Socialization

Culture gives the opportunity to develop the personality. Every

society gives the trainings to its members in accordance with

cultural practices. Human being learns from the society. The

personality of an individual depends on culture. According to

MacIver, "Socialization is the process by which social beings

establish wider and profounder relationships with one another, in

which they become more bound up with, and more perceptive

personality of themselves and of others and build up the

complex structure of nearer and wider associations". In fact,

socialization is a subject of learning, society provides the space

to enhance the capacity of the people. They became social

person through the socialization processes. In the society,

individual learn their behavior through the interaction process.

Society provides the certain roles and responsibilities as per age,

gender, capacity and social position. The original nature of

human being acquire from the society. To adjust in society, an

individual need to adopt social environment. The socialization

process enhances the maturation of the people. It plays the 1

significant roles for the transmission of culture from one

generation to another, where they learn different types of rules

and regulations.

Definitions

"Process of working together, of developing group

responsibility, of being guided by the welfare needs of others"

-Bogards

"Socialization consists of the "complex processes of interaction

through which individual learn the habits, skills, beliefs and

standards of judgment that are necessary for his effective

participation in social group and communities". -Lundberg

Types of Socialization

Socialization is a life-long process; it has been continued since

childhood to adult age. There are various types of socialization.

1. Primary socialization: The socialization process of infant

stage is known as primary socialization. The infant stage

children learn to communicate or learn language. It is a

basic socialization process. It takes early years of life.

Children learn cognitive skills and they have close

interaction with culture. Children could not distinguish right 2

and wrong, moral and immoral. They also learn language,

attitudes, norms and values.

2. Secondary Socialization: The secondary process of

socialization can be seen in outside the family- mainly with

peer groups. They learn at school or beyond the family

environment, where they received different kinds of social

trainings and skills in the different institutions. The mass

media, school, office and work place play the important

roles for the socialization. This kind of socialization process

also referred as adult socialization. In this stage men discard

the old ways and accept new ideas, values, attitudes, views

and vision. In this stage they have multiple choices and

adopt the material life. An individual teaches people to take

new duties and change the views of individual and change

the overt behavior.

3. Anticipatory Socialization: An individual who learn the

culture of a group with the anticipation of joining that

group. They learn different types of beliefs, norms, value

and so on. This process of socialization shows that a man

could not alone learn culture of groups to which they are not 3

concern. For instance, they learn through the joining sport

club, through the physical training and technical knowledge

that build the sportsmanship. This kind of socialization may

take place anytime and anyplace throughout their life.

4. Re-socialization: Through this process an individual

discard their former behavior and accept the new culture.

The social role is fundamentally changed. People received

new position and status in the society and they also change

the membership.

Personality and Socialization

The personality of human being depends on culture. The culture

is constructed through the different types of shared beliefs,

behaviors, arts, materials, attitudes, norms and values. The

cultural components could be transmitted generation to

generation. The personality of any individual would be product

of culture, their personality develop through the socialization

process. The socialization process is continues process. People

acquire their behavior, attitudes, arts and artifacts through the

process of interaction and adaptation. Kimball Young argued

that "personality consists of habits, attitudes and ideas that are 4

built up around both people and things". Culture provides the

specific space to build the personality of an individual. Through

the socialization process an individual able to distinguish

him/her from others. Culture provides the space to control or

make the people to be discipline. Individual exhibit their cultural

traits as per their cultural background. Human habits like

emotion, suspicion, aggressiveness, greedy, sentimental, and

coyness are product of socialization process. Each culture

develops special kinds of personality. An individual develop

their personality through the different means and methods

followed by certain cultural rules. The cultural ideology,

religious beliefs, tradition and attitudes influence the day-to-day

life. The masculine and famine behavior is not necessarily

depends on biological facts rather influence of the culture, for

instance, in Brahmin/ Chhetri women are mild, coy, shyness and

emotional than the ethnic group's women in Nepal.

Brahmin/Chhetri women have discriminated position, whereas

ethnic group's women including Thakali, Sherpa and Gurung are

more open and they have dominant role and equally contributed

to give the financial decision in the everyday business. Ruth 5

Benidict and Margaret Mead provided the supportive ideas how

culture develop the individual personality. The nature of an

individual determine through the socialization under the rules

and regulations of the particular culture.

Adaptation

Adaptation is one of the most important issues in sociology, which

maintains the social system or social structure; for example family

should adopt social, economic and educational phenomena to

maintain the familial system. Any social system like family, a state

or organization needs to adopt its environment for the existence or

survive. Adaptation is necessary for the functional prerequisites.

Every individual of the society needs to adopt new social

component for the proper adjustment. The adaptation process deals

about interdependence of the social parts in the society. The term

adaptation in sociology was influenced by the biology in the 19 th

century. The notion of adaptation process is mainly for the social

change and transformation of society. Talcott Parson implies the

notion of adaptation in the context of action; he states that “social

system must cope with external boundary condition such as 6

resources, physical condition, geographical phenomena”. People

solve the economic problems through the process of adaptation. In

Sociology, adaptation is taken as major driving force of social

change. Due to adaptation simple hunting-gathering societies

change into modern advance society. Adaptation process helps to

understand the relationship between parts of society and system as

a whole. The adaptation of new thing within the integral social

systems changes the whole system. Environmental condition of the

society forces the human being to adapt new technologies, new

ideas and even new customs and norms.

Co-operation

Co-operation is a continuous process in the society. In Co-

operation two or more than two individuals work together to

achieve the common goals. It's a form of interaction when different

people interact together to attain common goals. Co-operation

process maintains friendship, solidarity and integrity within the

people. In Co-operation two or more than two people jointly

carried out their work to fulfill their needs and expectation. Co-

operation process often includes common goals and organized

effort within the people. Cooperation helps to solve many 7

problems which they face in their everyday life. In our everyday

life we can't alone solve our problems, thus we need co-operation

of other people. Co-operation is necessary that exist in dyadic

form. There is close interaction and interdependent relationship

between individuals through the Co-operation; for instance, to

achieve good result in the final exam there need to be Co-operation

between professors and students. Both of them should work

together for the better result. They must kindly support one

another. The cooperating parties are either neutral or kindly

dispose towards one another. Co-operation is necessary

everywhere such as modern industrial sectors, school, companies,

bureaucratic organizations and large departmental stores. This is

conscious process where two or more individual consciously work

together to complete their goals. They should continuously work in

a collective way. This is a universal process which can be seen

everywhere and every groups, societies and nations. This is

necessary for the progress of an individual as well as their society.

There are four types of Co-operation

Direct Co-operation: In the direct function an individual involved

together i.e. play together, worship together and work together. 8

People do in the company with other members of their concern

work that may bring final state of function in their day-to-day life.

Indirect Co-operation: In the indirect Co-operation where people

work individually to attain common ends. In indirect Co-operation

people have been worked in accordance with division of labor, for

example CEO, manager, cashier, tailor, and computer engineer

have different responsibility within the bank or financial

institution; however they work for the same end or they work for

the financial service and benefit of their organization. In the

indirect Co-operation people have been worked as per their

specialization.

Primary Co-operation: Primary Co-operation found in primary

groups such as family, peer group, play group and friends. There is

identification of their goal where all of them work for the

betterment. The reward of work would be equally shared among

the members of the society. They have one means and ends.

Secondary Co-operation: Secondary Co-operation can be seen in

the modern capitalistic society which can be observed in the

secondary groups. Every individual performed their activities in

formal and specialized settings. Secondary Co-operation is 9

individualistic and calculative. Each individual often work for his

own benefit and wages. Member of the group shows some sort of

loyalty towards the group. However there is no priority for the

welfare of group, they are separately performing their tasks for

wages, salaries, promotion, status and benefits. There is

differentiation in their Co-operation and duties to meet their goal.

Tertiary Co-operation

In tertiary group two or more than two groups, parties, tribes,

caste, religious groups work together for antagonistic goals. Two

or more than two parties unite together to defeat their rival parties

in the election or in parliament for the formation of government.

Competition

Competition could be seen in every society within the groups,

societies and individuals. It is a form of struggle to achieve certain

goal, status and position. Competition could be culturally

conditioned. It’s a universal, impersonal and a form of social

interaction. An individual engage in competition to get benefit.

Competition is less violent in compared to conflict. An individual

focused on reward a goal attainment. According to Horton and

Hunt, “Competition is a struggle for possession of reward which 10

are limited supply money, goods, status, power, love anything”.

People everywhere compete for the property, status possession for

mates and wealth's. The Competition and Co-operation often exists

in reciprocal form. The modern capitalistic world has been running

its activities in competitive way to generate economy. In positive

point of view, competition process serves as a form of recreation

and gives the new production in a non-hostile form. In the negative

point of view, competition may cause the hostile injury and

destruction in the day-to-day activities of human being. In fact,

competition is driving force of social change which gives the

satisfaction and fulfills the need and expectations. Social

Darwinists states that competition serves as a mechanism for

determining the best suited-group economically and politically.

The competition within the group not only struggle but also

produce positive result within the people. It often initiates under

the systematic rules and regulations of the society. According Park

and Burger; “competition is an interaction without social contact".

It has been a curse between two or more groups for the same goal,

the achievement will not be shared among the all. Some

characteristics of competition are: 11

1. Competition is continuous: An individual engage in

competition to achieve something i.e. status, fame, wealth and

position. Competition between two or more than two individuals

or groups.

2. Competition is universal process: Competition can be

occurred any society, place and culture. Conflict covers all areas

of social life. For example, competition between business men

occurred to achieve maximum benefit, lawyer for the clients,

students to achieve better grades, players for trophies and

politician to achieve power.

3. Competition brings change: Competition within people

brings social transformation. They adopt new ideas,

technologies, views and knowledge to achieve new ends in their

everyday life. The competition process enhances the capacity of

both an individual as well as group that bring change in the

structure of the society.

4. Competition is governed by norms: The competition process

often governed by certain norms and values of the society.

Norms of the society controls and mobilize the people towards

the achievement of goals. The norms always force to perform 12

roles and responsibilities as per rules and regulations of the

society. The moral laws always govern the individual activities

with decent order.

5. Competition is impersonal and personal: Competition

would be both personal and impersonal. In impersonal

competition occur in a social world where competitors do not

know about the identity of his competitors for instance, when

you are attending public service examination may not have

knowledge about your competitors. In personal competition two

or more than two competitors know each other while contest for

the particular goals i.e. intra-party election for president in the

personal conflict there would be rival relation and conflict type

of competition.

6. Competition may be constructive and destructive: The

constructive competition always stimulating and supportive. The

healthy competition obviously gives the good result. Sometimes

competition might be unhealthy, fraud and corrupt which neither

creative nor productive.

13

Globalization

Globalization is normally associated with history of capitalism.

Globalization itself concerns with the global networks of

commodity, production, labor relation, flow of technology, flow

of idea and flow of media. The globalization process changes the

economic organization, institution and social process.

Globalization looks at impact of industrialization, global

economy and transnationalism of finance beside the flow of

trade, finance, culture and idea. The theory of globalization

always impact of multinational companies, aid agencies and neo-

liberal polices at local level. This is also based on

interconnectedness, flow of technologies, finance, and

transnational connections. This process encompasses the

transformation of culture, power, economy and politics not only

global to local but local to global. Globalization process itself an

exchange process of technology, idea and knowledge. The

impact of globalization transforms the social structure, social

value and ethos of culture. The transnational migration project

builds the cross broader relationships. It shows the mobility of

capital and labor. In the globalization process we should look at 14

the circulation of productive items found one place to another.

This process not only transfers the productive items but also

their ideas, knowledge and practices. Globalization process tends

to intensify the global and local networks even they are living

many miles away from one from another. The globalization

process promotes the displacement mainly from centre to

periphery or from its own specific territories to global spaces

that decay the local value system. Globalization is mediated by

the migration, communication, technology, finance, it shows the

core and periphery relationships. The globalization project is

only initiated after the decolonization process. Global theories

always encompass economic production, trade, colonialism and

imperialism—which depend on investment and profit making.

The globalization processes detach the local space through its

policies of production, consumption and investment. In the

globalization, the role of media seems to be prominent that helps

to flow the art, dance, knowledge, ideas and ideology of the

people that transforms the identity of people. The social

structure and culture deteriorated by the globalization process.

The globalization process increase the refugee, displace the 15

people largely makes the stateless people--who form the

diasporas communities. This process shifts the economic, social,

political and cultural relationships. The process of globalization

integrates nations, religion, states and societies together through

the global process of capitalism. Globalization process increases

the interdependency and instability within the social system.

Globalization is a micro-level projects which impacts on the

day-to- day life of the people. The political power determined

the investment, production, market price, wages and creation of

new market. In fact, globalization is an economic project which

helps to create the economic opportunities.

Implication of social process in management and business

administration

Social processes are important to enhance the business. This

process teaches us how to learn, cope struggle and adjust to run

the business. These components are important for the progress in

the everyday business. Social process depicts the social realities

and social relationships which might be individual to individual,

individual to group. Social process influences the business

environment, action and activities of businessman, consumer 16

behavior, personality development, their choices and interests.

Socialization process develops the personality that effects the

behavior of producers and consumers. Socialization process

builds the different habits, attitudes, faith and beliefs since the

childhood period that guided production, transition and

management. The more you have knowledge about society the

more you promote you business scientifically and make

appropriate strategies. The consumer habits often constructed

within social structure—which always influence their day-to-day

activities. The nurturing process is culturally conditioned which

assign rights and responsibility of the people. The socialization

process based on caste, class, ethnicity and religion, thus we

need to understand all of these social phenomena before

initiating any business. Social process often guided by socio-

cultural forces of the society, such as religion, language, values,

attitudes and beliefs. The understanding social process helps to

grow the profit from the client and other appropriate agencies.

Social adaptation and co-operation often associated with

maintenance of society which builds the mutual relation within

the members of the society. These two processes promote to 17

continue the existing practices or system of organization.

Adaptation and co-operation leads better production and change

the social system without disturbing the values of companies.

The collaborative and collective works within the concerned

member improve the quality of commodities. The social process

inspires the businessman to adopt the new ideas, new knowledge

and new technologies for the change and enhance the business

and services. It also concerns with adaptive choices of the

individuals. The implications new ideas, innovations and new

knowledge helps to give decision in right time. The cooperation

process often deals to work together and mutual interdependence

within the members—which may foster the peace and harmony.

Cooperation process also highlights the significance of each

member. Their effort for production, distribution, and transition

process provides the service to the clients. Any organizations

and business of the people unable to solve in isolation, thus they

need support and co-ordinate of other members who can

contribute through the various means and methods. The

collaborative effort helps to run the business system and

mobilize the resources scientifically. Within social process 18

competition and conflicts are reciprocal to adaptation and co-

operation. The competition and conflicts both are fundamental

for change that depends on individuals struggle. If we look at

competition and conflict positive point of view, it will help to

grow the production new innovation and invention in the

business companies, it leads the organization towards the

creativity. People will adapt the different means, methods and

strategies. To achieve social position and status, an individual

can achieve certain goals and efforts through his own effort and

can earn more than his rival companies. Competition with the

business organization often culturally conditioned which may

change across the time and space therefore; we need to

understand the social processes. Competition also helps to

provide better service to the consumers in terms better

production and qualities of goods. The competition process not

only brings the change within social structure but also provide

the service to the people. Conflict is also fundamental aspects to

ensure rights and responsibility. Conflict within the organization

aware the people about the exploitation through the process of

surplus generation. Conflict aware lower class people 19

particularly investments, time, income, labor and wages.

Conflict within organization inspires the market to bring the

information and structural change.

Globalization process fosters the capitalism that creates the new

opportunities such as business employment, profit, and

employment through the local and global network. The local and

global network process helps to mobilize the resources and

creates the employment at local level. Globalization is not only

brings the flow of technologies, media, idea and knowledge but

also bring the transformation in the multiple sectors.

Globalization process also provides many opportunities in the

private sectors inspire the private organization in the sector of

investment, production and distribution. Third world countries

like Nepal also sell their production in the international market.

The globalization process makes the business environment for

the industrialization. It also deteritoralized the business and

break down the hegemony of the certain peoples and their

countries. An individual can earn more through the implication

of new technologies and media. The Globalization process helps

to integrate the entire world into one through the globalization. 20