CP ENGLISH10 Name________________________________________ Per: ______Sentence StructureClauses/ Types, Combinations, and Punctuation

Clauses and phrases are two basic sentence parts which form the basis of all English sentences. With these two structures, writers can create endless varieties of sentences.

Clauses are a group of words that contain a ________________ and a _______________ acting together.

When Rita found her dog Rita found her dogIf Doug washed his car Doug washed his carBecause my parents were late My parents were late

All of these groupings above are clauses; their subject and verb have been underlined for you.

From these two groups, though, you should be able to see another fact about clauses. Some clauses can stand by themselves as a complete sentence, and others can’t.

These groupings illustrate the two different classes of clauses: _________________________ and ___________________________

Dependent clauses ________________ stand alone as a sentence. More vital information is needed to express a complete thought. Ex: “Because I am only fifteen”

Independent clauses _____________ stand alone as a sentence. The information provided may be basic, but it is sufficient. Ex: “I do not have my driver’s license.”

WHY CLAUSE IDENTIFICATION IS IMPORTANT:

1. Human thought is complex because we often are trying to express the relationship between ideas: _______________________ = I brushed my teeth before I went to bed. _______________________ = The police officer issued me a ticket because I was speeding. _______________________ = The liver cleanses toxins from the blood, so eating a diet rich in iron is recommended._______________________ = Rudy likes to sleep under the covers, but Gigi prefers the pillows at the head of the bed.

2. To communicate these complex relationships effectively, English uses clauses. Knowing the two different types of clauses, you can create more complex sentences.

EXERCISE 1: Place ( ) around the DEPENDENT CLAUSE(S) in each sentence below. Underline the INDEPENDENT CLAUSE(S).

1. Because I went to the store, I was late for dinner.2. Unless you have the money, the pizza will be returned.3. Whenever we have a fight, I go to the store; John goes to the movies. 4. I went to the store; John went to the movies because we had a fight. 5. Since the sun came up, the temperature is getting warmer; the birds are waking up6. The temperature is getting warmer; the birds are waking up since the sun came up. 7. I went to the store; however, John went to the movies.8. I went to the store, but John went to the movies.9. Wind at 8 to 12 miles per hour is a gentle breeze; wind above 75 miles per hour is a hurricane.10. Warm air moves upward, and cooler air moves in to replace it.11. When hurricanes hit the coast, most people move inland, but some people always stay behind.12. Tornadoes and hurricanes are two of nature’s most devastating events.13. Summer monsoons are called wet monsoons because they travel from the cooler sea to the warmer land.14. In Iceland planes take tourists to view volcanic eruptions.15. When Mt. St. Helens in Washington state erupted, it killed 65 people.16. Generating power for industry, volcanic steam is just one of the many volcanic materials available for commercial

use.17. My friend wrote an article about volcanic vacations for his newspaper The Newark Star-Ledger.18. Researching volcanoes can be a very dangerous scientific exhibition.

COMMON CLAUSE PATTERNS Some combinations of clauses are so common that they are given names.

Independent Clause Dependent Clause Pattern Type (Sentence Type)1 only

my sister likes bluegrass music

_____________________My sister likes bluegrass music.

2 onlymy sister likes bluegrass musicI’m fond of reggae

______________________My sister likes bluegrass music, but I’m fond of reggae.

1 onlymy sister likes bluegrass music

1 or morebecause she plays the violin ______________________

My sister likes bluegrass music because she plays the violin.

2 onlymy sister likes bluegrass musicI’m fond of reggae

1 or morebecause she plays the violinsince I like the drums

_______________________My sister likes bluegrass music because she plays the violin, but since I like the drums, I’m fond of reggae.

EXERCISE 2: DIRECTIONS: Using this chart, identify the clause combination from Exercise #1 (in sentences 1-18 above).

1. 7. 13.2. 8. 14.3. 9. 15.4. 10. 16.5. 11. 17.6. 12. 18,

WHY CLAUSE COMBINATIONS ARE IMPORTANT:Knowing the common clause combinations is important because certain combinations create different impressions on a reader. Writers aren’t just trying to communicate with words and images; they can also communicate powerfully by where they place these words and images in a sentence.

The Simple Sentence is a perfect choice for a dramatic statement. It’s like quick but powerful jab, startling the reader with its straightforwardness.

The Complex Sentence is the most commonly used in English because it can express simple relationships very efficiently.

The Compound Sentence is most appropriate when two ideas are balanced in equal weight and scope. It’s a terrific choice for showing contrast.

The Compound-Complex Sentence is large and intricate, making it the only choice when we have ideas that are complicated and multi-faceted.

CLAUSES AND PUNCTUATION

If you’ve been paying attention to the previous exercises, you may have noticed something else interesting about clauses: there’s a definite pattern to how they are punctuated.

In fact, our word punctuation comes from the Latin word for to point out. If you think about punctuation and clauses, you’ll see a definition connection to the word’s history. Punctuation points out where clauses stop and start.

Four Punctuation Rules for ALL clauses:

To separate two independent clauses,a. Use a comma and a _____________________________b. Use a semicolon

To separate an independent clause from a dependent clause,

c. Use a comma when the dependent comes ____________________ the independent

To interrupt an independent clause with a dependent clause,

d. Use a pair of commas AS LONG AS the dependent clause doesn’t start with THAT.

The dog chewed through the fence, and she ran off to join the circus.The circus wouldn’t hire her; she liked to chase cats too much.

When Margie couldn’t join the circus, she trotted home to her master.

Her master, who was a boy named George, was thrilled to see Margie return home.

Coordinating Conjunctions = FANBOYS =

F = A= N= B= O= Y= S=

EXERCISE 3: DIRECTIONS: Using the punctuation rules above, insert the necessary punctuation marks in these sentences below. DO NOT ADD OR DELETE ANY WORDS.

1. The doctor told Charlie to lose weight and exercise vigorously for forty-five minutes a day.

2. Charlie has a hard time sticking to a diet he really loves rich desserts.

3. The last time that he tried to lose weight he actually ended up gaining weight.

4. Because he was worried about his heart Charlie decided to hire a personal trainer.

5. His new personal trainer whose name is Adriana Bongiorno thinks Charlie may be a lost cause.

6. As long as Miss Bongiorno is around he is very good but he goes to the freezer for ice-cream when she

leaves.

7. Miss Bongiorno is starting to make a difference and Charlie is starting to make some progress in his weight

loss program.

EXERCISE 4: DIRECTIONS: Here is a list of dependent and independent clauses. Using the charts above, mix and match these clauses to create effective sentences. Punctuate your sentence correctly.

because Linda understands her husband’s weaknessesthe relentless pursuit of the American Dream can be damaging to the common manunderstanding the boys’ relationship with their father is importantflashbacks develop the audience’s understanding of the characters and the themes of the playsince the relationship between fathers and sons plays a pivotal role in Miller’s playWilly needs to be liked in order to feel successfulLinda is more of her husband’s caretaker than his spousetime is Willy’s enemy

Simple:

Compound:

Complex:

Compound-Complex: