Weed Management Plan

CRICOS No. 00213J

CRICOS No. 00213J

isr

Queensland University of Technology – Institute for Sustainable Resources Samford Ecological Research Facility Weed Management Plan September 2007

Institute for Sustainable Resources

CRICOS No. 00213J

CRICOS No. 00213J

Queensland University of Technology Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan

LIST OF ABREVIATIONS

DNRW Department of Natural Resources and Water

EMP Environmental Management Plan

ISR Institute for Sustainable Resources

NRS School of Natural Resources Sciences

PRSC Pine Rivers Shire Council

QUT Queensland University of Technology

SERF Samford Ecological Research Facility

WMP Weed Management Plan

WONS Weed of National Significance

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Queensland University of Technology Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 BACKGROUND 1

1.2 PURPOSE OF THIS PLAN 1

1.3 RELEVANT LEGISLATION 2

1.3.1 Declared Weeds 2

1.3.2 Environmental Weeds 2

1.3.3 National Weeds Strategy 3

1.4 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THIS PLAN AND OTHER SERF

MANAGEMENT DOCUMENTS

3

2 RECORDED WEED SPECIES 4

2.1 FINDINGS OF PREVIOUS STUDIES ON THE PROPERTY 4

2.2 RESULTS OF WEED SURVEY FOR THIS WMP 4

3 MANAGEMENT OF RECORDED WEED SPECIES 6

3.1 GENERAL WEED MANAGEMENT, HYGIENE AND MONITORING

MEASURES 6

3.2 SPECIFIC WEED MANAGEMENT, HYGIENE AND MONITORING

MEASURES (DECLARED AND ENVIRONMENTAL WEEDS) 7

3.2.1 Lantana (Lantana camara) 8

3.2.2 Mother of Millions (Bryophyllum spp.) 9

3.2.3 Climbing Asparagus (Asparagus africanus) 10

3.2.4 Asparagus Fern (Asparagus aethiopicus ‘Sprengeri’) 11

3.2.5 Cat’s Claw Creeper (Macfadyena unguis-cati) 12

3.2.6 Prickly Pear (Opuntia stricta) 13

3.2.7 Fireweed (Senecio madagascariensis) 14

3.2.8 Groundsel Bush (Baccharis halimifolia) 15

3.2.9 Camphor Laurel (Cinnamomum camphora) 16

3.2.10 Umbrella Tree (Schefflera actinophylla) 17

3.2.11 Easter Cassia ( Senna pendula var glabra) 18


MEASURES (UNDECLARED, NON-ENVIRONMENTAL WEEDS) 19

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TABLE OF CONTENTS cont. 3.3.1 Jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosifolia) 20

3.3.2 Mock Orange (Murraya paniculata) 21

3.3.3 Slash Pine (Pinus spp.) 22

3.3.4 Bush Lemon (Citrus x taitensis) 23

3.3.5 Umbrella Sedge (Cyperus involucratus) 24

4 PERFORMANCE INDICATORS 25

4.1 GENERAL WEED MANAGEMENT MEASURES PERFORMANCE

INDICATORS 25

4.2 SPECIFIC WEED MANAGEMENT MEASURES PERFORMANCE

INDICATORS 25

5 REPORTING PROCEDURES AND SCHEDULE 26

6 RESOURCES 27

APPENDIX 1 - Samford Valley Regional Ecosystems Classifications Map 31

APPENDIX 2 – Samford Valley Biodiversity Corridors Map 32

APPENDIX 3 – Weed Infestation Zones at SERF Aerial Photograph Overlay 33

APPENDIX 4 – Control Methods 34

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Queensland University of Technology Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND

The Samford Ecological Research Facility (SERF) is located in the Samford Valley,

approximately 2 kilometres south of Samford Village, just west of Ferny Hills in

Brisbane (27°23’22.211”S, 152°52’37.30”E). The property is 51 hectares, covering a

low ridge and gentle hill slopes. Its northern boundary is formed by Samford Creek,

the second largest drainage unit within the Samford valley.

The property is approximately 70% covered in vegetation from 5 communities falling

within two regional ecosystem classifications (Appendix 1). These are;

• Endangered Regional Ecosystem 12.3.1 – Gallery rainforest (notophyll vine

forest) on alluvial plains

• Of Concern Regional Ecosystem 12.12.12 – Dry sclerophyll forest.

The property is also recognised by PRSC as being an important northern component

of a biodiversity corridor extending from Camp Mountain just to the south (Appendix

2).

It is envisaged that this property will provide QUT with a site specific, fully controlled

research base for a range of natural science, engineering, built environment,

education and teaching and learning programs in areas pertaining to urban

development and ecosystem impacts and change, particularly over the long term.

1.2 PURPOSE OF THIS PLAN

This WMP has been prepared to guide the management of weeds at the SERF initially

in the short term with a view to long term flexibility in management as the plan reaches

its desired objectives.

This plan includes;

• The location, density, and ecological importance of each weed species

present.

• Weed control and eradication measures and monitoring activities to manage

weeds

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• Strategies to reduce the risk of spreading weeds already present on the

property

• Reporting procedures and schedule

The purpose of this WMP is also to assist QUT, its contractors and researchers in the

implementation of appropriate weed management measures, to prevent the spread of

weed species during use of the property.

1.3 RELEVANT LEGISLATION

The management measures contained within this WMP have been developed with

reference to Commonwealth, State and Local government weed management policies

and strategies, which are summarised below.

1.3.1 Declared Weeds

In Queensland, the control of weeds is regulated through the provisions of the Land

Protection (Pest and Stock Route Management) Act 2002. This Act is administered by

the DNRW and lists gazetted ‘declared’ weeds in Queensland that require control and

management. Control and management options for declared weeds in Queensland

are found online at

http://www.nrw.qld.gov.au/pests/weeds/declared_plants/index.html. The Queensland

Weed Strategy 2002-2006, produced by the DNRW outlines the overarching principles

of pest plant control within the state.

1.3.2 Environmental Weeds

Environmental weeds are introduced plants which establish themselves in natural

ecosystems and modify natural processes, usually resulting in a loss of native

biodiversity. Environmental weeds, while not necessarily declared species, are no less

important in terms of control. The Southeast Queensland Environmental Weed

Strategy outlines the priorities for control of environmental weeds in Southeast

Queensland.

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http://www.nrw.qld.gov.au/pests/weeds/declared_plants/index.html

Queensland University of Technology Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan An off-label permit has been approved by the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary

Medicines Authority for the control of environmental weeds which are not listed under

their species names on herbicide registration and for which control options are not

listed by the DNRW.

A number of environmental weed species have been found at SERF and their control

options are listed in section 3.

1.3.3 National Weeds Strategy

At the national level, broad strategies aimed at reducing the impact of WONS are

described in the National Weed Strategy: A Strategic Approach to Weed Problems of

National Significance, 1997. The strategy encourages the development of

complementary State, regional and local WMP’s.

1.4 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THIS PLAN AND OTHER SERF DOCUMENTS

An EMP was produced as part of an honours project in 2007. This plan sets out

overall expectations for the site in terms of vegetation management, cultural

amenities, preservation of water quality in Samford Creek and standard operating

procedures to achieve positive outcomes.

A fire management plan is currently being developed for SERF in accordance with

PRSC requirements. It is envisaged that elements of the fire management plan will be

closely tied in with requirements of this plan, particularly in regards to potential fire

breaks and fuel load reduction.

Future research proposals too will be required to take into account their impacts on

the efficacy of this plan and possible conflicts with legislation requiring the removal of

declared species. In other words, if the research requires non-removal of declared

weeds for example, necessary approvals and permits will need to be sought from the

relevant administrative body and government department.

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Queensland University of Technology Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan 2 RECORDED WEED SPECIES 2.1 FINDINGS OF PREVIOUS STUDIES ON THE PROPERTY

Very little has previously been done in terms of formal vegetation surveys at SERF. A

quarterly report from September 2007 compiled by a caretaker for the property lists a

number of weed species as a priority, including Lantana, Mother of Millions and

Groundsel Bush.

2.2 RESULTS OF WEED SURVEY FOR THIS WMP

Lantana is the dominant weed species at SERF. It is widespread and a map has been

produced dividing the property into zones which reflect a combination of the varying

densities of this species and also the vegetation structure (Figure 2.2.1, Appendix 3).

Legend

Property Boundary

Samford Ck Property Boundary

Vehicle Access Road

Drainage Course

“The Barracks”

Zone 1 - High Weed Density and/or Riparian

Zone 2 - Medium Weed Density

Zone 3 - Low Weed Density

Zone 4 - High Weed Density Swamp

This map can be used as a guide when undertaking control options outlined in this

WMP.

Figure 2.2.1 Aerial photograph of SERF overlayed to show zones of weed infestation relevant for the dominant weed species, Lantana camara in combination with vegetation structure.

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Queensland University of Technology Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan Coexisting with Lantana, the following declared and environmental weed species

requiring management have been found at SERF in varying densities and at various

locations on the property (Table 2.2.2).

Table 2.2.2 List of declared and environmental weeds at SERF, their class, density (relative to growth form) and location.

Species Common Name Declared class Density (scale 1-

5)

Location

Lantana camara

Lantana

3 and

environmental

1-5

Zones 1,2,3,4

Bryophyllum spp.

Mother of Millions

2 and

environmental

1-5

Zones 1,4

Asparagus africanus

Climbing

Asparagus

3

1-4

Zones 1,2,3

Asparagus aethiopicus

Asparagus Fern

3 and

environmental

1-3

Zones 1,2,3,4

Macfadyena unguis-cati

Cat’s Claw

Creeper

3 and

environmental

1-2

Zone 1

Opuntia stricta

Prickly Pear

2 and

environmental

1

Zones 1,2,3

Senecio

madagascariensis

Fireweed

2

1

Cleared areas

Baccharis halimifolia

Groundsel

2 and

environmental

1

Zones 1, 4

Cinnamomum

camphora

Camphor Laurel

3 and

environmental

1

Zones 1, 2

Schefflera

actinophylla

Umbrella Tree

environmental

1

Zone 2

Senna pendula

var. glabrata

Easter Cassia

environmental

1-2

Zones 3,4

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Queensland University of Technology Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan Further to this list, a number of important, as yet undeclared and non-environmental

weeds have also been found, usually in low numbers. These species have the

potential to become problem species on the property and are listed below (Table

2.2.3).

Table 2.2.3 Undeclared, non-environmental weeds with the potential to become problem species at SERF, the number present and their location.

Species Common Name No. of individuals Location

Jacaranda

mimosifolia

Jacaranda

4

Zone 4

Murraya paniculata

Mock Orange

3

Zone 3

Pinus spp.

Slash Pine

10-20

Zone 4

Citrus x taitensis

Bush Lemon

2

Zone 3

Cyperus

involucratus

Umbrella Sedge

>50

Zone 1

3 MANAGEMENT OF RECORDED WEED SPECIES 3.1 GENERAL WEED MANAGEMENT, HYGIENE AND MONITORING

MEASURES

The following control measures are applicable to all weed species listed in this WMP

and any future infestations by other species not currently present at SERF.

• Areas of known weed infestations will be shown as ‘Weed Risk’ areas on

SERF plans in order to minimise the risk of inadvertent access and spread of

weeds.

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• Access to ‘Weed Risk’ areas will be restricted to authorised personnel only.

• An induction program will be employed to educate all visitors to SERF on the

weeds species present and management measures.

• Vehicles and machinery will be inspected for the presence of weed

reproductive material prior to entering or exiting SERF and cleaned if

necessary.

• In areas where slashing of vegetation occurs, sowing of native grasses will

occur where possible and is deemed appropriate to out-compete weed

species.

• The SERF Environmental Officer or nominated delegate will undertake weed

eradication programs in accordance with this WMP in a manner that minimises

the impact on native species.

• The SERF Environmental Officer or nominated delegate will conduct quarterly

inspections of ‘Weed Risk’ and disturbed areas at SERF in order to monitor for

the presence of weeds. Where possible, inspections will be undertaken in the

weeks following rain thereby maximising the potential for weed species

observations.

• Specific training in weed identification and control measures will be undertaken

by relevant QUT staff.

• The SERF Environmental Officer or nominated delegate will review the

classification status of weed species, development of State and

Commonwealth weed management strategies and developments in weed

control techniques.


MEASURES (DECLARED AND ENVIRONMENTAL WEEDS)

Species-specific weed management measures for the eleven declared and

environmental weed species mentioned in this WMP are provided in the following sub-

sections.

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Queensland University of Technology Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan 3.2.1 Lantana camara (Lantana)

Lantana Lantana camara Description: Heavily branched shrub growing as compact clumps, dense thickets and as a scrambling and climbing vines. The stems are square with small, recurved prickles along the edges. The leaves are bright green above, paler beneath, mostly about 6 cm long, with round-toothed edges. Leaves grow opposite one another along the stem.

Flowers: Flowers appear throughout most of the year in clustered compact heads about 2.5 cm in diameter. Flower colours vary from pale cream to yellow, white, pink, orange, red, lilac and purple. Fruit: Glossy, round and purplish-black when ripe. Biology: Lantana forms impenetrable thickets, shading out and smothering native vegetation. It is also allelopathic, inhibiting the growth of nearby plants. It is spread through birds eating the fruit and depositing the seeds elsewhere in their excrement and by humans. Lantana also increases soil fertility in native bushland facilitating other exotic weeds. General Control Measures

• Implement management measures listed in Section 3.1 of this WMP Specific Control Measures (Appendix 4)

• Lantana is a Class 3 declared plant and a WONS. While it isn’t necessary by law to remove this plant, it is a medium priority at SERF due to its biological impact.

• Areas of light infestation will be controlled initially and work will move to medium and high density areas.

• 100% of plants in Zones 3 and 4 will be cut into small pieces to provide mulch and the roots removed by hand-pulling or alternatively, the base cut and painted with herbicide.

• As a small number of native birds (wrens and finches) utilise Lantana as a shelter and roost, 75-90% of plants in Zone 2 will be cut into small pieces to provide mulch and the roots removed by hand-pulling or alternatively, the base cut and painted with herbicide. The remaining 10-25% of plants will be left intact but will be subject to either the cut stump or the scrape and paint method. This will ensure some structure is left for the birds to utilise.

• In Zone 1, Lantana growth is extremely dense in some places. Large numbers of wrens are utilising these thickets for cover and roosting. 50-75% of plants in these areas will be cut into small pieces to provide mulch and the roots removed by hand-pulling or alternatively, the base cut and painted with herbicide. The remaining 25-50% of plants will be left intact but will be subject to either the cut stump-paint or the scrape-paint method. This will ensure some structure is left for the birds to utilise.

• In Zone 1, very few native saplings exist where Lantana is dense. A revegetation program will be implemented in these areas.

Herbicide: Glyphosate (360g/L) will be mixed at a rate of 1:100 for each of the methods above. A dye will be added to ensure full coverage of the area is achieved. Follow-up spot spraying will be undertaken between 6 and 8 weeks after treatment.

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3.2.2 Bryophyllum spp. (Mother of Millions)

Mother of Millions Bryophyllum spp. Description: Smooth, fleshy, succulent plant to one metre in height. It has grey-brown fleshy, tubular-like leaves with up to seven projections at the tip of each leaf. Small plantlets also occur along the entire margin of each leaf. The flowers are orange-red and occur in a cluster at the top of a single stem.

Flowers: Tubular flowers appear in winter on tall spikes in clustered compact heads. Flowers are generally reddish in colour. Fruit: Non-distinct seeds. Biology: Mother of Millions outcompetes native grasses and other small native plants and forms dense colonies. While seeds remain viable for a number of years, this plant’s main dispersal agent is through vegetative means via small plantlets (embryoids) on the leaf margins. This makes control difficult. This plant is able to withstand drought conditions but proliferates in damp conditions. General Control Measures


• Mother of Millions is a Class 2 declared plant. By law, landowners must take reasonable steps to remove this plant. It is a medium priority at SERF due to its biological impact.

• In both zones 1 and 4 where this weed occurs, both mechanical and chemical control measures will be implemented.

• For light infestations, plants can be hand pulled, taking care not to leave any vegetative material behind. Plants will be placed in plastic bags and dumped in council refuse that will be buried in landfill.

• At no time should these plants be mulched as mulching temperatures rarely reach a high enough point to fully prevent reproduction in this Genus.

• In areas of heavy infestation, spot spraying will occur, taking care to avoid damaging native species, while ensuring total coverage of target plant.

• Spraying will be undertaken as necessary at regular intervals, prior to flowering. • Revegetation with native grasses and forbs will be undertaken to aid control.

Herbicide: Fluroxypyr will be mixed at a rate of 600mL/100L for the method above. A dye and a surfactant will be added to ensure full coverage of the area is achieved. Follow-up spot spraying will be undertaken as necessary.

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Queensland University of Technology Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan 3.2.3 Asparagus africanus (Climbing Asparagus)

Climbing Asparagus Asparagus africanus Description: Scrambling vine growing in dense thickets and up to 10m in trees. The stems are round, up to 15mm diameter with persistent, recurved thorns along its length. The leaves are dark green cladodes at the growing tips and feathery when mature. Roots are fleshy, white-brown rhizomes forming a large, dense fibrous crown.

Flowers: Creamy white flowers appear in clusters during September and October. Fruit: Glossy, round and orange when ripe, appearing from October to December. Biology: Climbing Asparagus is a fast growing scrambler which quickly establishes, shading out and smothering native vegetation. This species relies on two methods of reproduction and dispersal. It is spread through birds eating the fruit and depositing the seeds elsewhere in their excrement. Each plant also produces vegetative rhizomes and a large underground crown. New shoots emerge from these underground structures during winter, making control of this species difficult. General Control Measures


• Climbing Asparagus is a Class 3 declared plant. While it isn’t necessary by law to remove this plant, it is a medium priority at SERF due to its biological impact.


• In Zone 3, where infestations are generally light and individual plants small to medium, manual removal will take place. Plants will be removed mechanically e.g. with a spade, ensuring all underground vegetative structures are removed. This will occur year round, with a heavier emphasis prior to flowering.

• Plants removed in this manner should be either hung upside down to allow desiccation of the root system or placed in plastic, removed from site and buried in council landfill. The latter is the preferred option.

• In Zones 1 and 2, infestations are heavier with a mix of juvenile plants and well-established large specimens. For juvenile plants the manual removal technique outlined above will be employed. Larger specimens will be controlled chemically.

• Basal bark spraying is the most effective chemical control option for Climbing Asparagus and is outlined below.

Herbicide: Fluroxypyr (200 g/L) will be mixed at a rate 35mL: 1L diesel. The whole circumference of each stem will be sprayed or painted with the herbicide solution from ground level to a height of 30 cm. The full circumference of every stem arising from the ground will be treated to ensure maximum efficiency*.

* This method is slow but effective. Some plants may take nearly a year to die but if treated correctly, no regrowth will occur as the crown will be dead.

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Queensland University of Technology Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan 3.2.4 Asparagus aethiopicus ‘Sprengeri’ (Asparagus Fern)

Asparagus Fern Asparagus aethiopicus ‘Sprengeri’ Description: Asparagus Fern or Ground asparagus is a multi-stemmed, bushy, prostrate, perennial shrub, which forms a thick mat of tuberous roots. Its leaves are flattened, needle-like cladodes numbering 2-5 per axil, approximately 15-25mm long and light green in colour. Mature plants have prickly scales along the stems.

Flowers: Clusters of small Creamy white flowers appear during August and September. Fruit: Glossy, globular, 5-8mm bright red berries when ripe, appearing from October to December. Biology: Asparagus Fern is a fast growing prostrate shrub which quickly establishes, shading out and out-competing native vegetation. This species relies mostly on birds for dispersal through ingestion of the fruit and depositing the seeds elsewhere in their excrement. Each plant also produces vegetative rhizomes and a large underground crown however this is generally for individual regeneration rather than reproduction. New shoots emerge from these underground structures during winter. General Control Measures


• Asparagus Fern is a Class 3 declared plant. While it isn’t necessary by law to remove this plant, it is a medium priority at SERF due to its biological impact.


• In all zones, infestations are generally light to medium and individual plants small to medium in size. As such chemical control will generally not be necessary for this species.

• Plants will be removed mechanically e.g. with a spade, ensuring all underground vegetative structures are removed. This will occur year round, with a heavier emphasis prior to flowering.

• Plants removed in this manner will be either, hung upside down to allow desiccation of the root system or placed in plastic, removed from site and buried in council landfill. The later is the preferred option if the plants are fruiting at the time of removal.

• If chemical control is to be employed for particularly large specimens that are difficult to remove or if physical removal is likely to impact water quality in nearby drainage systems, the cut stump-paint, gouge-paint and spray method will be employed and is outlined below.

Herbicide: Glyphosate (360g/L) will be mixed at a rate of 1:100 for the method above. A dye will be added to ensure full coverage of the area is achieved. Follow-up spot spraying will be undertaken between 6 and 8 weeks after treatment.

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Queensland University of Technology Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan 3.2.5 Macfadyen unguis-cati (Cat’s Claw Creeper)

Cat’s Claw Creeper Macfadyen unguis-cati Description: Cat’s claw creeper is a vigorous vine with large, bright yellow bell shaped flowers in spring. Its leaves are opposite and have two leaflets, with a three clawed tendril (the cat’s claw) growing between them. The vine bears very long, narrow and flat pods (30-45cm) containing many winged seeds. The plant has an extensive tuber system.

Flowers: Bright yellow, tubular flowers appear during September and October. Fruit: Long flat narrow seed pods to 45cm containing 100-200 small nondescript winged seeds appear during summer. Biology: Cat’s Claw Creeper is a fast growing scrambling vine which quickly establishes, shading out and out-competing native vegetation. It can completely cover large trees. This species utilises two methods for dispersal. The first of these is wind dispersal. The flat, winged seeds can travel long distances depending on wind strength. Each plant also produces large vegetative tubers at regular intervals (~50cm) from which new shoots emerge during winter and spring, particularly after rain. This tuber system makes control problematic. General Control Measures


• Cat’s Claw Creeper is a Class 3 declared plant. While it isn’t necessary by law to remove this plant, it is a high priority at SERF. This is because it is currently contained to one zone and in low densities but has a large potential biological impact should it expand its range to forest margins where there is increased light.

• This plant is currently restricted to the northern end of Zone 1 in the heavier forested areas near Samford Creek.

• Mechanical control cannot be employed for this species as the tuber system is brittle and must be removed entirely to be successful.

• Chemical controls will be undertaken as a matter of priority using the cut stump-paint method or gouge-paint methodwhereby all stems of each plant will be cut at ground level and the stumps painted with an approved herbicide as outlined below.

Herbicide: Glyphosate (360g/L) will be mixed at a rate of 80mL: 1L water and applied to the cut stumps within 15 seconds of cutting. A dye will be added to ensure full coverage of the area is achieved. Follow up spot spraying of Glyphosate (360g/L) mixed at a rate of 1:100 will be implemented between 6 and 8 weeks*.

*Due to the complexity and nature of this species’ tuber system, regeneration will occur at each tuber site after spraying until the entire system is dead. It will take up to 5 years to completely eliminate this species.

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Queensland University of Technology Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan 3.2.6 Opuntia stricta. (Prickly Pear)

Prickly Pear Opuntia stricta Description: A succulent shrub to 2 metres in height. The stems are hairless and bluish-green or dull green in colour. The stems are divided into obovate pads up to 30cm x 15cm and 1-2cm thick. The areoles have tufts of short and finely barbed bristles accompanied by one or two yellow spines 2-4 cm in length. Small scale-like leaves are found on areoles of immature pads.

Flowers: Lemon yellow flowers, 6-8cm wide, with green or pink markings appear October through to January. Fruit: Pear shaped fruit, 4-6cm long and reddish to purple follow flowering. The fruit contain large quantities of small, round yellowish seeds. Biology: Due to their succulent morphology and tough leathery skin, Prickly Pear is extremely drought tolerant and can withstand long periods of desiccation. This is an advantage for these plants in terms of asexual reproduction. The pads when broken off, readily set roots and grow into new plants but can last many months before doing so. These plants also rely on frugivorous birds and animals to disperse seeds. These two factors make Prickly Pear very successful weeds. General Control Measures


• Prickly Pear is a Class 2 declared plant. By law, landowners must take reasonable steps to remove this plant. It is a low to medium priority at SERF. This is because it is currently present in very low numbers as individual plants.

• Biological control agents e.g. Cactoblastis moths and cochineal insects, appear to be active at SERF.

• Regular monitoring of Prickly Pear will take place to ensure that biological control agents are limiting spread.

• If necessary mechanical control can be employed for this species however, care must be taken to ensure all parts of the plant are removed entirely.

• Should chemical controls become necessary, the method outlined below will be undertaken as a matter of priority.

Herbicide: Triclopyr mixed at a rate of 3L: 100L water will be applied to the whole plant taking care to avoid drift and spraying of native species. Follow-up spraying after 10 weeks may be necessary.

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Queensland University of Technology Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan 3.2.7 Senecio madagascariensis (Fireweed)

Fireweed Senecio madagascariensis Description: A daisy-like annual or perennial erect herb to 70cm. Extremely variable depending on environmental conditions. Leaves alternate and variable to 8cm long and 1.5cm wide. Distinguished by 19-21 involucral bracts around flowerhead in one row. 12-15 ray florets with strap-like parts to 1cm.

Flowers: Bright yellow radial flowers, 2cm wide appear as a loose cluster on inflorescences from autumn through to late spring. Fruit: Narrow 2.5mm long seeds with pappae to 6.5mm occur in ‘Santa Claus’ clusters in numbers of up to 100 seeds/flower head. Biology: This species is a fast growing annual/perennial herb with the ability to quickly colonise areas of disturbed pasture. Flowers and seeds are produced continuously throughout the growing season resulting in each plant being able to produce up to 100 000 seeds. These seeds are usually wind dispersed although animals can carry inadvertently carry them on their coats. Most seedlings appear from March through to June giving a limited time period for effective control. General Control Measures


• Fireweed is a Class 2 declared plant. By law, landowners must take reasonable steps to remove this plant. It is a high priority at SERF. This is because it is currently present in very low numbers in the cleared area close to the south-western boundary.

• From March through to June, fortnightly monitoring of open pasture areas for the presence of fireweed will occur.

• Plants located will be immediately removed by hand pulling*, and all parts of the plant placed in plastic and buried at a council landfill.

• Slashing of firebreaks or open areas where fireweed occurs will be delayed until any infestations are completely removed as slashing disturbs the ground providing opportunities for fireweed to establish.

• Chemical controls may become necessary in the future should a substantial infestation occur however, this is currently not the case.

* Fireweed as been known to cause skin irritation so it is essential that any person handling fireweed wear suitable protective clothing and equipment.

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Queensland University of Technology Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan 3.2.8 Baccharis halimifolia (Groundsel Bush)

Groundsel Bush Baccharis halimifolia Description: Erect perennial shrub or small tree to 2.5m high. Stems are multi-branched with small branches striate and hairless. Wedge-shaped, lobed leaves are up to 7 cm long and 4 cm wide on a stalk to 1.5 cm long and alternate. A dioecious species with male flowers pale yellow and female flowers white.

Flowers: Male – Small, yellow flowerheads borne in terminal panicles and appearing from mid to late March.

Female – Small, white flowerheads borne in terminal panicles and appearing from March to early April. Female flowers generally inconspicuous until fertilisation and the seed develops at which time the bush takes on a ‘fluffy’ appearance Fruit: Small achene, ribbed, hairless, to 1.7 mm long with hair-like bristles at apex, Biology: Groundsel Bush is rapid coloniser of disturbed habitats, particularly pasture areas, and is especially suited to moist gullies and wetlands. Seeds germinate all year round and each plant is fully mature within 2 years. Seeds are wind dispersed but can also be transported long distances on animal coats and in mud on vehicles. Fully grown Groundsel bushes can produce up to 1 million seeds each. Seeds can remain dormant for a number of years. General Control Measures


• Groundsel Bush is a Class 2 declared plant. By law, landowners must take reasonable steps to remove this plant. It is a medium to high priority at SERF. While it is currently present in low numbers and only small individual plants are present, it’s potential to negatively impact the biodiversity at SERF is well recognised.

• Hand pulling of Groundsel shall begin in Zone 4 as a priority due to the potential to impact the Melaleuca forest being greater than for Zone 1.

• Care will be taken to remove as much of the root system of each plant as possible to ensure regrowth from the roots is kept to a minimum.

• Follow-up spot spraying will be instigated approximately 8 weeks after removal. • In Zone 1, small individual plants will be removed by hand where potential disturbance of

the soil could negatively impact the water quality in Samford Creek. • Where water quality is an issue e.g. on the banks of Samford Creek, chemical control will

be instigated as set out below. • Should plants become too large for hand removal, in other areas, chemical controls will be

implemented also as set out below.

Herbicide: For small plants in sensitive areas, Glyphosate (360g/L) will be mixed at a rate of 1:100 will be used for spot spraying individual plants, taking care to avoid drift and contact with native species. For larger plants, the cut stump-paint method could be employed and Glyphosate applied at a stronger rate e.g. 80mL: 1L.

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Queensland University of Technology Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan 3.2.9 Cinnamomum camphora (Camphor Laurel)

Camphor Laurel Cinnamomum camphora Description: A large spreading evergreen tree to 20m. Bark is grey-brown with deep vertical fissures. Leaves alternate or pseudo-whorled, light green and glossy with a wavy margin and yellow mid-rib; the lower surface is dull green. The lowest pair of secondary veins are prominent. Leaves smell strongly of camphor when crushed.

Flowers: Masses of inconspicuous, cream flowers are borne in terminal clusters, appearing from late September to December. Fruit: Small green berry (10mm) which turns black when ripe in Autumn, containing a single seed. Biology: Camphor Laurel has become naturalised in southeast Queensland rainforests. It prefers moist bushland slopes and gullies. It creates dense shade, competing with and taking over from native species, and continuing to inhibit their regeneration even after its removal due to allelopathy. This species relies on frugivorous birds to disperse its seeds over wide areas. Adult trees can produce between 1 and 3 million seeds. These trees also have a large root crown making physical control methods problematic. General Control Measures


• Camphor Laurel is a Class 3 declared plant. While it isn’t necessary by law to remove this plant, it is a medium to high priority at SERF. This is because there are currently less than five individuals in zones 1 and 2 but this species has a large potential biological impact should it spread.

• Hand pulling of small individuals less than 1 metre shall be undertaken as they are discovered. It is not necessary to remove pulled specimens from site as they won’t ‘resprout’ like some other weed species.

• Care will be taken to remove as much of the root system of each plant as possible to ensure regrowth from the root crown is kept to a minimum.

• Follow-up spot spraying will be instigated approximately 8 weeks after removal should it be impossible to remove the crown.

• One mature individual is located in Zone 1in the north western corner of the SERF in the riparian zone of Samford Creek. Due to the sensitivity of this area and the size of the tree, stem injecting should be undertaken for the best result. Details are outlined below.

• A semi-mature individual is located in Zone 2 beside ‘The Barracks’ building. Stem injection is also recommended for this individual due to its size.

Herbicide: 2mL of undiluted Glyphosate-IPA will be applied to the cambium for each axe cut. Axe cuts are to be made at regular intervals around the stem to an appropriate depth to ensure maximum efficiency. Drilling for stem injection in this species is not recommended.

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Queensland University of Technology Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan 3.2.10 Schefflera actinophylla (Umbrella Tree)

Flowers: Large spikes of conspicuous red flowers appearing from summer through to autumn. Fruit: Small (5mm) ribbed dark red berry ripens from late summer to autumn. Each fruit contains a single seed. Biology: The Umbrella Tree is a native of north Queensland but is extremely invasive in southeast Queensland. It prefers moist gullies but will readily grow in most soils in full sun or shade. It is fast growing and can quickly out-compete endemic species. It also has a robust root system which also can affect neighbours. The flowers and fruit are attractive to native birds, particularly rainbow lorikeets and the seeds are dispersed by these birds. General Control Measures


• Umbrella Tree is an environmental weed. While it isn’t necessary by law to remove this plant, it is a medium priority at SERF. This is because there are currently less than five individuals in zone 2 but this species has a large potential biological impact should it spread.


• One mature individual is located in Zone 2 approximately 200m from the south eastern boundary in the riparian zone of the drainage course which runs through the middle of the property. Due to the size of the tree, stem injecting should be undertaken for the best result. Details are outlined below.

Herbicide: 2mL of undiluted Glyphosate-IPA will be applied to the cambium for each axe cut. Axe cuts are to be made at regular intervals around the stem to an appropriate depth to ensure maximum efficiency. Drilling for stem injection in this species is not recommended.

Umbrella Tree Schefflera actinophylla Description: Fast-growing, evergreen tree reaching heights of 15m. Often multi-stemmed. Leaves are dark green, glabrous, leathery, and palmately compound with 7-16 oblong to oblong-ovate leaflets to 30cm long. It produces spikes of red flowers, sessile on pedunculate heads to 20mm across.

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Queensland University of Technology Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan 3.2.11 Senna pendula var. glabrata (Easter Cassia)

Flowers: Masses of conspicuous, yellow flowers are borne in terminal clusters, appearing around Easter. Fruit: Long cylindrical seed pods 10-15cm long, each containing up to 10 seeds appear in May. Seeds have a long dormancy. Biology: Easter Cassia is an extremely invasive species which tolerates a wide range of environmental conditions. It favours damp, disturbed areas but will readily colonise any disturbed habitat. This species relies on ants, humans, rodents, gravity and water to disperse its seeds and will often be found in almost monospecific colonies. The seeds of Easter Cassia germinate readily but can display a long dormancy, lasting for up to 10 years in the soil before germinating. Further, this species also has the ability to coppice if damaged, making control options limited. General Control Measures


• Easter cassia is not a declared species in Queensland, but is considered an important environmental weed.


• Care will be taken to remove as much of the root system of each plant as possible to ensure coppicing from the root crown does not occur.

• For individual plants too large to be manually removed, the cut-stump method of control will be implemented.

• Infestations of this species are found in Zones 3 and 4 in the north eastern corner of SERF with the heaviest infestation in Zone 4.

• Control will begin in Zone 3 and move into Zone 4 and will be completed prior to flowering in April 2008.

• Follow up spot-spraying will be undertaken 8 weeks after treatment to control any coppicing, regrowth or seedlings.

Herbicide: For small plants in sensitive areas, Glyphosate (360g/L) will be mixed at a rate of 1:100 will be used for spot spraying individual plants, taking care to avoid drift and contact with native species. For larger plants, the cut stump-paint method will be employed and Glyphosate applied at a stronger rate e.g. 80mL: 1L.

Easter Cassia Senna pendula var. glabrata Description: A scraggly shrub to 5m. Stems often grow in a zigzag pattern. The bark is dark brown, sparsely hairy but generally smooth. Leaves are pinnately compound with 3-6 pairs of leaflets, alternate, light green with a yellow margin on each leaflet. The topside of the leaf stalk has a gland between the lowermost leaflets.

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Queensland University of Technology Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan 3.3 SPECIFIC WEED MANAGEMENT, HYGIENE AND MONITORING

MEASURES (UNDECLARED, NON-ENVIRONMENTAL WEEDS)

There are a large number of weeds species present at SERF that are not declared or

environmental weeds species under Queensland legislation and generally pose very

little if any threat to biodiversity values on the property. These species therefore do not

rate a mention in this WMP.

There are however, five species of plant present at SERF which fall into the category

of undeclared, non-environmental weeds which do pose a threat to biodiversity values

should they become well-established (Table 2.2.3). Species-specific weed

management measures for these five weed species are provided in the following sub-

sections.

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Queensland University of Technology Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan 3.3.1 Jacaranda mimosifolia (Jacaranda)

Flowers: Masses of conspicuous, mauve flowers are borne in terminal clusters, appearing mainly in November prior to the leaves returning. Fruit: Woody, round, compressed, red-brown capsule, 3-6 cm long/wide, splitting in two. Seeds surrounded with a membranous wing. Biology: The Jacaranda is a relatively fast growing spreading tree, which grows well in Brisbane’s sub-tropical climate. Not considered a particularly invasive species, it is appearing in native forests, particularly close to water courses. It tolerates a wide range of soil types and pH but prefers moist, well drained, slightly acidic soils in partial to full sun. Seeds of this species are winged inferring wind dispersal. General Control Measures


• Jacaranda is not a declared or environmental weed in Queensland, but has the potential to become problematic at SERF.

• Currently there are only 4 small individuals located in Zone 4 close to the property boundary.

• Due to the juvenile status of these trees, manual removal with a spade will be undertaken within 12 months so as to prevent the need for chemical controls as the trees grow larger making physical removal impossible.

• Regular inspections of the site should identify further individuals as they appear.

Jacaranda Jacaranda mimosifolia Description: Deciduous/semi-deciduous, branching tree to 15 metres. Bark fissured, slightly tessellated in mature specimens. Leaves bipinnate, 16-30 pinnae up to 10cm long. Leaflets between 3 and 10mm long, sessile and narrow to elliptic with an acute to acuminate apex. Juveniles often non-branching until 1.5m tall.

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Queensland University of Technology Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan 3.3.2 Murraya paniculata (Mock Orange)

Flowers: Masses of conspicuous, white flowers are borne in terminal clusters, appearing in early spring and continuing through summer. Fruit: Ovoid to ellipsoid, shiny red berry to 10mm appearing shortly after flowering. Biology: Mock Orange is a fast growing shrub which is traditionally used in domestic gardens as a hedge plant. Only recently has its potential as a weed been recognised. Each berry of Mock Orange contains a single seed. It is dispersed by gravity and by birds. It tolerates a wide range of conditions but prefers well drained, elevated positions and mid to full sun. General Control Measures


• Mock Orange is not a declared or environmental species in Queensland but has the potential to become problematic at SERF.

• Currently there are 3 individuals located in Zone 3 on the central ridge, close to the property boundary.

• Manual removal with a shovel shall be undertaken within 3 months, preferably before these specimens produce fruit.

• Regular inspections will identify further individuals as they appear.

Mock Orange Murraya paniculata Description: Bushy shrub or small tree to 4m. Pinnate leaves with rachis up to 12cm long. Leaflets are narrow-elliptic to +/- ovate or obovate, 2-6 cm long, 1-3 cm wide, apex abruptly and obtusely acuminate, base cuneate, margins entire. Inflorescences terminal or upper axillary cymes of up to 8 flowers. Crushed leaves smell citric.

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Queensland University of Technology Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan 3.3.3 Pinus spp. (Slash Pine)

Slash Pine Pinus spp. Description: A large fast growing tree to 30m. Bark is grey to red-brown in colour, thick, rough, deeply fissured and is shed in small scales. Branches are large and spreading and radially attached to the trunk. Evergreen needles, to 25cm long, flexible, with three needles per fascicle, fascicle sheath is quite long and persistent; dark green in colour.

Flowers: Monoecious; males cylindrical, red to yellow, in clusters at ends of twigs; females red to green, stalked, oval. Fruit: Cones are 7-15cm long, ovoid, borne on a stalk, caramel coloured; the umbo is armed with a small, out-curved spine; maturing in autumn. Seeds winged. Biology: Slash Pine is a potentially problematic species due to the large number of seeds a mature individual produces, its ability to tolerate a wide range of conditions and the allelopathic effects on neighbours. A mature tree produces up to 80kg of seed which is dispersed by wind, gravity and birds. Seedlings can quickly establish, particularly in moist areas and in low light conditions. General Control Measures


• Slash Pine is not a declared or environmental weed in Queensland as it is commercially grown, however, in native bushland it can quickly become problematic.

• At SERF there are 10-20 adults, all occurring in Zone 4 at the edge of the property in the north-eastern corner. It is a low to medium priority as no juveniles or seedlings are apparent.

• Due to the size of these trees and their proximity to roads and fence lines, professional arborists will be employed to remove them in keeping with best management practice in terms of environmental controls.

• Any seedlings and small juveniles discovered will be hand-pulled.

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Queensland University of Technology Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan 3.3.4 Citrus x taitensis (Bush Lemon)

Flowers: Inflorescences axillary, few-flowered. Flowers to 3.5 cm diameter. Petals 4, white with a pinkish tinge. Appearing mostly in spring. Fruit: Berry is globose, 4-11cm long, 3.5-6.5 cm in diameter, orange-reddish, with apical nipple, 8-10 segments. The skin is up to 4mm thick. Biology: Bush Lemon is a naturalised species in southeast Queensland. Its preferred habitat is well-drained slightly acidic soil in full sun; however, it is tolerant of a wide range of environmental conditions. This species relies primarily on gravity for dispersal. The presence of large thorns makes manual removal of this species problematic. General Control Measures


• Bush Lemon is not a declared or environmental weed in Queensland however it is naturalised and poses a moderate risk at SERF.

• Only 2 individuals exist at SERF in Zone 3, close to the property boundary approximately 50 metres from the driveway to The Barracks.

• Manual removal will be undertaken within 12 months with a spade. • Alternatively, the cut stump-paint chemical method of control will be employed as set out

below. • Follow up spot spraying will be undertaken 8 weeks later if necessary.

Herbicide: Glyphosate (360g/L) will be mixed at a rate of 80mL: 1L water and applied to the cut stumps within 15 seconds of cutting. Follow up spot spraying of Glyphosate (360g/L) mixed at a rate of 1:100 will be implemented between 6 and 8 weeks*.

Bush Lemon Citrus x taitensis Description: A scraggly shrub or small tree to 6m. Stems with stiff, stout, paired, axillary spines to 30mm long. Leaves 1-foliolate, with lamina elliptic, 3-13cm long, 2-7cm wide, apex obtuse or bluntly acuminate. Many large oil dots apparent. Aromatic when crushed.

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Queensland University of Technology Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan 3.3.5 Cyperus involucratus (Umbrella Sedge)

Flowers: Clusters of small greenish flowers grow from the centre of the ‘disk’ appearing in spring and summer. Fruit: Small brown seeds form after flowering. Biology: Umbrella Sedge is an invasive weed preferring wet, boggy conditions but is also drought tolerant to a degree. It frequents water courses and outcompetes native species like Lomandra longifolia and other like species. This species is rhizomatous making control difficult as it inevitably reshoots from these underground structures. Its seeds are primarily water dispersed. General Control Measures


• Umbrella Sedge is not a declared or environmental weed in Queensland as a whole but is mentioned in numerous council texts around the state and in New South Wales as an invasive species. It is a medium priority at SERF.

• More than 50 plants at SERF are located in Zone 1 along the entire length of the Samford Creek property boundary and are restricted to the creek and its immediate margins.

• Plants will be manually removed where it is possible to do so with a minimal impact on water quality within Samford Creek. Plants removed in this manner will be immediately replaced with suitable native species to minimise the chance of erosion of the riparian zone.

• Where, physical removal will negatively impact water quality, a small amount of herbicide will be applied as set out below.

• A follow up program of spot spraying will be undertaken no longer than 8 weeks after initial applications.

Herbicide: Glyphosate (360g/L) will be mixed at a rate of 1:100 will be used for spot spraying the crowns of individual plants, taking care to avoid run-off, drift and contact with native species. Using a small amount may not be as effective as a large amount but if the process is repeated at regular intervals, plants will eventually die and spillage into the aquatic system will be kept to a minimum.

Umbrella Sedge Cyperus involucratus Description: Densely tufted ‘grass-like’ perennial with 3-angled stems to 180cm. Leaf sheath purplish at base, leaf blade absent. The flower head is umbrella-like. Involucral bracts 10-22 cm, up to 2 cm wide, longer than inflorescence. 10-15 spikes clustered at end of each of the 5-25 rays.

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Queensland University of Technology Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan 4 PERFORMANCE INDICATORS 4.1 GENERAL WEED MANAGEMENT MEASURES PERFORMANCE

INDICATORS

The success of the ‘General Weed Management, Hygiene and Monitoring Measures’

as outlined in Section 3.1 of this WMP will be systematically evaluated through

regular, routine inspections of disturbed areas e.g. routinely slashed firebreaks, and

‘Weed Risk’ areas. These inspections will be conducted by the SERF Environmental

Officer or nominated delegate and will be undertaken on a quarterly basis.

The overall performance indicators for this WMP are that;

• Existing weed infestations at SERF are contained, eradicated or otherwise

managed to the satisfaction of the administering authorities at QUT and in

accordance with requirements of relevant Acts, and

• No new weed infestations occur as a result of any operations, scientific

studies, construction work or otherwise conducted at SERF.

4.2 SPECIFIC WEED MANAGEMENT MEASURES PERFORMANCE

INDICATORS

The success of the ‘Specific Weed Management, Hygiene and Monitoring Measures’

as outlined in Sections 3.2 and 3.3 of this WMP will be systematically evaluated

through follow-up inspections. These inspections will be conducted within 8 weeks of

any control treatments applied, unless otherwise indicated for species-specific

treatments. It is preferred also that these inspections, where possible, will be

conducted after a rainfall event and subsequent quarterly inspections as mentioned in

Section 4.1 of this WMP.

Records of these inspections will be entered into an environmental management

database and will include quantitative measurements and qualitative observations

where relevant. This information may include, but is not necessarily limited to;

• Whether or not the control measures were effective

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• The size, scale and distribution of the infestation area compared with the size

and distribution prior to treatment

• Photographic records of specific areas demonstrating levels of success

• Other observations of relevance to the control of weed species at SERF

• A schedule for further treatments and subsequent inspections if necessary

In the event that any weed control measures as outlined in this WMP for a particular

species appear not to be effective, they will be adjusted as necessary in consultation

with the relevant administrative bodies and the SERF Environmental Officer or

nominated delegate. This WMP will be updated as necessary to reflect any significant

changes to control measures.

5 REPORTING PROCEDURES AND SCHEDULES Details of all weed management, control and eradication programs and follow up

inspections/programs conducted at SERF will be recorded by the SERF

Environmental Officer or appointed delegate in the Environmental Management

Database. As mentioned in Section 4.2, this documentation may include, but is not

necessarily limited to;

• Whether or not the control measures were effective

• The size, scale and distribution of the infestation area compared with the size

and distribution prior to treatment

• Photographic records of specific areas demonstrating levels of success

• Other observations of relevance to the control of weed species at SERF

• A schedule for further treatments and subsequent inspections if necessary

This information will be summarised and compiled with any other relevant

documentation concerning activities at SERF into an annual report. Any changes to

species-specific weed control measures and/or any changes to the legal or physical

status of recorded weed species will be noted in the report. The report will cover a

twelve month period from July 1st to June 30th and will be submitted to the relevant

administrative bodies at QUT, e.g. ISR, NRS etc., by August 31st each year.

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Queensland University of Technology Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan This WMP will be implemented once approved by the relevant administrative

authorities, and will be updated as required. This will be no later than every three

years and will include any changes in weed species identified at SERF, weed

populations, weed risk areas, weed management principles and the legal status of

particular species. Subsequent revisions will be resubmitted to the administrative

authorities as necessary.

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Queensland University of Technology Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan 6 RESOURCES Agriculture & Resource Management Council of Australia & New Zealand, Australian

& New Zealand Environment & Conservation Council and Forestry Ministers, (2001)

Weeds of National Significance Lantana (Lantana camara) Strategic Plan. National

Weeds Strategy Executive Committee. Launceston.

Batianoff, G.N. & Butler, D.W. (2002) Assessment of invasive naturalized plants in

south-east Queensland, Plant Protection Quarterly 17: 27-34.

Blood, K. (1999) Garden Plants under the Spotlight (DRAFT). CRC for Weed

Management Systems.

EPA (2002) Invasive naturalised plants in south east Queensland, alphabetical by

genus [Online] Available:

http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/publications/p00726aa.pdf/Invasive_naturalised_plants_in_

Southeast_Queensland_alphabetical_by_genus.pdf Accessed: 4th September, 2007.

Gilman, E.F. & Watson, D.G. (1993) Jacaranda mimosifolia [Online] Available:

http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/JACMIMA.pdf Accessed: 7th September, 2007.

Gosper, C.R., Stansbury, C.D. & Vivian-Smith, G. (2005) Seed dispersal of fleshy-

fruited invasive plants by birds: contributing factors and management options,

Diversity and Distributions 11(6): 549-558.

Groves, R.H., Boden, R. & Lonsdale, W.M. (2005) Jumping the Garden Fence:

Invasive Garden Plants in Australia and their Environmental and Agricultural Impacts,

CSIRO report prepared for WWF-Australia. WWF-Australia. Sydney.

NR&M (2002) Queensland Weed Strategy 2002-2006, Natural Resources & Mines

(Land Protection Branch). Brisbane.

September 2007 28

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http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/publications/p00726aa.pdf/Invasive_naturalised_plants_in_Southeast_Queensland_alphabetical_by_genus.pdf

http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/publications/p00726aa.pdf/Invasive_naturalised_plants_in_Southeast_Queensland_alphabetical_by_genus.pdf

http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/JACMIMA.pdf

Queensland University of Technology Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan NR&W (2005) Easter cassia [Online] Available:

http://www.nrw.qld.gov.au/pests/weeds/non_declared_plants/easter_cassia.html

Accessed: 12th September, 2007.

NR&W (2006) Declared Plants of Queensland, Natural Resources & Water (Land

Protection Branch). Brisbane.

Parsons, W.T. & Cuthbertson, E.G. (2001) Noxious Weeds of Australia, 2nd edition.

CSIRO Publishing. Melbourne.

Plantnet (2007) Flora online [Online] Available:

http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/search/index.html Accessed: 12th September, 2007.

Randall, R. P. (2002). A Global Compendium of Weeds. R. G. & F.J. Richardson,

Melbourne.

Vitelli, J.S. & Pitt, J.L. (2006) Assessment of current weed control methods relevant to

the management of the biodiversity of Australian rangelands, The Rangeland Journal

28: 37-46.

Williams, J.A. & West, C.J. (2000) Environmental weeds in Australia and New

Zealand: issues and approaches to management, Austral Ecology 25(5): 425-444.

Fact Sheets

NR&W (2006) Basket or Ground Asparagus Fern, Natural Resources & Water (Land

Protection Branch). Brisbane

NR&W (2006) Camphor Laurel, Natural Resources & Water (Land Protection Branch).

Brisbane

NR&W (2006) Climbing Asparagus Fern, Natural Resources & Water (Land Protection

Branch). Brisbane

September 2007 29

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http://www.nrw.qld.gov.au/pests/weeds/non_declared_plants/easter_cassia.html

http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/search/index.html

Queensland University of Technology Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan NR&W (2006) Fireweed, Natural Resources & Water (Land Protection Branch).

Brisbane

NR&W (2006) Lantana, Natural Resources & Water (Land Protection Branch).

Brisbane

NR&W (2006) Prickly Pear Identification and their Control, Natural Resources & Water

(Land Protection Branch). Brisbane

NR&W (2006) Umbrella Tree, Natural Resources & Water (Land Protection Branch).

Brisbane

NR&W (2007) Cat’s Claw Creeper, Natural Resources & Water (Land Protection

Branch). Brisbane

NR&W (2007) Groundsel Bush, Natural Resources & Water (Land Protection Branch).

Brisbane

NR&W (2007) Mother of Millions, Natural Resources & Water (Land Protection

Branch). Brisbane

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Queensland University of Technology Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan APPENDIX 1 - Samford Valley Regional Ecosystems Classifications Map.

SERF

Appendix 1. Map showing the location of SERF and the Pine Rivers Shire Council classification of vegetation types. Modified from “Pine Rivers Plan. Overlay Code 1A. Biodiversity (Terrestrial Ecosystems) Map 3.5. Sheet 12 of 14”.

September 2007 31

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September 2007 32

APPENDIX 2 – Samford Valley Biodiversity Corridors Map

SERF

Appendix 2. Map showing the location of SERF and the Pine Rivers Shire Council biodiversity corridors. Modified from “Pine Rivers Plan. Overlay Code 1B. Biodiversity (Biodiversity Corridors) Map 3.5. Sheet 12 of 14”.

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September 2007 33

APPENDIX 3 – Weed Infestation Zones at SERF Aerial Photograph Overlay

Legend

Property Boundary

Samford Ck Property Boundary

Vehicle Access Road

Drainage Course

“The Barracks”

Zone 1 - High Weed Density and/or Riparian

Zone 2 - Medium Weed Density

Zone 3 - Low Weed Density

Zone 4 - High Weed Density Swamp

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Queensland University of Technology Samford Ecological Research Facility – Weed Management Plan APPENDIX 4 – Chemical Control Methods 1. Cut stump-paint: This method applies to woody shrubs, trees and some vines.

• Cut the plant at a slight angle very low to the ground

• Apply the recommenced herbicide at the appropriate concentration directly

onto the cut with either a paintbrush or small trigger sprayer

• Treatment must occur within 15 seconds of making the cut

• Take care that the paintbrush is not contaminated with soil

2. Gouge-paint: This method applies to some woody shrubs and weeds that have

a fleshy root system, such as rhizomatous species. It is particularly appropriate

for Asparagus spp.

• Gouge out sections of the fleshy base with a knife

• Apply the recommenced herbicide at the appropriate concentration directly

onto the cut with either a paintbrush or small trigger sprayer


• For Asparagus repeat these directions with a second round of gouges at

shoulder height for climbers and halfway along each stem for non-climbers.

3. Stem injection: This method applies to woody shrubs and trees with stem

diameters greater than 10cm.

• With a tomahawk, make a cut the width of the blade at a slight downward angle

into the trunk

• Ensure the cuts are deep enough to penetrate the vascular cambium but not

too deep into the heartwood

• Apply the recommenced herbicide at the appropriate concentration directly into

the cut with either a syringe or small trigger sprayer


• Repeat this procedure in a brickwork pattern around the circumference of the

plant as close to the ground as possible.

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September 2007 35

• For plants with a crotch angle close to the ground, make cuts above it

• Two rows of cuts will be sufficient for plants with stems up to 10cm in diameter.

Larger plants will require more

• Treat all visible lateral roots in the same manner

4. Spraying: This includes spot spraying and general crown spraying.

• For spot-spraying and general spraying over large areas or for numerous

plants, a 15 litre backpack spray unit with an adjustable spray nozzle will be

used

• Nozzle is to be adjusted according to the job being undertaken

• When spraying herbicide into cuts and gouges (see above methods) small

handheld trigger spray packs can be used. N.b. it is commonly accepted

practice to remove the siphon tube from these sprayers so they can be used

upside down for the cut stump-paint method provided the nozzle is tightly

screwed.

• In each case the recommended herbicide at the appropriate concentration is to

be used with the addition of a dye and surfactant where recommended.

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Documents

Weed Management Plan