25. Functional strength: ability of the body to perform work

26. Gait: the way a person walks

27. High-Fowler's position: a bed-sitting position in which thehead of the bed is elevated 60 to 90 degrees

28. Hypertrophy: enlargement of a muscle or organ

29. Isokinetic (resistive) exercises: muscle contraction ortension against resistance

30. Isometric (static or setting) exercise: muscle contractionwithout moving the joint (muscle length does not change),which involves exerting pressure against a solid object.

31. Isotonic (dynamic) exercise: exercise in which muscletension is constant and the muscle shortens to produce musclecontraction and active movement

32. Lateral (side-lying) position: position in which a person lieson one side of the body

33. Line of gravity: an imaginary vertical line drawn through anobject's center of gravity

34. Logrolling: a technique used to turn a client whose body must atall times be kept in straight alignment

35. Lordosis: an exaggerated concavity in the lumbar region of thevertebral column

36. Low Fowler's position: a bed-sitting position in which thehead of the bed is elevated between 15 and 45 degrees, with orwithout knee flexion

37. Metabolism: the sum of all physical and chemical processes bywhich a living substance is formed and maintained and by whichenergy is made available for use by the organism

38. Mobility: ability to move about freely, easily, and purposefully inthe environment

39. Orthopneic position: a sitting position to relieve respiratorydifficulty in which the client sits either in bed or on the side of thebed, leaning over an overbed table across the lap; an adaptationof the high-Fowler's position

40. Orthostatic hypotension: decrease in blood pressure relatedto positional or postural changes from lying to sitting orstanding positions

41. Osteoporosis: demineralization of the bone

42. Pace: number of steps taken per minute or the distance taken inone step when walking

43. Paresis: slight or incomplete paralysis

44. Passive range-of-motion (ROM) exercise: exercise inwhich another person moves each of the client's joints throughtheir complete range of movement, maximally stretching allmuscle groups within each plane over each joint

45. Physical activity: bodily movement produced by skeletalmuscles that requires energy expenditure and producesprogressive health benefits

46. Prone position: position in which a client lies on his or herabdomen with the head turned to one side

1. Active range-of-motion exercises: Isotonic exercises inwhich the client independently moves each joint in the bodythrough its complete range of movement, maximally stretchingall muscle groups within each plane, over the joint

2. Activity-exercise pattern: refers to a person's pattern ofexercise, activity, leisure, and recreation

3. Activity tolerance: the type and amount of exercise or dailyactivities an individual is able to perform

4. Aerobic exercise: any activity during which the body takes inmore or an equal amount of oxygen than it expends

5. Ambulation: the act of walking

6. Anabolism: a process in which simple substances are convertedby the body's cells into more complex substances (e.g., buildingtissue, positive nitrogen balance)

7. Anaerobic exercise: involves activity in which the musclescannot draw out enough oxygen from the bloodstream; used inendurance training

8. Ankylosed: permanently immobile joints

9. Anorexia: loss of appetite

10. Atrophy: wasting away; decrease in size of organ or tissue (e.g.,muscle)

11. Base of support: the foundation on which an object rests

12. Bed rest: strict confinement to bed (complete bed rest), or theclient may be allowed to use a bedside commode or havebathroom privileges

13. Calculi: renal stones

14. Catabolism: a process in which complex substances are brokendown into simpler substances (e.g., breakdown of tissue)

15. Center of gravity: the point at which all of the mass (weight) ofan object is centered

16. Contracture: permanent shortening of a muscle

17. Crepitation: (1) a dry, crackling sound like that of crumpledcellophane, produced by air in the subcutaneous tissue or by airmoving through fluid in the alveoli of the lungs; (2) a crackling,grating sound produced by bone rubbing against bone

18. Dorsal recumbent (back-lying) position: a supine positionwith the head and shoulders slightly elevated

19. Dorsal (supine) position: a back-lying position without apillow

20. Embolus: a blood clot (or a substance such as air) that hasmoved from its place of origin and is causing obstruction tocirculation elsewhere (plural: emboli)

21. Exercise: a type of physical activity; a planned, structured, andrepetitive bodily movement done to improve or maintain one ormore components of physical fitness

22. Flaccid: weak or lax

23. Foot drop: plantar flexion contracture

24. Fowler's position: a semi-sitting position in which the head ofthe bed is raised to an angle between 45 and 60 degrees, typicallyat 45 degrees

Wk 6 Chapter 44 Activity and Exercise TermsStudy online at quizlet.com/_1evvya

47. Proprioception: awareness of posture, movement, and changes in equilibrium; knowledge of position, weight, and resistance of objectsin relation to body

48. Range of motion (ROM): the maximum degree of movement possible for each joint

49. Relaxation response: physiologic state achieved through deep relaxation breathing

50. Sims' (semiprone) position: side-lying position with lowermost arm behind the body and the upper arm at the shoulder and the elbow,with the client's legs flexed in front

51. Spastic: describing the sudden, prolonged involuntary muscle contractions of clients with damage to the central nervous system

52. Supine position: see Dorsal position

53. Thrombophlebitis: inflammation of a vein followed by formation of a blood clot

54. Thrombus: a solid mass of blood constituents in the circulatory system; a clot (plural: thrombi)

55. Tripod (triangle) position: the proper standing position with crutches; crutches are placed about 15 cm (6 in.) in front of the feet and outlaterally about 15 cm (6 in.), creating a wide base of support

56. Urinary incontinence: a temporary or permanent inability of the external sphincter muscles to control the flow of urine from the bladder

57. Urinary reflux: backward flow of urine

58. Urinary retention: the accumulation of urine in the bladder and inability of the bladder to empty itself

59. Urinary stasis: stagnation of urinary flow

60. Valsalva maneuver: forceful exhalation against a closed glottis, which increases intrathoracic pressure and thus interferes with venousblood return to the heart

61. Vital capacity: the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation