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Alimentary Canal Organ Chart
Organ Location Functions Cells & tissues Present
Enzymes secreted
Innervation Blood Supply
Mouth Oral canal; on face
Mastication with teeth
and chemical
breakdown of proteins via salivary
enzymes
Walls of mouth:
Stratified squamous ETGums, hard palate, and dorsum of
tongue: keratinized
stratified squamous
Mouth injury:
antimicrobial peptides
called defensins
Maxillary & mandibular branches of
trigeminal nerve
Sublingual artery,
greater & lesser
palatine arteries
Pharynx
Three subsections
of the throat;
posterior
Passageway of food,
fluids, and air
Mucosa (innermost):
stratified squamous ET
Mucous secreted
from mucus producing glands in mucosa
Vagus & glossopharyngea
l nerves
External carotid &
subclavian arteries
Esophagus Muscular tube that
passes through the mediastinu
m of the thorax
Carries food to
stomach
Mucosa (innermost):
nonkeratinized stratified
squamous ETEsophagus-
stomach junction:
changes to simple
columnar ET which is
specialized for secretion
Submucosa: mucous
secreting esophageal
glands, released
when bolus stimulates
the esophagus as it moves
down, allowing it to
act as a lubricant so
food can pass easily
Sympathetic: visceral
branches or sympathetic
trunk (postganglionic
fibers)
Parasympathetic: vagus nerve
(preganglionic fibers)
Esophageal branches of thyroid artery, R bronchial
artery, thoracic
aorta
Stomach Below the esophagus; upper left
quadrant of peritoneal
cavity, hidden by liver and
diaphragm
Chemical breakdown of proteins begins and
food is converted into chime.
Lining ET of mucosa: simple
columnar ETMiddle region
of gland: parietal cells
Basal region of gland: chief
cellsDeep in gastric gland: entero-
endocrine cells
Alkaline mucus from mucus neck
cells, HCl, intrinsic factor,
pepsinogen, lipases (fat-
digesting enzymes), histamine, serotonin,
somatostatin, gastrin
Sympathetic: thoracic
splanchnic nerves relayed
through the celiac plexus
Parasympathetic: Vagus nerve
Arterial supply:
gastric and splenic
branches of celiac
trunkVenous supply: hepatic portal system
draining into
hepatic portal vein
Small intestine Tube extending
from pyloric sphincter in
the epigastric
region where it joins the
large intestine;
longest part of the
alimentary canal
Body’s major
digestive organ;
digestion is completed
and virtually all
nutrients are
absorbed by the time is reaches the large intestine
ET cells of the villus mucosa:
absorptive simple
columnar ET w/ microvilli
and goblet cellsCrypt ET cells: secretory cells
that secrete intestinal juice
Scattered through Crypt
ET: entero-endocrine cells & T cells called intraepithelial lymphocytes
Submucosa: Peyer’s
patches, which are lymphoid follicles
Submucosa of
duodenum only: Mucus
secreting duodenal
glands called Brunner’s
glands; produce alkaline
mucus to
Parasympathetic: Vagus nerve
Sympathetic: thoracic splenic
nerves
*both relayed through superior
mesenteric and celiac plexuses
Arterial supply:
superior mesenteri
c artery
Venous: drain into superior
mesenteric vein > hepatic
portal vein
Alimentary Canal Organ Chart
Organ Location Functions Cells & tissues present
Enzymes present
Innervation Blood Supply
Teeth Lie in sockets in the gum-covered
margins of the maxilla and
mandible
Mastication of food (chewing);
20 deciduous teeth in children,
32 permanent teeth in adults
N/A N/A Superior and inferior alveolar nerves, branches of the trigeminal
nerve
Superior and
inferior alveolar arteries,
branches of the
maxillary artery
Tongue Occupies the floor of the mouth and fills
most of the oral cavity when mouth is
closed
Grips food to reposition it
between teeth; also mixed food
w/ saliva forming a bolus; initiates swallowing by pushing food
down pharynx; helps form
consonants as we speak;
Bundles of skeletal muscle fibers: intrinsic
are confined in the tongue and not
attached to bone, extrinsic extend from their points of origin on bones of skull or
soft palate (therefore altering tongue’s position; median
septum of CT; mucosal fold called lingual frenulum secures tongue to floor of
mouth
N/A Anterior 2/3: Mandibular
branch of trigeminal nerve
for sensory, Chorda Tympani branch of facial
nerve for taste, & motoric branches
of hypoglossal nerve
Posterior 1/3: Sensory branches
of glosso-pharyngeal nerve
Lingual artery, a
branch of the
external carotid
Gallbladder Green muscular sac located in a shallow fossa on the ventral surface of the liver
Sores bile not immediately needed for
digestion and concentrates it by
absorbing H2O and ions; expels bile into cystic duct and then into bile duct when needed
Thin walled; Covered by visceral peritoneum
N/A Sympathetic: celiac plexus
Parasympathetic: Vagus nerve
Cystic artery and
vein
Salivary Glands Parotid: anterior to ear
Submandibular: along medial aspect of mandibular body
Sublingual: anterior to submandibular,
under tongue
Produce slightly acidic saliva containing
electrolytes and digestive enzymes
Mucus cells: produce a stringy, viscous
solutionSerous cells: produce a
watery secretion containing ions,
enzymes, and mucin*Note: Parotid=only
serousSublingual= mostly
mucus
Salivary amylase, lingual lipase,
lysozymes, defensins
Parasympathetic division of
autonomic nervous system: mechano/ chemo receptors > salivary nuclei in
brain stem > facial & Glosso-pharyngeal nerves > salivation
occursSympathetic division:
release of thick, mucin rich saliva or
complete inhibition of saliva
External carotid artery
LiverLargest gland in the body; occupies most
of the R hypochondriac &
Produce bile for export to
duodenum or storage in
Hepatocytes (liver cells)
Kuppfer cells (hepatic
During injury,
hepatocytes release
Celiac ganglia; vagus nerve
Hepatic artery & hepatic
portal vein
Alimentary Canal Organ Chart
epigastric regions; under the diaphragm
almost entirely under the ribcage; R lobe is larger than L
gallbladder macrophages) vascular endothelial
growth factor
(VEGF),Endothelial
cells will then
proliferate and release hepatocyte
growth factor (HGF)
and interleukin 6
which enter the
liver at the porta
hepatis & common hepatic
duct
Pancreas Extends across the abdomen, encircled
by the C-shaped duodenum;
retroperitoneal, lies deep to the greater
curvature of the stomach
Produces enzymes that break down
foodstuffs, then delivers it to the duodenum; both
endocrine and exocrine
Acinar cells
Islets of Langerhans containing Alpha and
Beta cells
Pancreatic juice,
proteases, amylase,
lipase, nuclease, insulin,
glucagon
Vagus nerve Superior mesenteric
artery >inferior
pancreatic duodenal arteries