anxiety … I thought I might be nuts.

Marc, diagnosed withobsessive-compulsive disorder

(from Summers, 1996)

Page 12: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

Deviant behavior?

Page 13: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

15

How do psychological disorders differ from insanity?

Insanity is a legal definition that person should not be held accountable for crimes due to

psychological disorder

Page 14: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

16

Understanding Psychological Disorders

Ancient Treatments of psychological disorders include trephination, exorcism, being caged

like animals, being beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, or transfused with animal’s blood.

Trephination (boring holes in the skull to remove evil forces)

John W. V

erano

Page 15: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

17

Medical Perspective

Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) from France, insisted that madness was not due to demonic

possession, but an ailment of the mind.

Dance in the madhouse.

George W

esley Bellow

s, Dancer in a M

adhouse, 1907. © 1997 T

he Art Institute of C

hicago

Page 16: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

18

Medical ModelWhen physicians discovered that syphilis led to

mental disorders, they started using medical models to review the physical causes of these disorders.

1. Etiology: Cause and development of the disorder.

2. Diagnosis: Identifying (symptoms) and distinguishing one disease from another.

3. Treatment: Treating a disorder in a psychiatric hospital.

4. Prognosis: Forecast about the disorder.

Page 17: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

19

Biopsychosocial Perspective

Assumes that biological, socio-cultural, and psychological factors combine and interact

to produce psychological disorders.

Page 18: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

20

Classifying Psychological Disorders

The American Psychiatric Association (APA) rendered a Diagnostic and Statistical

Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to describe psychological disorders.

The most recent edition, DSM-V-TR (2011), describes 400 psychological

disorders compared to 60 in the 1950s. Why?

TechnologyGlobalizationResearchDiagnoses

Page 19: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

22

Multiaxial Classification

Are Psychosocial or Environmental Problems (school or housing issues) also present?

Axis IV

What is the Global Assessment of the person’s functioning?Axis V

Is a General Medical Condition (diabetes, hypertension or arthritis etc) also present?

Axis III

Is a Personality Disorder or Mental Retardation present?

Axis II

Is a Clinical Syndrome (cognitive, anxiety, mood disorders [16 syndromes]) present?

Axis I

Page 20: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

25

Goals of DSM

1. Describe (400) disorders.2. Determine how prevalent the

disorder is.

Disorders outlined by DSM-V are reliable.

Therefore, diagnoses by different professionals are similar.

Page 21: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

26

Labeling Psychological Disorders

1. Critics of the DSM-V argue that labels may stigmatize individuals.

Asylum baseball team (labeling)

Elizabeth E

ckert, Middletow

n, NY

. From

L. G

amw

ell and N

. Tom

es, Madness in A

merica, 1995. C

ornell University P

ress.

Page 22: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

27

Labeling Psychological Disorders

Labels may be helpful for healthcare professionals when communicating prognoses and establishing therapy.

Page 23: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

28

Labeling Psychological Disorders

2. “Insanity” labels raise moral and ethical questions

Theodore Kaczynski(Unabomber)

Elaine T

hompson/ A

P Photo

Page 24: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

29

Psychological well-being defined by Carol Ryff: 6 core dimensions• self-acceptance- acknowledges good and bad qualities

• positive relations with others

• autonomy-independent and self-controlled

• environmental mastery- make use of given opportunities

• purpose in life-believes life has meaning and one has goals and a sense to get there

• personal growth healthy people see themselves as growing and expanding

Page 25: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

Summary

1) What 3 criteria must be met for an individual to be classified as psychologically disordered?

2) Deviant (Atypical) Distressful, DysfunctionalBriefly contrast the medical model and biopsychosocial approach to

psychological disorders. Medical: treats psych. Disorder as a diseaseBiopsychosocial Approach: more holistic approach, takes into account environment, biology and psychology

3) Describe the potential dangers/benefits of using the DSM-V.- Focuses too much on symptoms, 1-dimensional, labels stigmatize

Page 26: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

• Tom, 27-year-old war veteran

• Complains of dizziness, sweating palms, heart palpitations, ringing in his ears… He feels edgy and sometimes finds himself shaking

31

Page 27: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

AIM: What’s wrong with Tom?

32

Page 28: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

Homework for Thursday: Read pages 649-655

• In a paragraph, compare and contrast the learning versus the biological perspective on anxiety disorder

33

Page 29: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

34

Anxiety Disorders

Feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety.

1. Generalized anxiety disorders

2. Phobias3. Panic disorders4. Obsessive-compulsive

disorders5. Post-traumatic Stress

Disorder (PTSD)

Page 30: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

35

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

1. Persistent and uncontrollable tenseness and apprehension.

2. Autonomic arousal.

3. Inability to identify or avoid the cause of certain feelings.

Symptoms

Page 31: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

36

Panic Disorder

Minute-long episodes (panic attack) of intense dread which may include chest pains,

choking, or other frightening sensations.

Anxiety in panic disorder can cause people to avoid social situations

Symptoms

Page 32: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

37

http://www.viddler.com/explore/promovideos1/videos/8/

• Oprah

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=277Q8dsArhI

http://www.thelindenmethod.co.uk/articles/celebrities/

Page 33: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

38

Phobia

Marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that disrupts behavior.

Page 34: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

39

Kinds of Phobias

Phobia of blood.Hemophobia

Phobia of closed spaces.

Claustrophobia

Phobia of heights.Acrophobia

Phobia of open places.

Agoraphobia

Page 35: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

40

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d7ucqimdau8

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=44DCWslbsNM

Page 36: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

41

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Persistence of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless

rituals (compulsions) that cause distress.

Page 37: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

42

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)= Four or more weeks of the following

symptoms

1. Haunting memories2. Nightmares

3. Social withdrawal4. Jumpy anxiety5. Sleep problems

Bettm

ann/ Corbis

Page 38: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

43

Resilience to PTSD

Only about 10% of women and 20% of men react to traumatic situations and develop PTSD.

Holocaust survivors show remarkable resilience against traumatic situations.

Page 39: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

44

Explaining Anxiety Disorders: Psychodynamic

PerspectiveFreud suggested that we repress our

painful and intolerable ideas, feelings, and thoughts, resulting in anxiety.

Page 40: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

45

The Learning Perspective

Learning theorists suggest that fear conditioning leads to anxiety.

Anxiety can become associated with other objects or events (stimulus generalization) and is reinforced through avoidance

John Coletti/ Stock, B

oston

Page 41: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

46

The Learning Perspective

Observational learning. Young monkeys develop fear when they watch other monkeys who are afraid of snakes.

Page 42: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

47

The Biological Perspective

Natural Selection has led our ancestors to learn to fear snakes, spiders, and other animals. Therefore, fear preserves the

species.

Twin studies suggest that our genes may be partly responsible for developing fears

and anxiety.

Page 43: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

48

The Biological Perspective

Generalized anxiety, panic attacks, and

even OCD are linked with brain circuits like the

anterior cingulate cortex.

Anterior Cingulate Cortexof an OCD patient.

S. U

rsu, V.A

. Stenger, M

.K. S

hear, M.R

. Jones, & C

.S. Carter (2003). O

veractive action m

onitoring in obsessive-compulsive disorder. P

sychological Science, 14, 347-353.

Page 44: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

49

A PET scan of the brain of a person with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). High

metabolic activity (red) in the frontal

lobe areas are involved with

directing attention.

Brain Imaging

Brain image of an OCD

Page 45: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

Patient: Tina

• Complains of bouts of amnesia…feels disoriented at times…confused…

Page 46: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

AIM: What’s wrong with Tina?

51

Page 47: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

52

Dissociative Disorder

Conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories,

thoughts, and feelings.

Symptoms

1. Having a sense of being unreal.2. Being separated from the body.3. Watching yourself as if in a movie.

Page 48: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

53

Dissociative Amnesia- loss of memory of a traumatic event or for a period of time

Dissociative fugue- personal memory loss- lose past identity, often find themselves in a new place

Psychogenic Amnesia: psychological

Organic Amnesia: biological or physical in nature

Page 49: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

How can we test for dissociative disorder?

Page 50: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

55

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

Is a disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities,

formerly called multiple personality disorder.

Chris Sizemore (DID)

Lois B

ernstein/ Gam

ma L

iason

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kLGluMf-cH8

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7iHJfIH20TY

Page 51: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

56

http://www.sho.com/site/video/brightcove/series/title.do?

bcpid=14033855001

United States of Tarahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4NpPd1iTvRAhttp://www.trailerspy.com/trailer/1730/The-United-States-of-Tara-Promo-Trailer

Page 52: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

57

DID Critics

Critics argue that the diagnosis of DID increased in the late 20th

century.

Critics’ Arguments

1. Role-playing by people open to a therapist’s suggestion.

2. Learned response that reinforces reductions in anxiety.

Page 53: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

58

Mood Disorders

Emotional extremes of mood disorders come in two principal forms.

1. Major depressive disorder-unipolar, “common cold”

2. Bipolar disorder- highs and lows

Page 54: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

59

Major Depressive Disorder

In a year, 5.8% of men and 9.5% of women report depression worldwide

(WHO, 2002).

Chronic shortness of breath

Gasping for air after a hard run

Major Depressive Disorder

Blue mood

Page 55: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

60

Major Depressive Disorder

-Signs of depression last at least two weeks -not caused by drugs or medical conditions.

1. Lethargy and fatigue2. Change in sleeping patterns3. Feelings of worthlessness4. Loss of interest in family &

friends5. Loss of interest in activities

Signs:

Page 56: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

61

Dysthymic Disorder

Daily depression lasting two years or more.

Major DepressiveDisorder

Blue Mood

DysthymicDisorder

Page 57: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

62

Seasonal Affective Disorder

Calendar linked pattern of depression

15 % of all depression cases

Page 58: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

63

Bipolar Disorder

Formerly called manic-depressive disorder. An alternation between depression and

mania signals bipolar disorder.

Multiple ideas

Hyperactive

Desire for action

Euphoria

Elation

Manic Symptoms

Slowness of thought

Tired

Inability to make decisions

Withdrawn

Gloomy

Depressive Symptoms

Page 59: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

64

http://www.learner.org/resources/series150.html?pop=yes&pid=1638#

Page 60: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

65

Bipolar Disorder

Many great writers, poets, and composers suffered from bipolar disorder. Creativity surges during the manic phase

Bettm

ann/ Corbis

George C

. Beresford/ H

ulton Getty Pictures L

ibrary

The G

ranger Collection

Earl T

heissen/ Hulton G

etty Pictures L

ibrary

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQVQOW1c0DQ

Page 61: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

66

Explaining Mood Disorders

A theory of depression should explain the following:

1. Behavioral and cognitive changes

2. Common causes of depression

Page 62: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

67

Theory of Depression

3. Gender differences

Page 63: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

68

Theory of Depression

4. Depressive episodes self-terminate.

5. Depression is increasing, especially in the teens.

Post-partum depression

Desiree N

avarro/ Getty Im

ages

Page 64: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

69

True or False

• Lithuanians are 15 times more likely to commit suicide than Portuguese

• Black Americans are nearly 1.5 times as likely as white Americans to kill themselves

• Men are much more likely than women to attempt suicide• The suicide rate is highest among American teenagers• Men are two to four times more likely to die from suicide

than woman• Suicide rates are highest among religious, poor populations• People who suffer from depression have a higher

likelihood of commiting suicide, and their risk is greatest at the depths of a depressive episode

Page 65: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

70

Suicide

Each year some 1 million people commit suicide worldwide.

1. National differences

2. Racial differences3. Gender

differences4. Age differences5. Other differences

Suicide Statistics

Page 66: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

71

Do Now: 1. At one time, disordered people were simply warehoused in asylums. These have been replaced with psychiatric hospitals in which attempts were made to diagnose and cure those with psychological disorders. This best illustrates one of the beneficial consequences of: a. psychoanalytic theory.b. the DSM-IV.c. the medical model.d. linkage analysis.

2. People around the world may experience the same genetically based disorder quite differently depending on their own personal expectations and the definitions of abnormality common to their unique culture. This best illustrates the need for: a. association studies.b. the medical model.c. linkage analysis.d. a biopsychosocial approach.

3. Lenore is unexplainably and continually tense and is plagued by muscle tension, sleeplessness, and an inability to concentrate. Lenore most likely suffers from a(n): a. phobia.b. dysthymic disorder.c. obsessive-compulsive disorder.d. generalized anxiety disorder.5. The avoidance of situations in which help may not be available when panic strikes is most characteristic of: a. obsessive-compulsive disorder.b. dysthymic disorder.c. a manic episode.d. agoraphobia.

Page 67: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

72

AIM: How can we explain psychological disorders?

Page 68: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

73

Perspectives on causes of mental illness

• Psychoanalytical

• Behaviorist

• Cognitive

• Humanistic

• Sociocultural

• Biomedical

Page 69: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

74

Psychoanalytical

Internal unconscious conflict due to traumatic events in psychosocial stage

Example: OCD due to anal fixation

Page 70: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

75

Behaviorist

Learned history of reinforcement

Page 71: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

76

Cognitive

Psychologial disorders emerge as a maladaptive way of thinking

Page 72: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

77

Humanistic

Being out of touch with one’s feelings

Psychological illness is due to social ills or cultural norms

Social Cultural

Page 73: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

78

Biological Perspective

Genetic Influences: Mood disorders run in families. The rate of depression is

higher in identical (50%) than fraternal twins (20%).

Linkage analysis and association studies link

possible genes and dispositions for

depression.

Jerry Irwin Photography

Page 74: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

79

Neurotransmitters & Depression

Post-synapticNeuron

Pre-synapticNeuron

Norepinephrine Serotonin

A reduction of norepinephrine

and serotonin has been found in depression.

Drugs that alleviate mania

reduce norepinephrine.

Page 75: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

80

The Depressed Brain

PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with manic

and depressive episodes.

Courtesy of L

ewis B

axter an Michael E

. P

helps, UC

LA

School of M

edicine

Page 76: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

81

Biological

Psychological illnesses are the result of genetics or biochemical imbalances.

Page 77: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

March 22, 2011Do Now:

• Identify three biological explanations for mood disorders (bipolar and MDD- major depressive disorder)

• 1)Genetics• 2) Neurotransmitters- serotonin and

norepinpehrine Hormones- blood, slow response system

Neurotransmitters- neural synapses, fast response system

3) Glucose levels in regions of the brain

Page 78: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

83

Perspectives Review

Relate each scenario to a psychological perspective.

1) Depression results from unreasonably negative ideas that people have about themselves, their worlds, or their futures

2) Twin studies have elucidated the causes of schizophrenia

3) Western cultures have a higher frequency of dissociative identity disorder relative to Eastern cultures

4) Phobic patients avoid or escape a feared situation to reduce anxiety, and thus reinforce phobic behaviors.

5) Negative self-esteem and feelings of worthlessness have been associated with MDD

Page 79: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

85

Social-Cognitive Perspective

The social-cognitive perspective suggests that depression arises partly from self-

defeating beliefs and negative explanatory styles.

Page 80: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

86

Depression Cycle

1. Negative stressful events.

2. Pessimistic explanatory style.

3. Hopeless depressed state.

4. These hamper the way the individual thinks and acts, fueling personal rejection.

Page 81: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

87

Social Cognitive TheoryDepression is due to a pessimistic

explanatory Style consisting of 3 parts:• S table• G lobal• I nternal

Page 82: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

88

Example

Explanatory style plays a major role in becoming depressed.

Page 83: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

89

A) How would you interpret this tragedy using a stable, global, and internal perspective?Stable: I’m never going to pass the class, grade will haunt you foreverGlobal: this affects everything in my high school careerInternal: I’m not smart enough

Page 84: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

90

Social Cognitive Perspective

Aaron Beck has proposed the cognitive triad: depression results from negative ideas people have about themselves, their world, and their futures

TRIAD: self, world, future

Correlation between learned helplessness and depression

Page 85: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

91

Social-Cognitive PerspectiveMartin Seligman argues depression is common

among Westerners due to individualism.

Learned helplessness can fuel depression.

Page 86: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

Anxiety Disorders

• OCD

• PTSD (post traumatic stress disorder)

• Phobias

• Panic Disorder

• Generalized Anxiety Disorder

92

Page 87: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

Dissociative Disorder

• Multiple Personality/ Dissociative Identity Disorder

93

Page 88: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

Mood Disorders

• MDD (depression)- Unipolar

• Bipolar

• Dysthmic Disorder

• Seasonal Affective Disorder

94

Page 89: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

95

Cognitive Errors of Depressed People

Overgeneralization

Selective Abstraction

Personalization

Magnification and Minimization

Arbitrary Influence

Dichotomous Thinking

Page 90: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

96

Depression and Memory

Memories are mood congruent. We tend to recall experiences that

are consistent with our current mood

Page 91: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

97

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ICfCiZc0Oqg

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f4R6jln_eZg&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aS_d0Ayjw4o

Page 92: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

Patient John Nash

• Very intelligent

• Mid 20’s

• Becomes socially withdrawn

• Claims the FBI is employing his a wartime code breaker

Page 93: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

AIM:

Page 94: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

Imagine you are a psychologist investigating John Nash’s case. What

would you do to determine his diagnosis?

Page 95: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

101

Schizophrenia: The Facts

•Affects about .8% of Americans are afflicted •Throughout the world over 24 million people suffer from this disease• Strikes most commonly in early twenties•Affects men and women equally

• “split mind”

Page 96: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

102

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

A group of disorders characterized by the following:

1. Disorganized and delusional thinking.

2. Disturbed perceptions. 3. Inappropriate emotions

and actions.

Page 97: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

103

Other forms of delusions include, delusions of persecution (“someone is following me”) or grandeur (“I am a

king”).

Disorganized & Delusional Thinking

This morning when I was at Hillside [Hospital], I was making a movie. I was surrounded by movie stars … I’m Mary Poppins. Is this room painted blue to get me upset? My grandmother died four weeks after my eighteenth birthday.”

(Sheehan, 1982)

Delusions- bizarre thinking with distorted beliefs despite contrary evidence

Page 98: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

104

Disorganized & Delusional Thinking

Fragmented and bizarre thoughts are due to selective attention failure

Page 99: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

105

Disturbed Perceptions

A schizophrenic may experience hallucinations. Frequent: auditory Less frequent: visual, somatosensory, olfactory

L. B

erthold, Untitled. T

he Prinzhorn Collection, U

niversity of Heidelberg

August N

atter, Witches H

ead. The Prinzhorn C

ollection, University of H

eidelberg

Photos of paintings by K

rannert Museum

, University of Illinois at U

rbana-Cham

paign

Page 100: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

106

Inappropriate Emotions & Actions

• Apathy showing no emotion at all•Inappropriate Emotions•Inappropriate Actions•Catatonia remaining motionless for long periods of time

Page 101: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

107

Subtypes of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a cluster of disorders.

Page 102: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

108

Positive and Negative Symptoms

Positive symptoms inappropriate symptoms (hallucinations, disorganized

thinking) not present in normal individuals

Negative symptoms absence of appropriate symptoms (apathy,

expressionless faces)

Page 103: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

109

Chronic and Acute Schizophrenia

When schizophrenia is slow to develop (chronic/process) recovery is doubtful.

(usually negative symptoms)

When schizophrenia rapidly develops (acute/reactive) recovery is better.

(positive symptoms)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=moP_e-gx5hk

Page 104: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

110

Schizophrenic PatientsWhich subtype of schizophrenia is most closely

associated with the following?1) Flat affect2) Hallucinations3) Negative Symptoms4) Many, and varied symptoms

How does schizophrenia vary from dissociative identity disorder?

Page 105: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

111

AIM: What are the causes of schizophrenia?

Page 106: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

112

Understanding Schizophrenia

Dopamine Overactivity: Researchers found that paranoid schizophrenic patients express higher levels of

dopamine D4 receptors in the brain.

Antipsychotic drugs work by blocking dopamine receptors

Brain Abnormalities

Page 107: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

113

Brain Abnormalities

Negative symptoms- (catatonic) are associated with an deficit in glutamate, a neurotransmitter

Page 108: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

114

Abnormal Brain ActivityBrain scans show abnormal activity in the frontal cortexthalamusamygdala – fear paranoidof schizophrenic patients. Abnormal activity = a decrease

in function and out-of-sync firing

Paul T

hompson and A

rthur W. T

oga, UC

LA

Laboratory of N

euro Im

aging and Judith L. R

apport, National Institute of M

ental Health

Adolescent schizophrenic patients also have brain lesions.

Page 109: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

115

Abnormal Brain Morphology

Schizophrenia patients may exhibit enlargement of fluid-filled ventricles.

Both Photos: C

ourtesy of Daniel R

. Weinberger, M

.D., N

IH-N

IMH

/ NSC

Page 110: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

116

Viral Infection

Increased rates of schizophrenia in individuals whose mothers contracted a

viral infection (flu) during their fetal development.

Page 111: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

117

Genetic Factors

The likelihood of an individual suffering from schizophrenia is 40-50% if their identical twin has the disease (Gottesman, 1991).

0 10 20 30 40 50Identical

Both parents

Fraternal

One parent

Sibling

Nephew or niece

Unrelated

Page 112: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

119

Psychological Factors

Psychological and environmental factors can trigger schizophrenia if the individual

is genetically predisposed

Genain Sisters

These genetically identicalsisters all

suffer from schizophreni

a.

Courtesy of G

enain Fam

ily

Page 113: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

120

Warning Signs

Early warning signs of schizophrenia include:

Birth complications, oxygen deprivation and low-birth weight.

2.

Short attention span and poor muscle coordination.

3.

Poor peer relations and solo play.6.

Emotional unpredictability.5.

Disruptive and withdrawn behavior.4.

A mother’s long lasting schizophrenia.1.

Page 114: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

121

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eqr_XkhBaXc

Page 115: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

122

Do Now: How would you characterize a personality disorder?

OUTLINE: pg 680-682, not included

Page 116: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

123

AIM: What are the different personality disorders?

Page 117: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

124

Personality Disorders

Maladaptive ways of behaving

that negatively affect a person’s

ability to function

Three clusters in the DSM IV

Page 118: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

125

Categories of Personality DisordersA) Eccentric (Odd)

B) Anxiety (Avoidant)

C) Dramatic (Erratic)

Page 119: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

126

A. Odd-Eccentric

1) Paranoid Personality Disorder

fear persecution, distrustful, and suspicious

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7YvAYIJSSZY

Page 120: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

127

A. Odd-Eccentric

2. Schizoid Personality Disorder: detachment from relationships with restricted range of emotions

Page 121: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

128

A. Odd-Eccentric3. Schizotypal Personality Disorder

a. Unusual perceptions

b. Strange thoughts and behaviors

c. Odd nonverbal behavior

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7YvAYIJSSZY

Page 122: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

129

B. Avoidant Disorders (High Anxiety)

1. Avoidant Personality Disorder

a. avoid social interactions for fear of being ridiculed or disliked

b. extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation

2. Dependent Personality Disorder

rely too much on the help/ approval of others

3. Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

Page 123: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

130

C. Dramatic-Erratic Disorders1. Narcissistic Personality

Disordera. self-preoccupiedb. grandoise self-importancec. feeling of entitlementd. lack of insight into other’s feelingse. rely on weak friends for self-worth

Page 124: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

131

C. Dramatic-Erratic

2. Histrionic- overly dramatic, need for attention

3. Borderline Personality- unstable emotions and relationships, often suicidal

Page 125: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

132

4. Antisocial Personality Disorder

A disorder in which the person (usually men) exhibits a lack of conscience for

wrongdoing,

Also known as a sociopath or psychopath.

Page 126: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

133

Causes of Antisocial Personality Disorder

Reduced activity in the frontal lobes.

Normal Murderer

\Reduced Arousal in response to stress

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N-X_GFOKtDM

Page 127: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

134

Understanding Antisocial Personality Disorder

The likelihood that one will commit a crime doubles when childhood poverty is compounded with

obstetrical complications (Raine et al., 1999; 2000).

Page 128: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

135

Do Now:

1) What are the three types of personality disorders?

Odd/Eccentric= paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

Anxiety/Avoidant= avoidant, dependent

Dramatic/Erratic= narcissistic, histrionic, borderline, antisocial

Page 129: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

Do Now:Jennifer has been studying for the MCAT’s, the

medical school admissions test, for the last 4 months. The daughter of two prestigious cardiologists, she has been under a tremendous amount of pressure to excel on the exam and gain admissions into a top medical school. The day of the MCATS, however, Jennifer wakes up with a strange tingling sensation in her upper body. To her horror, she discovers she can not move her arms and therefore is unable to take the exam.

Page 130: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

• AIM: What’s wrong with Jennifer?

Page 131: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

138

Somatoform Disorders:patients experience disease symptoms with no identifiable physical cause

psychological disorder, physical symptoms

Page 132: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

139

Somatoform Disorders

1. Somatization Disorder- experience pain, neurological, dizziness, nausea and gastrointestinal problems

2. Hypochondriasis- preoccupation with a fear of serious diseasehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V-Jr7ewKHY4

Page 133: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

140

Somatoform Disorders

3. Conversion Disorder: a. symptoms that affect voluntary motor functioning or sensory functioning b. in response to anxiety

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iAuc2xAM7-8&feature=related

Page 134: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

141

Somatoform Disorders

4. Body Dysmorphic Disorder

affected person is excessively preoccupied by a perceived defect in his or her physical features

Page 135: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

142

Causes of Somatoform Disorders

Psychodynamic perspective- outward manifestation of unresolved unconscious conflicts

Behaviorist explanation- reinforcement for behavior- attention, work avoidance

Page 136: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

143

Childhood DisordersTwo Categories:

1) Internalizing- behavior is withdrawn and anxious

Example: Separation Anxiety Disorder

2) Externalizing

(4-10%) behavior is aversive to people in the child’s environment

Example: ADHD

Page 137: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

144

Rates of Psychological Disorders

Page 138: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

145

Rates of Psychological Disorders

The prevalence of psychological disorders during the previous year is shown below

(WHO, 2004).

Page 139: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

Developmental Disorders

• 1) Attention-Deficit Hyperactive Disorders

• 2) Autism

• 3) Alzheimer’s

Page 140: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

Do Now:

Patient #2: JustinPoor grades in schoolDifficulty concentrating

Page 141: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

148

Developmental DisordersAttention-Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD)

1) Inattention2) Hyperactivity3) Impulsivity

ADHD is treated with central nervous system stimulants, such as Adderal and ritalin.

Page 142: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

149

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJHT5XROrBA

Page 143: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

ADHD

1) What are the symptoms of the disorder?

2) What is the treatment for ADHD?

3) Do you think ADHD is being overdiagnosed? Why or why not?

Page 144: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

151

Autism

• Social Isolation

• Inappropriate Emotional Expression

• Movement Disturbances

• Poor Speech Development

• Resistant to change in routine

• Abnormal responses to stimuli

Page 145: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

Autism

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vXP_naoC_OQ

Page 146: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

153

Risk and Protective Factors

Risk and protective factors for mental disorders (WHO, 2004).

Page 147: 1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 16. 2 Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Defining Psychological Disorders  Understanding

154

Risk and Protective Factors