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some how put a quote about some how put a quote about powerpower, or a , or a Shakespeare Shakespeare quotequote you will get extra credit! you will get extra credit! YAYAYA!YAYAYA!

**Shakespeare Shakespeare *Elizabethan Drama *Elizabethan Drama **Julius CaesarJulius Caesar

Julius CaesarJulius Caesar

Background InformationBackground Information

NotesNotes 503 BC – Rome ends rule of 503 BC – Rome ends rule of

Tarquins, a series of harsh, Tarquins, a series of harsh, cruel rulerscruel rulers

Rome decides never again to Rome decides never again to be under rule of oppressive be under rule of oppressive government.government. Refuse all forms of govt. that consists Refuse all forms of govt. that consists

of kings & emperors (rulers who of kings & emperors (rulers who achieve power based on inheritance)achieve power based on inheritance)

Rome sets up a Republic – a Rome sets up a Republic – a govt. in which officials are electedgovt. in which officials are elected

The new govt. was made of 2 The new govt. was made of 2 parts: parts: 2 Consuls (leaders) – elected 2 Consuls (leaders) – elected

officialsofficials Senate – appointed by ConsulsSenate – appointed by Consuls

Governing bodies could be made Governing bodies could be made of people from any walk of life: of people from any walk of life: noble or commonnoble or common

Julius Caesar got into politics Julius Caesar got into politics during a time in which the during a time in which the Consuls and the Senate were Consuls and the Senate were having problems. In this time having problems. In this time of instability, he became an of instability, he became an outspoken leader.outspoken leader.

In 60 BC the In 60 BC the first triumvirate first triumvirate (3-person governing body) (3-person governing body) was formed of was formed of Caesar, Caesar, Pompey Pompey (a famous general), (a famous general), and a wealthy man named and a wealthy man named CrassusCrassus..

Crassus died; Pompey began Crassus died; Pompey began to fear that Julius Caesar was to fear that Julius Caesar was growing too powerful and growing too powerful and popular.popular.

Caesar and his army were far Caesar and his army were far away from Rome, conquering away from Rome, conquering many lands for the Roman Empire. many lands for the Roman Empire. Pompey ordered him back so that Pompey ordered him back so that he would not have to fear Caesar he would not have to fear Caesar and his powerful army. Instead, and his powerful army. Instead, Caesar attacked Pompey, Caesar attacked Pompey, defeating his forces and killing him defeating his forces and killing him in the midst.in the midst.

Caesar returned to Rome, was Caesar returned to Rome, was accepted by the people for his accepted by the people for his military abilities, was loved for all military abilities, was loved for all the goods he brought back from the goods he brought back from his conquests, and was elected his conquests, and was elected Dictator for Life.Dictator for Life. He would now rule Rome until his He would now rule Rome until his

death, and the next leader would death, and the next leader would have to be electedhave to be elected

Many believed that Caesar Many believed that Caesar wanted to be wanted to be EmperorEmperor instead instead of just Dictator for Life. If of just Dictator for Life. If emperor, Caesar’s son would emperor, Caesar’s son would inherit the throne, instead of inherit the throne, instead of being elected.being elected.

Many feared that Caesar Many feared that Caesar would bring back a style of life would bring back a style of life similar to when the Tarquin’s similar to when the Tarquin’s ruled. To prevent this, some ruled. To prevent this, some members of the legislature members of the legislature carried out a deceitful plan…carried out a deceitful plan…

Shakespeare Shakespeare

and and

His TimesHis Times

Basic Shakespeare factsBasic Shakespeare facts

Born: April 23Born: April 23rdrd,1564,1564 Died: April 23Died: April 23rdrd, 1616, 1616 Married Anne Hathaway 1582 Married Anne Hathaway 1582

(he was 18, she was 26)(he was 18, she was 26)

They had 3 children Susanna, Hamnet They had 3 children Susanna, Hamnet and Judith (twins)--- Hamnet died as a and Judith (twins)--- Hamnet died as a child.child.

““players” were not always players” were not always greatly accepted by the cities greatly accepted by the cities they visited because play-they visited because play-acting was considered sinful acting was considered sinful by some communities.by some communities.

In 1574 players were banished In 1574 players were banished from Londonfrom London

To get around this, James To get around this, James Burbage built the first public Burbage built the first public playhouse or theater in England playhouse or theater in England leading to the development of leading to the development of other theatersother theaters

Shakespeare’s company Shakespeare’s company performed at Burbage’s theater, performed at Burbage’s theater, until building their own until building their own

Shakespeare (along with other Shakespeare (along with other company shareholders) built his company shareholders) built his theater in 1599- he called it the theater in 1599- he called it the “Globe”- and he referred to it as the “Globe”- and he referred to it as the wooden “O”wooden “O”

The Globe was a circular building with The Globe was a circular building with three levels overlooking a courtyard three levels overlooking a courtyard with a platform stagewith a platform stage

THE AGE OF SHAKESPEARETHE AGE OF SHAKESPEARE

He wrote from 1585-1616 He wrote from 1585-1616 during the Renaissance or the during the Renaissance or the Elizabethan Age Elizabethan Age

This time period is known for This time period is known for its theater and thriving its theater and thriving literatureliterature

Queen Elizabeth and King James Queen Elizabeth and King James of Scotland were great supporters of Scotland were great supporters of literature and the arts- they of literature and the arts- they both supported Shakespeare both supported Shakespeare during their reign during their reign

This time period also brought This time period also brought economic and social growth to economic and social growth to EnglandEngland

Some Ideas that characterized the Some Ideas that characterized the English Renaissance that are English Renaissance that are important to this play are:important to this play are:

Humans had potential for Humans had potential for development.development.

The Protestant Reformation that The Protestant Reformation that begun in Germany, and Elizabeth’s begun in Germany, and Elizabeth’s father’s break with the Roman father’s break with the Roman Catholic Church paved the way for Catholic Church paved the way for rapid advances in art, science, and rapid advances in art, science, and philosophy. philosophy.

Elizabethans still maintained their Elizabethans still maintained their belief that the reigning monarch was belief that the reigning monarch was God’s agent, and to rebel against a God’s agent, and to rebel against a reigning monarch was to rebel reigning monarch was to rebel against God. against God.

In England, there was a succession In England, there was a succession crisis- Queen Elizabeth was 66 years crisis- Queen Elizabeth was 66 years old, obviously nearing death and had old, obviously nearing death and had no children.no children.

The potential horrors of an unclear The potential horrors of an unclear succession were still very fresh in succession were still very fresh in the minds of the Elizabethans. the minds of the Elizabethans.

1599 was the year of 1599 was the year of Julius Caesar’s Julius Caesar’s first performance and the completion first performance and the completion of Shakespeare’s Globe Theater. of Shakespeare’s Globe Theater.

Many English writers saw numerous Many English writers saw numerous similarities between their own similarities between their own country’s current situation country’s current situation (Elizabeth’s lack of a heir, England’s (Elizabeth’s lack of a heir, England’s establishment as a world power, the establishment as a world power, the first attempts at colonization of the first attempts at colonization of the New World) and the political New World) and the political uncertainty faced by the first century uncertainty faced by the first century BCE Romans. BCE Romans.

Key ThemesKey Themes Honor Honor AmbitionAmbition Envy Envy PowerPower

So why did Shakespeare So why did Shakespeare feel that Renaissance feel that Renaissance England would respond to England would respond to Julius Caesar? Julius Caesar?

Shakespeare saw Caesar and Shakespeare saw Caesar and Roman civilization not just as Roman civilization not just as one that precedes the future, one that precedes the future, but as one that sets the but as one that sets the pattern for future civilizations.pattern for future civilizations.

Shakespeare's England faced Shakespeare's England faced concerns of a country about to concerns of a country about to change leadership and change leadership and centuries.centuries.

The PlayThe Play

In 1599 the play would have In 1599 the play would have served as a timely reminder served as a timely reminder of the enormous upheaval of the enormous upheaval that would follow an attempt that would follow an attempt to seize power through violent to seize power through violent means.means.

JCJC’s Current Relevance’s Current Relevance

It is this issue of leadership It is this issue of leadership and, in particular, the question and, in particular, the question of when effective leadership of when effective leadership becomes a tyranny, that has becomes a tyranny, that has most relevance.most relevance.

Consider the role of President, Consider the role of President, Prime Ministers, Senates, etc. Prime Ministers, Senates, etc.

JC’s Current RelevanceJC’s Current Relevance But the play is also about more But the play is also about more

ageless issues, such as the ageless issues, such as the corrupting effect of corrupting effect of powerpower. "People . "People are rightly nervous about placing trust are rightly nervous about placing trust in politicians," says Rylance. "I in politicians," says Rylance. "I believe that the vast majority of believe that the vast majority of politicians are genuinely trying to do politicians are genuinely trying to do some good. But there is always the some good. But there is always the danger, when in a position of power, danger, when in a position of power, that means and ends can become that means and ends can become blurred."blurred."

Cast of Major Cast of Major CharactersCharacters

Julius CaesarJulius Caesar Ruler of the Roman Empire. Ruler of the Roman Empire. He is presented as a man of strong will and He is presented as a man of strong will and

self-belief. He is used to issuing commands self-belief. He is used to issuing commands and being obeyed. He is stubborn and will not and being obeyed. He is stubborn and will not listen to pleas for mercy if he thinks he is in listen to pleas for mercy if he thinks he is in the right. He considers himself to be resolute the right. He considers himself to be resolute and unwavering. and unwavering.

Caesar denies he is afraid of Cassius and Caesar denies he is afraid of Cassius and claims not to fear anyone or anything. claims not to fear anyone or anything.

The conspirators believe Caesar is too The conspirators believe Caesar is too ambitious and will soon acquire such power ambitious and will soon acquire such power that Rome will be enslaved to one man. that Rome will be enslaved to one man.

Although Caesar is a commanding figure, he Although Caesar is a commanding figure, he is physically weak, suffering from epilepsy as is physically weak, suffering from epilepsy as well as deafness in one ear.well as deafness in one ear.

Mark AntonyMark Antony Mark Antony is Julius Caesar’s right-Mark Antony is Julius Caesar’s right-

hand man and personal friend. hand man and personal friend. He enjoys sports and theater. He enjoys sports and theater. It is Antony’s cunning speech to the It is Antony’s cunning speech to the

masses after Caesar’s death that masses after Caesar’s death that turns public opinion against the turns public opinion against the assassins, who gravely assassins, who gravely underestimated and misread him. underestimated and misread him.

He shows fairness/nobility in He shows fairness/nobility in victory.victory.    

Marcus BrutusMarcus Brutus Marcus Brutus is recruited for the Marcus Brutus is recruited for the

assassination by Cassius. assassination by Cassius. He becomes part of the plot because He becomes part of the plot because

he is concerned about the welfare of he is concerned about the welfare of Rome. Rome.

He does not covet power for its own He does not covet power for its own sake, and nor does he have any sake, and nor does he have any personal complaint about Caesar.personal complaint about Caesar.

    He is presented throughout as a man He is presented throughout as a man of courtesy and honor, although of courtesy and honor, although perhaps also as a man who is unsuited perhaps also as a man who is unsuited to wield political power. to wield political power.

After he is dead, Antony salutes him as After he is dead, Antony salutes him as “the noblest Roman of them all.”“the noblest Roman of them all.”

CassiusCassius Cassius is the chief conspirator against Cassius is the chief conspirator against

Caesar. Caesar. It is he who recruits Brutus and the It is he who recruits Brutus and the

others. Cassius is consumed with envy others. Cassius is consumed with envy of Caesar, and sees no reason why of Caesar, and sees no reason why Caesar should hold power over him.Caesar should hold power over him.

Cassius is a good observer of men and Cassius is a good observer of men and he has uncommon insight into people’s he has uncommon insight into people’s motivations. motivations.

Caesar observes that Cassius has a Caesar observes that Cassius has a “lean and hungry look.”“lean and hungry look.”

He is in every way a contrast to the He is in every way a contrast to the more sociable Antony.more sociable Antony.

CascaCasca Casca is one of the Casca is one of the

conspirators, and it is he conspirators, and it is he who stabs Caesar first.who stabs Caesar first.

Casca is known for his wit Casca is known for his wit and liveliness. and liveliness.

He is a man of action who He is a man of action who can get things done.can get things done.

ArtemidorusArtemidorus Artemidorus is a teacher of Artemidorus is a teacher of

rhetoric who tries but fails rhetoric who tries but fails to warn Caesar of the plot to warn Caesar of the plot against him. against him.

TreboniusTrebonius

A member of the consipiracy A member of the consipiracy against Caesar. against Caesar.

Decius BrutusDecius Brutus

Conspirator who uses flattery to Conspirator who uses flattery to get Caesar to the Senate House.get Caesar to the Senate House.

CalpurniaCalpurnia

Caesar’s wife. Caesar’s wife. Calpurnia invests great Calpurnia invests great

authority in omens and authority in omens and portents.portents.

PortiaPortia

Brutus’s wife; the daughter Brutus’s wife; the daughter of a noble Roman who of a noble Roman who took sides against Caesar.took sides against Caesar.

FlaviusFlavius

A tribune (an official A tribune (an official elected by the people to elected by the people to protect their rights).protect their rights).

MurellusMurellus

A tribune-condemns the A tribune-condemns the plebeians for their fickleness plebeians for their fickleness in cheering Caesar (they in cheering Caesar (they once cheered for Caesar’s once cheered for Caesar’s enemy Pompeyenemy Pompey..

CiceroCiceroA Roman senator renowned A Roman senator renowned

for his oratorical skill.for his oratorical skill.

Features of Features of Shakespeare’s Use of Shakespeare’s Use of

LanguageLanguage

Blank VerseBlank Verse Shakespeare’s essential pattern in his Shakespeare’s essential pattern in his

plays is BLANK VERSE (unrhymed plays is BLANK VERSE (unrhymed iambic pentameter).iambic pentameter).

Therefore, whenever a reader notices a Therefore, whenever a reader notices a change in this pattern there is a reason change in this pattern there is a reason for the change.for the change.

With the change, Shakespeare is With the change, Shakespeare is creating a mood, establishing character, creating a mood, establishing character, etc.etc.

Shakespeare’s characters often speak in Shakespeare’s characters often speak in similes and metaphors- to expand ideas similes and metaphors- to expand ideas and amplify IMAGERY.and amplify IMAGERY.

The Tragic HeroThe Tragic Hero

The tragic hero, according to Aristotle, was a The tragic hero, according to Aristotle, was a man who rises to a high position and then falls man who rises to a high position and then falls from that high position-usually to utter from that high position-usually to utter desolation and/or death. desolation and/or death.

Some tragic heroes clearly bring about their Some tragic heroes clearly bring about their own downfall, as in the case of Creon in own downfall, as in the case of Creon in AntigoneAntigone, whose downfall is due to his hubris , whose downfall is due to his hubris (excessive pride)- he believes his law holds (excessive pride)- he believes his law holds precedence over the gods’ sense of Right. precedence over the gods’ sense of Right.

Other tragic heroes seem to be more pawn Other tragic heroes seem to be more pawn of fate, like Oedipus who has done of fate, like Oedipus who has done everything in his power to prevent the everything in his power to prevent the fatal prophesy from coming to pass that fatal prophesy from coming to pass that Oedipus would murder his father and Oedipus would murder his father and marry his mother. It is the very act of marry his mother. It is the very act of trying to avoid destiny that the prophesy trying to avoid destiny that the prophesy fulfilled. fulfilled.

By the Renaissance, however, people By the Renaissance, however, people generally felt themselves to be less pawns generally felt themselves to be less pawns of fate and more in control of their own of fate and more in control of their own destinies. destinies.

Friday! April 1Friday! April 1stst 2011 2011

Plan for the Plan for the day!day!

Notes QuizNotes Quiz Get out a blank sheet Get out a blank sheet

of paperof paper

Vocab Vocab Work on projectsWork on projects

Remember:Remember: Project due Tuesday Project due Tuesday

(4/5/2011)!(4/5/2011)! Work on vocab!Work on vocab! I will not be here on I will not be here on

Monday, I expect you Monday, I expect you guys to behave and guys to behave and be respectful to the be respectful to the sub. You will start sub. You will start reading reading CaesarCaesar from from the book.the book.

ACT 1. Caesar Voc.ACT 1. Caesar Voc. Profess Sc. 2 Prodigious Sc. 3 Redress Sc. 3 Construe Sc. 3 Heralds Sc. 3 Cogitations Sc. 2 Surly Sc. 3 Feeble Sc. 2

Make sure you: define the word write the sentence from the book find a synonym Draw a picture

Infirmity Sc. 2 Obscurely Sc. 2 Conception Sc. 2 Soothsayer Sc. 2 Barren Sc. 2 Perilous Sc. 3 Ghastly Sc. 3

SC= where the word is located. Scene 2 or 3 of Act 1.

***The Vocabulary is found throughout all of ACT 1.***

1.1. What was the date of Shakespeare’s What was the date of Shakespeare’s birth day/month/year? birth day/month/year?

2.2. In the Elizabethan age what developed In the Elizabethan age what developed rapidly and why?rapidly and why?

3.3. Who were the 3 members of the first Who were the 3 members of the first Triumvirate? Triumvirate?

4.4. What is notable about Casca in the What is notable about Casca in the play?play?

5.5. When was Shakespeare’s When was Shakespeare’s CaesarCaesar first first preformed at the Globe?preformed at the Globe?

April Fools!April Fools!