Introduction to Physiology, Homeostasis, and Body TemperatureV. Sutarmo Setiadji**VSS

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Human Physiology: the study of the function of the human body. At this time, this study not enough only at the organ and system level must be deep enough to cellular, subcellular, molecular and submolecular level.**VSS

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The key concept of the function of the body is to maintain the internal environment so that every cell in the body can fullfil its need and excretes its waste to maintain its life. Coordination of all organs and systems in the body. **VSS

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In our body, simple control usually not enough. It is need a feedback control. Positive feedback or negative feedback.**VSS

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Feedback control directly to the higher center or more higher center.

Or also feedback from the periphery.**VSS

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Homeostasis:A state of composition and condition of milieu interieur (internal environment) that are suitable for the life of each cell in the body that must be maintained in a very narrow variability to ensure the life of each cell in the body. For instance, every cell in the body uses oxygen for making ATP through oxidation reaction with CO2 as the waste product. So, O2 always tends to decrease and CO2 tend to increase. This condition is not suitable for the cell life. It must be corrected.**VSS

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To correct unsuitable condition almost all organs and systems coordinate to each other.For instance, respiratory system supply O2 and wash out CO2, circulatory system and theblood distribute O2 to all cells in the body and bring CO2 to the lung, kidneys excrete H+, nervous system coordinate all organs and systems to work together, etc.If the function of one or more organ or system is disturb, the homeostasis will disturb also. **VSS

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CO2O2Ancient sea water (milieu exterieur)Nutrients, mineralMonocellular organism**VSS

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*VSSClaude Bernard(Ahli Ilmu FaalPerancis, 1813-1878 )Yang termasuk milieu interieur (lingkungan hidup dalam) ialah cairan antarsel dan plasma, karena plasma juga meru-pakan lingkungan hidup sel-sel darah.*

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*VSSWalter Bradford CannonIstilah homeostasis ini mula-mula diguna-kan oleh Walter Bradford Cannon, seorang ahli ilmu faal Amerika (1871-1945)*

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*VSS*Negative feedback produce a stable condition.

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Body Temperature Regulation1. Balance between heat production and heat loss. a. Heat production metabolic rate of the body. Factors that ditermine the metabolic rate- basal metabolic rate of all cell- muscle activity/shivering- hormones activity (thyroxine, growth h)- sympathetic activity- activity of the cells themselves- specific dynamic action of the food (thermogenic effect)**VSS

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Heat lossFactors determine: - heat conduction by the subcutaneous tissue- heat conduction of the skin- blood flow from the core body to the skin- sympathetic factor (vasoconstriction/ vasodilatation)- basic physics of heat transfer- radiation- convection- conduction- evaporation- sweating & autonomic regulation- set point**VSS

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Temperature control center Preoptic area Posterior hypothalamic Behavioral control more higher center**VSS

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