fossiele primaten en co

http://blogs.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.ListAll&friendID=86201380 VIDEO's http://www.youtube.com/profile?user=TheOtherRDA&view=videoshttp://www.wadsworth.com/anthropology_d/templates/stripped_features/primate_evolution/

http://books.google.be/books?id=Ezm1OA_s6isC&dq=Omomys&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0

 <--

Steiper2009Chap74.pdf

Cladogram-DNA.JPG

primate_tree1.jpg

Oligopithecus rogeri 5142.jpghttp://www.thenaturalcanvas.com/Mammals/Oligopithecus rogeriOligocene, Oman

Extremely rare 0.25" tooth of a Catarrhine anthropoid primate

oligopithecus.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.html?curid=2735825 http://www.hominides.com/html/dossiers/hominoide.html 35 millions d'années, nous sommes à l'oligocène et les premiers singes modernes vont apparaître. Tout d'abord arboricoles, ils vont se développer sur toutes les niches écologiques, investissant également le sol.Nous connaissons plusieurs représentants des espèces vivant à cette époque : les singes de la région du Fayoum en Egypte et ceux de Taqah (Sultanat d'Oman). Si Oligopithecus est le plus ancien (-35 millions d'années) des singes retrouvés au Fayoum, aegyptopithecus est le plus étudié et donc l'un des plus connus ! Tous ces singes ont la particularité d'avoir une boîte crânienne plus volumineuse (par rapport aux Haplorrhiniens) et des orbites orientées vers l'avant. http://www.bertsgeschiedenissite.nl/geschiedenis%20aarde/hominoidea3.htmHet eerste fossiele bewijs van een grote Hominide is waarschijnlijk Oligopithecus (familie Oligopithecinae) uit de onderste, oudste lagen van Fayoem in Egypte. Van dit dier werd slechts een kaak werd gevonden, maar de kenmerken van de tanden bestempelen het dier als een mensaap en niet als aap. 

Tot de Oligopithecinae behoren de Catopithecus and Proteopithecus. De recente vondsten van de Catopithecus

in Fayoum wijzen uit dat dit dier geplaatst moet worden aan de "onderkant van de menselijke stamboom". Catapithecus was kleiner dan een kat en leefde in de boomtoppen. Het voedsel dat hij at bestond uit fruit en soms uit insecten. Waarschijnlijk had het dier een lange staart en een aapachtig gezicht als een Klauwaapje (Marmoset). Mogelijk ontwikkelde zich uit dit diertje ter grootte van een eekhoorn alle hogere Primaten, van Gorilla, Chimpansee tot de Mens, 

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=PfGiD18nCYY

aegyptopithecus.JPG

Aegyptopithecus ::OVERVIEW http://johnhawks.net/weblog/fossils/apes/aegyptopithecus/aegyptopithecus_overview.html

The largest sample of early catarrhines come from the Fayum depression in present-day Egypt. Today this region is arid desert, but during the Oligocene around 34 million years ago, it was a swampy forest with a great density of ancient primates. Aegyptopithecus zeuxis was a small primate, around 6 kg, with essentially apelike teeth, including broad flat incisors, low molars with somewhat bulbous cusps, and sexually dimorphic canines. These dental features are more similar to living apes than to Old World monkeys, but because the distinctive shearing molars of cercopithecoids evolved later, Aegyptopithecus probably represents the ancestral condition for all catarrhines. Unlike living apes, the molar teeth had a broad extra ridge, called a cingulum, surrounding the main cusps, which increased the grinding area of the teeth.

The postcranial skeleton of Aegyptopithecus was basically monkey-like, with short, non-suspensory forelimbs and a tail. The skull had many features found in later hominoids, including strong temporalis muscle attachments, forming a low sagittal crest in most individuals. The two living catarrhine superfamilies, the hominoids and the cercopithecoides, may have diverged before Aegyptopithecus existed or after. Since Aegyptopithecus shows no derived similarities to either group, it may be very similar to the primitive catarrhine lineage that gave rise to both living groups, even if it represents an early hominoid or cercopithecoid.

Aegyptopithecus

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=kZJW4IkO6Ig

Pri1_web.jpg

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=Ht3zuNLUfQI

A.zeuxis2.JPG

Aegyptopithecus Zeuxis

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=UrqMVYVDcao

http://bio.sunyorange.edu/updated2/pl%20new/70%20monkeys.htm

Aegyptopithecus zeuxis lived 34-33 million years ago and is considered to be ancestral to both Old World monkeys and apes. It had dental & facial similarities to the later apes Proconsul and Dryopithecus but still maintains some prosimian aspects of the skull not found in any hominoids. Its teeth and jaws were apelike yet it had a tail as in monkeys. There was a large sagittal crest on the top of the skull. It weighed 9-10 pounds, similar to the size of a gibbon. Its limb proportions suggest it lived in the trees. From its brain endocast, it had a small brain but an enlarged visual cortex (Simons, 1995)..

Old World Monkeys and Apes (aka the parvorder Catarrhini)have the same dental formula (2-1-2-3). If you start in the middle of your mouth and count backwards on either side in half-parabola you should find 8 teeth: 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 pre-molars and 3 molars. This sets us apart from New World Monkeys who have a dental formula of 2-1-3-3. The more distantly related Strepsirhines (lemurs, galagos, etc.), are differentiated further by the sharp pointy cusps on their teeth, which are very unlike our flat grinding molars and pre-molars. Aegyptopithecus however shares the 2-1-2-3 dental formula, establishing a link between us and our monkey cousins.

Quite remarkably, Aegyptopithecus had a very small brain, even for their size. This has given rise to the idea that the large brains found in both Old World and New World Monkeys evolved independently. Additionally Aegyptopithecus did not have the bony ear tube found in Catarrhines, indicating this trait likely evolved later.

Most Oligocene primates have tooth form and microwear similar to modern fruit-eating primates. The teeth of Aegyptopithecus suggest that there was additional coarse material in the diet.

The face and teeth of Aegyptopithecus are intermediate between that of primitive and advanced primates (Kingdon, 2003). Aegyptopithecus possessed an ethmofrontal sinus which was once thought to be a feature specific of apes (Rossie, 2002).

A.zeuxis http://bio.sunyorange.edu/updated2/pl%20new/70%20monkeys.htm

aegyptopithecus

http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article1790141.ece

Male & female Aegyptheopithecus Zeuxis

Comparison of female (Left) and male (Right) crania of Aegyptopithecus zeuxis, with unassociated mandibles. Female cranium is CGM 85785; male cranium is CGM 40237

http://www.pnas.org/content/104/21/8731.full.pdf+html

Aegyptopithecus male& female http://www.pnas.org/content/104/21/8731.full.pdf+html

Propliopithecus.JPG

Propliopithecus haeckeli Propliopithecus had the 2-1-2-3 tooth pattern but its incisors did not project forward as in modern catarrhines. Its premolars were not one-cusped as in apes and its skeleton suggests a leaping lifestyle. Some species may have given rise to Aegyptopithecus. Some feel that Propliopithecus also gave rise to Old World monkeys. Several species are recognized including P. haekeli, P. markgrafi, P. ankeli, and P. chirobates (Simons, 1995; Delson, 1975).http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propliopithecus

< prev #15 of 153 next > Slideshow

pliopithecus.JPG

pliopithecus vindobonensis .jpg

Pliopithecus canmatensis

This is the jaw of a male Pliopithecus canmatensis. (Credit: Alba et al.)

1.Alba et al. A New Species of Pliopithecus Gervais, 1849 (Primates: Pliopithecidae) from the Middle Miocene (MN8) of Abocador de Can Mata (els Hostalets de Pierola, Catalonia, Spain. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2009; NA DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21114

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/04/100421102439.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliopithecus

2010 Spanish fossil primates.JPG

color_tree_thumb.jpg

arbrephilohominides.jpg http://www.hominides.com/html/dossiers/homme_singe.html

image001.jpg

Eosimas tallus Right Eosimas talus (IVPP V11846) from Locality 1, Shanxi Province, China.http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v404/n6775/fig_tab/404276a0_F1.html#figure-title

Eosimas http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v404/n6775/fig_tab/404276a0_F4.html#figure-titleConsensus tree from PAUP analysis.

Eosimias FIGURE 2. Medial talar and calcaneocuboid features.http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v404/n6775/fig_tab/404276a0_F2.html#figure-title

eosimias.jpg http://blogs.scienceforums.net/evoanthro/files/2009/05/eosimias.jpg

http://blogs.scienceforums.net/evoanthro/2009/05/20/huge-little-adapoid/

eosimas.gif Further steps in identifying Eosimias http://www.athenapub.com/eosimias1.htm

VICTORIAPITHECUS http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoriapithecus_macinnesi

20 millions d'annéesC'est le début du Miocène (22 à 5,5 millions d'années), on commence à retrouver des fossiles de primates. On peut les séparer en deux lignées bien spécifiques :

1.- les cercopithécoïdés qui forment un petit groupe (ancêtres des babouins et des macaques). Les cercopithécoïdes ou "singe à queue" sont à cette époque, et comparativement au groupe des hominoïdes, un groupe uniquement représenté par deux espèces dont le Victoriapithèque

2.-- les hominoïdes

http://www.hominides.com/html/dossiers/hominoide.html

VICTORIA

388368at.001.gif

VICTORIAPITHECUS

388327aa.eps.2.gif

388368ac.tif.2.gif

Saadanius hijaznsis.JPG http://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7304/full/nature09094.htmlhttp://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7304/fig_tab/nature09094_ft.html

De ontdekking van fossiele resten van een nog onbekende primaatsoort brengt ons dichter bij het precieze tijdstip waarop mensapen (waaronder de mens) en apen (Oude Wereld Apen genoemd) van elkaar weg evolueerden.

In het plateau net boven Mekka in Saoedi-Arabië is een fossiel gevonden van een vroege primaat, dat zowel kenmerken van mensapen en apen heeft. De splitsing van die twee apensoorten uit een gemeenschappelijke voorouder is een mijlpaal in de evolutiegeschiedenis.

Schattingen op basis van het genoom situeren de splitsing rond 35 to 30 miljoen jaar geleden (vroege oligoceen). Dit fossiel dateert echter van 29 tot 28 miljoen jaar terug. Dat is een periode die tot nu toe weinig relevante fossielen opleverde. Wellicht moet de splitsing tussen 29-28 en 24 miljoen jaar geleden worden gesitueerd, veel later dus dan gedacht.

Paleontologen van de University of Michigan beschrijven de deels bewaarde schedel deze week in Nature. De nieuwe primatensoort, Saadanius hijazensis gedoopt, woog ongeveer 15 à 20 kilogram en was gemiddeld van gestalte, wellicht ter grootte van een hedendaagse gibbon. Saadanius heeft niet de geavanceerde sinussen van moderne mensapen en apen (catarrhines genoemd), maar heeft een benig gehoorgang die nog niet volledig ontwikkeld was bij de voorouder van mensaap en aap een paar miljoen jaar eerder.

‘Saadanius staat dichtbij een groep die uiteindelijk tot de mens leidde’, zegt hoofdauteur William Sanders. ‘Als we meer te weten zouden komen over de omstandigheden waarin dit dier leefde, kunnen we ontdekken wat de veranderingen teweegbracht die tot de evolutie van mensapen en later ook mensen leidde.’ (rvb)De ontdekking van fossiele resten van een nog onbekende primaatsoort brengt ons dichter bij het precieze tijdstip waarop mensapen (waaronder de mens) en apen (Oude Wereld Apen genoemd) van elkaar weg evolueerden.

IDA

http://blogs.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.ListAll&friendID=86201380

Echte aap ?( opponneerbare duim )

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=HaQug8l702A

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=nPChcIsCHtU

IDA scans

Images of the hands and wrist of Darwinius masillae as taken from, and as explicitly so described in, the report published by the research team on the Public Library of Science web site.

The academic study of Darwinius masillae / Ida fossil discovery has produced many pictures and images in various formats including photographs, diagrams, sketches and x-rays. One of the pictures, "picture A", seems to be on track to provide Darwinius masillae / Ida with her Defining Icon. This picture of her hands, which seems to show that her fingers articulated quite like our own, seems to particularly capture public interest and attention.

The image is Fig. 9 of the PLoS ONE article, published under the Creative Commons Attribution License; any re-use should cite the authors and journal.

darwinius-ida-haplorrhine.jpg

IDA 2. http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2009/may/19/fossil-ida-at-a-glance

Interactive map of the fossil http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/interactive/2009/may/19/fossil-ida-evolution

Lemuren,bezitten een tandenboog in de vorm van een kam * Tandenkam /TOOTHCOMB http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothcomb

Lemur catta

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring-tailed_Lemur

*Een fatsoenerings-kam ( klauw) op de tweede teen /GROOMIN CLAWhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grooming_claw

Varecia variegata

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruffed_lemur

De verticale spatelvorm van de tanden van IDA

en de structuur het sprongbeen( = TALUS /een voetbeentje bij het enkelgewricht )horen bij de leden van aftakkingen naar onze struik van de primaten.

HUMAN TALUS-BONE

B= Talus bone http://www.eskeletons.org/metadata_static.cfm

RIGHT FOOT of IDA Figure 11. Right foot of Darwinius masillae, new genus and species. Photograph (A) and X-ray image (B) show the specimen preserved on plate A (Fig. 1). (C)— explanatory drawing. (D)— drawing of foot of Eulemur mongoz for comparison. Note the large opposable hallux, and absence of a grooming claw on digit II in Darwinius.

The image is Fig. 11 of the PLoS ONE article, published under the Creative Commons Attribution License; any re-use should cite the authors and journal.

http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0005723

Jens L. Franzen1,2, Philip D. Gingerich3, Jörg Habersetzer1, Jørn H. Hurum4*, Wighart von Koenigswald5, B. Holly Smith6

Figure 11. Right foot of Darwinius masillae, new genus and species.

"A tiny bone in her ankle, the talus, is shaped like that of a modern human. It is critical in connecting the leg to the foot and is key for bearing weight. This is crucial in making it possible to walk upright. Its shape is restricted to monkeys, apes and humans. The lemurs and the other prosimians have a bone of a completely different shape."

David Attenborough (2009)

However :

"The steep fibular facet on the talus or astragalus alone is not a synapomorphy for anthropoids because it also occurs in outgroups such as Scandentia, Dermoptera and Plesiadapiformes...Among primates it is, however, a haplorhine apomorphy [35,37], and its presence in Darwinius supports taxonomic and phylogenetic classification with haplorhines rather than strepsirrhines (Table 3)." (Franzen et al blz 17/18)

(Gerdien De Jong ) = "But it is not a apomorhy either , but possibly a plesiomorphy ( because it is also occuring in outgroups )....so , a “sloping fibular facet on astragalus or talus” is a synapomorphy in Lemuriformes ?

Nevertheles , groups are classified by synapomorphies , NEVER by plesiomorphic characteristics . Furthermore ;characteristics are never considered "out of context" (= in isolation ) and/or are not the sole main or crucial arguments

Darwinius is NOT placed propperly in the phylogenitic tree and by using methods reflecting " the state of the art ""opposable thumbs and nails " are common for ALL primates ,haplorhini AND Strepsirrhini alike

http://evolutiebiologie.blogspot.com/2009/05/link-bbc1-26-mei-2009.html

About the slope of the talofibular facet.

In lemurs(Strepsirhini ), the facet slopes outward, while in Haplorini ; tarsiers and anthropoids (and humans) it is steep.

Ida 3.JPG http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinius_masillaehttp://evolutie.blog.com/5037731/ (Gert Korthof )Prof Gerdien De jong http://evolutiebiologie.blogspot.com/2009/05/hoe-vreselijk-voor-ida.html

Geiseltal primates Figure 3. Radiographic comparison of middle Eocene primates from Geiseltal in eastern Germany.

(A)— Europolemur klatti (Weigelt, 1933), GMH CeIV-3656, left and right mandible with I1–2, C1, P2-M3d and I1–2, C1, P3-M3s. (B)— Europolemur klatti (Weigelt, 1933), GMH LeoI-4233, part of the skull with upper dentition, which is part of the holotype. (C)— Europolemur klatti (Weigelt, 1933), GMH XXXVII-120, fragmentary left mandible with double-rooted P2, P3–4, and heavily worn M1–3. (D)— Europolemur klatti (Weigelt, 1933), GMH XXII-1, right mandibular ramus with P3-M3 and alveoli for a double rooted P2. (E)— Protoadapis ignoratus (Thalmann, 1994), GMH XXII-549, part of type specimen, fragment of right mandible with C1, P3–4, M1, alveoli of P2 and M3 (mirrored). (F)— Protoadapis weigelti Gingerich, 1977, GMH XXII-624, right mandibular ramus with P3-M3, root of a small single-rooted P2 and alveolus of C1, which is isolated (mirrored). (G)— Godinotia neglecta (Thalmann, Haubold & Martin, 1989), holotype (GMH L-2), detail: palate containing M3-P3s and d, and the small unicuspid and one-rooted P2s. Arrows show the position of P2/P2. Geiseltal primates come from Middle Eocene zones MP12 and 13, slightly later in time than those from Messel (MP11). Godinotia neglecta, like Darwinius masillae, is distinguished from Europolemur klatti by the presence of small, straight, single-rooted P2.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005723.g003

Grube-Messel-pit-Monkey-H-003.jpg http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/gallery/2009/may/19/fossil-ida-missing-link?picture=34757945810 / 13

This 49 million year old fossil of a monkey's hand, only a few centimeters in size, was found at Messel

Photograph: Jonathan Blair/Corbis

Karanesia , biretia , afrotarsius.jpg

biretia Megalopsis http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Ancient_Anthropoid_Origins_Discovered_In_Africa.html

A fossilised upper tooth of Biretia megalopsis next to a small coin. Credit: Science/ E. Seiffert.http://www.hominides.com/html/actualites/actu291005-primate-anthropoide-fayoum.htm

051013222302.jpg The subtle topography of tiny teeth and jawbones enabled identification of two new ( african )anthropoid ancestors that lived 37 million years ago. (Image courtesy of Duke University)http://www.dukenews.duke.edu/2005/10/seiffertsimonsscience1005_print.htmBiretia fayumensis Biretia megalopsis http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/10/051013222302.htmhttp://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/10/1017_051017_egyptprimates.html

F2.large.jpg

The dentition of Anthrasimias gujaratensis sp. nov. (A) Occlusal stereopair of IITR/SB/VLM 1137, a left upper first molar. (B) Occlusal stereopair of IITR/SB/VLM 1100, a left upper second molar. (C) Lingual view of IITR/SB/VLM 1137. (D) Lingual view of IITR/SB/VLM 1100. (E) Occlusal stereopair of IITR/SB/VLM 1017, a right lower third molar. (F) occlusal and occluso-lingual view of IITR/SB/VLM 1201, a right dP4. (Scale bars, 1 mm.) http://www.pnas.org/content/105/32/11093.figures-only?cited-by=yes&legid=pnas%3B105/32/11093

Anthrasimias gujaratensis http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/08/080804190705.htm

09 aug 2008,

55 Miljoen jaar oude apentanden gevonden in India- In een kolenmijn in India zijn vier apentanden gevonden, die volgens onderzoekers zeker 55 miljoen jaar oud zijn.Tot nu toe waren enkel 45 miljoen jaar oude overblijfselen van apen in Azië gevonden. De tanden behoren toe aan de Anthrasimias gujaratensis, een prehistorische aap zo klein als een eekhoorn.Dat schrijven de onderzoekers van de Amerikaanse Duke Universiteit in een PNAS artikel http://www.pnas.org/content/105/32/11093.abstract

.De tanden wijzen erop dat de primaat ongeveer 75 gram woog en eruit zag als een maki.Het aapje zou voornamelijk geleefd hebben van insecten en af en toe wat groen.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The oldest Asian record of ANTHROPOIDEA

Sunil Bajpai*, Richard F. Kay†,‡, Blythe A. Williams‡, Debasis P. Das*, Vivesh V. Kapur§, and B. N. Tiwari¶ +Author Affiliations

*Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247 667, India; ‡Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708; §2815 Sector 40-C Chandigarh, India; and ¶Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun, 248001, India Edited by Alan Walker, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, and approved June 19, 2008 (received for review May 2, 2008)

ABSTRACT Undisputed anthropoids appear in the fossil record of Africa and Asia by the middle Eocene, about 45 Ma. Here, we report the discovery of an early Eocene eosimiid anthropoid primate from India, named Anthrasimias, that extends the Asian fossil record of anthropoids by 9–10 million years. A phylogenetic analysis of 75 taxa and 343 characters of the skull, postcranium, and dentition of Anthrasimias and living and fossil primates indicates the basal placement of Anthrasimias among eosimiids, confirms the anthropoid status of Eosimiidae, and suggests that crown haplorhines (tarsiers and monkeys) are the sister clade of Omomyoidea of the Eocene, not nested within an omomyoid clade. Co-occurence of Anthropoidea, Omomyoidea, and Adapoidea makes it evident that peninsular India was an important center for the diversification of primates of modern aspect (euprimates) in the early Eocene. Adaptive reconstructions indicate that early anthropoids were mouse–lemur-sized (≈75 grams) and consumed a mixed diet of fruit and insects. Eosimiids bear little adaptive resemblance to later Eocene-early Oligocene African Anthropoidea.

F1.large.jpg http://www.pnas.org/content/105/32/11093.figures-only?cited-by=yes&legid=pnas%3B105/32/11093Schematic representations of three hypotheses about anthropoid and tarsier origins. (A) Anthropoids and tarsiers share a common ancestor within a paraphyletic Omomyoidea. (B) Tarsiers arose from an omomyoid while anthropoids are sister to omomyoids. (C) The tarsier-anthropoid clade is the sister group of omomyoids. References to these views are in the text. Constraints on the branch times of the groups depicted in these schemes are approximate and based on the first appearance of (i) Omomyoidea [earliest Eocene (40)], (ii) Tarsiidae [middle Eocene (41)] or the omomyoid Shoshonius, its proposed sister taxon (22), and (iii) middle Eocene or earlier anthropoids, depending on the assumptions of various authors. Dashed lines represent the dates of the Paleocene-Eocene and early Eocene-middle Eocene boundaries (42). Temporal position of Altiatlasius and Anthrasimias are indicated. a, first appearance of Tarsiidae in Asia; b, hitherto first appearance on eosimiid anthropoids in Asia.

F4.large.jpg http://www.pnas.org/content/105/32/11093.figures-only?cited-by=yes&legid=pnas%3B105/32/11093Measurements of shearing crest development on the molar teeth of Vastan primates. (A) Ratio of second lower molar length to summed lengths of six principal M2 shearing crests. (B) Ratio of first upper molar length to summed lengths of four principal buccal shearing crests. Color-coded bars (blue, insects; red, fruit; yellow, gums) indicate principal dietary item (34). Asiadapis, Vastanomys, and Marcgodinotius fall within the range of extant prosimian fruit and gum eaters such as the extant mouse lemur Microcebus, which also eats a substantial amount of insects (Table 2).Measurements of shearing crest development on the molar teeth of Vastan primates. (A) Ratio of second lower molar length to summed lengths of six principal M2 shearing crests. (B) Ratio of first upper molar length to summed lengths of four principal buccal shearing crests. Color-coded bars (blue, insects; red, fruit; yellow, gums) indicate principal dietary item (34). Asiadapis, Vastanomys, and Marcgodinotius fall within the range of extant prosimian fruit and gum eaters such as the extant mouse lemur Microcebus, which also eats a substantial amount of insects (Table 2).

Diablomomys dalquesti, Kirk and Blythe Williams from Duke University have discovered Diablomomys dalquesti, a new genus and species of primate that dates to 44-43 million years ago when tropical forests and active volcanoes covered west Texas.

http://www.utexas.edu/news/2008/10/13/fossil_primates/

The anthropologists named the new primate combining "Diablo" to represent the Devil's Graveyard Formation (sand- and mudstones near Big Bend National Park) with Omomys, a related fossil genus. The dalquesti species name honors Walter and Rose Dalquest, who donated the land on which the fossil was collected (Midwestern State University's 'Dalquest Research Site'). Walter was a Texas paleontologist and distinguished biology professor at Midwestern State University in Wichita Falls until his death in 2000.http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/10/081014111401.htm

Primate mandible

https://webspace.utexas.edu/kirkec/www/dalquest.html

Omomys carteri femur. Proximal and distal femora of Omomys carterihttp://homepages.wmich.edu/~anemone/research.htm

FossilsBridger2.jpg http://www.rockymountainpaleontology.com/bridger/fossils.htm

Bridger Formation microfossils collected from the Omomys Quarry (UCM L. 93026), a lake margin deposit. Included is

a right dentary of the tarsioid omomyid primate Omomys carteri (center);

avian eggshell fragments (upper left), distal femur (upper right), and talon (lower middle); freshwater gastropod (middle right), and Lepisosteus scale (lower right).

Chumashius baichi, n. gen. and n. sp.1933http://authors.library.caltech.edu/9502/1/STOpnas33d.pdf"Relationship particularly close with thatdivision of the tarsiid lemurs (Anaptomorphidae) which includes theEocene genera Omomys, Hemiacodon and Euryacodon."

http://paleobackup.nceas.ucsb.edu:8110/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=91576order Primates Linnaeus 1758 infraorder Tarsiiformes Gregory 1915 family Omomyidae Trouessart 1879 subfamily Anaptomorphinae (Cope 1883) subfamily Anaptomorphinae Cope 1883

tarsier/spookdiertjes http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spookdiertjes

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsier

" ...Fossil record

Fossils of tarsiers and tarsiiform primates are found in Asia, Europe, and North America, and there are disputed fossils from Africa, but extant tarsiers are restricted to several Southeast Asian islands including the Philippines, Sulawesi, Borneo, and Sumatra. They also have the longest continuous fossil record of any primate genus,[2] and the fossil record indicates that their dentition has not changed much, except in size, in the past 45 million years...." http://web.archive.org/web/20041015083950/http://www.szgdocent.org/pp/p-tarsir.htmhttp://web.archive.org/web/20040811001250/www.geocities.com/RainForest/Canopy/3220/IOtarsiiformes.html

Could not find that user in your network. Save anyway?

art71_nl_T1.jpg

De Clercq Tsjok (me)Luciano Redondomanel korbaa

TourduMonde_foto01_03.jpg

TourduMonde_foto03_06.jpg

Teilhardia asiatica

Ni et al 2004. Figure 1 The skull of Teilhardina asiatica sp. nov. (IVPP V12357). a, Dorsal view of the skull. b, Reconstruction of the skull based on IVPP V12357, with grey shadow indicating the missing parts. Scale bar, 5 mm.Ni et al, 2004. A euprimate skull from the early Eocene of China. Nature 427:65-68http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v427/n6969/abs/nature02126.htmlhttp://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v427/n6969/fig_tab/nature02126_ft.html

http://evolutiebiologie.blogspot.com/2009/05/de-oudste-primaat.html

De oudste primaat.

Teilhardina asiatica is de meest primitieve soort van het geslacht Teilhardina. De geschatte leeftijd is 54.97 miljoen jaar, op de grens van Paleoceen en Eoceen. De plaats van T. asiatica is aan de wortel van de radiatie van de euprimaten, de ‘echte’ primaten, dat zijn de primaten zonder de Plesiadapoidea. T. asiatica is tegelijk de oudste soort die bij de Haplorhini hoort. Het meest primitieve geslacht van de tot de Strepsorrhini behorende Adapiformes, Donrussellia, is uit het vroege Eoceen (55 tot 49 miljoen jaar geleden), vermoedelijk later dan Teilhardina asiatica.(prof . Gerdien De Jong )

Teilhardina belgica Teilhardina:t/ 1927Dit kaakbeentje (met tanden), is een centimeter groot.. Het dateert uit het begin van het eoceen (55 miljoen jaar geleden) en is daarmee afkomstig van één van de oudste voorouders van primaten, de dierengroep waartoe ook wij mensen behoren.

Het kaakbeentje is van een lid van de (nu reeds lang uitgestorven) familie van de Omomyidae, verre neven van de huidige spookdiertjes. De Teilhardina belgica, waarvan nauwelijks meer van zulke kaakbeentjes zijn teruggevonden, werd vernoemd naar de wetenschapper die het voor het eerst beschreef en bestudeerde: de Franse Jezuïetenpater Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881 1955).

Hij onderzocht vier jaar lang fossielen van zoogdieren uit Belgische vindplaatsen uit het begin van het eoceen. Dit kaakbeentje komt uit Dormaal (bij Sint-Truiden), uit een reeds voor het eerst in 1883 door het KBIN Museum ontdekte site. Nu zijn er ook in Noord-Amerika en in China kaakbeenderen van Teilhardina opgegraven.

In zijn in 1927 door het Museum uitgebrachte studie bracht Teilhard de Chardin het kaakbeentje in verband met het reeds in Noord-Amerika gekende genus Omomys, vandaar de naam die hij zelf aan het diertje gaf:

Omomys belgicus. Hijzelf twijfelde reeds of zijn onderzoeksobject niet beter een eigen genus verdiende omwille van bepaalde tandkenmerken die afwijkend schenen te zijn voor Omomys. In 1940 herzag George Gaylord Simpson, een Amerikaanse expert in vroege zoogdieren, dan ook de genusindeling en doopte het nieuwe genus Teilhardina ter ere van zijn eerste onderzoeker.

De Teilhardina vormt nog steeds een interessant onderzoeksonderwerp voor de wetenschappers, ook aan het KBIN. Ze zien diens snelle verspreiding over de wereldcontinenten als aanwijzing voor sterke klimaatswijzigingen in het verleden

Specimen · Kaakbeenfragment (1 cm!) met tanden van Teilhardina belgica, België (Dormaal - 1920)

Teilhardina Magnoliana http://palaeoblog.blogspot.com/2008/03/oldest-north-american-primate.html

http://www.pnas.org/content/105/10/3815

Teilhardina species.JPG

colugo

Lemur-relative

Colugo

SC_049_D_web.jpg

Dermoptera http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colugohttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dermoptera.html

primates' closest extant relatives.JPG

scadentia.JPG

SIA1036.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treeshrew

Ptilocercus_lowii lowii Ptilocercus, http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ptilocercus_lowii.html

Colateral but extant close relative of the supposed ancestor group of colugo's(Dermaptera) ,tree shrews(Scadentia ) and Modern Primates http://www.yale.edu/anthro/people/esargis.html

ptilocercus-lowii.jpg

MB%3Atree.jpg

FlyingPrimates.jpg

purgatorius http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatoriushttp://www.ica-net.it/pascal/UOMO_JPG/purgatorius.htm

28481_big.jpg Left section of a mandible of the primate, Plesiadapis fondinatus. Specimen dates from the Late Paleocene, silver coulee Quarry, Park County, Wyoming, USA.

http://piclib.nhm.ac.uk/piclib/www/image.php?img=60192

The Natural History Museum, London

Libye.JPG http://www.bloggen.be/evodisku/archief.php?ID=967062

early antropoids.JPG http://www.bloggen.be/evodisku/archief.php?ID=967062

myanmar.JPG http://www.bloggen.be/evodisku/archief.php?ID=967062

early antropoid ancestors .jpg

euprimateformes.JPG http://catalogue-of-organisms.blogspot.com/2010/02/beginning-to-grasp-things-taxon-of-week.html

plesiadapsiformes. http://catalogue-of-organisms.blogspot.com/2010/02/beginning-to-grasp-things-taxon-of-week.htmlhttp://www.willighp.de/evo/01-Plesiadapiformes/01-00_Plesiadapiformes.phphttp://www.willighp.de/evo/01-Plesiadapiformes/07-0_Palaechthonidae.php

plesiadapis https://www.dmr.nd.gov/ndfossil/Poster/bullion/images/plesiadapis_1.gif

Plesiadapis cookei

Plesiadapis churchilli

Plesiadapis.jpg http://critters.pixel-shack.com/WebImages/crittersgallery/Plesiadapis.jpg

http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Lab/8932/plesiadapiforms.html

Dryomomys szalayi An illustration depicts composite (left) and reconstructed (right) skeletons of a mouse-size animal called Dryomomys szalayi discovered near Yellowstone National Park. Scientists who made the find say the animal is the most primitive known ancestor of modern primates.

Illustration Bloch, et al./PNAShttp://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-01/yu-pdm012307.php

http://scienceblog.com/12433/paleontologists-discover-most-primitive-primate-skeleton/

Skeletons of Paleocene plesiadapiforms Dryomomys szalayi (Left) and Ignacius clarkforkensis (Right) from the Clarks Fork Basin in northwestern Wyoming. Plesiadapiforms are highly important in the study of the origin and early evolution of primates and other closely related mammals, such as tree shrews and flying lemurs. These 56-million-year-old skeletons, which are shown to scale, are the most complete known for their families and illustrate the diversity of anatomical form and size found at the base of a clade that includes humans (Primates).

PNAS http://www.pnas.org/content/104/4/1159

Zvětšit obrázek <-click

(A), Dryomomys szalay, Premaxilla (B,C). (Autor: Jonathan I. Bloch, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA)

Zvětšit obrázek<--click

Ignacius clarkforkensis. 55 – 65 MY (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA)

http://evomech1.blogspot.com/2007/01/study-revises-understanding-of-primate.htmlhttp://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/sciencestories/2007/bloch_primate.htm

Smilodectes Smilodectes (Denver Museum )http://www.creationism.org/images/DenverMuseum/DMNS65L_PrimateSkeleton.jpg

smilodectes.

Smilodectes Skeleton http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SmilodectesAdapiformes primates= Genus: Smilodectes Wortman, 1903

Early primates.JPG

archaeolemur majori.JPG

pri13_web.jpg

pri14_web.jpg

pri16_web.jpg

pri17_web.jpg

Dryopithecus fontani

Dryopithecus

Three species from Europe c. 9–12 Ma. Characterized by the unique development of narrow, tall-crowned upper central incisors and thin-enamelled molars with high dentine penetrance.

Dryopithecus fontani Lartet, 1856 from France and Austria is represented by fragmentary mandibles (the holotype is a mandible), isolated teeth and a humeral shaft (Begun, 1994).

Dryopithecus brancoi Schlosser, 1901 from Rudaba´nya, Hungary is represented by the holotype (a left M3) plus additional material, including a partial cranium (RUD 77), tooth-bearing mandibles and maxillae and isolated teeth.

The holotype of Dryopithecus crusafonti Begun, 1992 from Can Ponsic and El Firal, Spain comprises a poorly preserved left maxilla and a separate but apparently associated left canine fragment.

In addition, 15 isolated teeth and a mandible have recently been allocated to this taxon (Begun, 2002). Begun & Kordos (1997) and Begun et al. (1997) have proposed Dryopithecus as the sister taxon of an australopith–African ape clade.

http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/pdf/jbi_2141.pdf

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=Ujwk4CkRiEs

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=T17p3vLr6yg

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=BZbgFoMRmvw

kenyantropus platyops

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=ZFyRe9CaOKs

KenyanthropusA single species, Kenyanthropus platyops Leakey et al., 2001 represented by a largely complete but distorted cranium(holotype), a partial left maxilla and a variety of other cranial fragments (paratypes) from sites along the Lomekwi and Topernawi rivers of the Turkana district, northern KenyaThe holotype, paratypes and other fragments are from different sites: LO-6N, LO-5, LO-4, 5 and 9, respectively. The cranium lacks most of the cranial base, premolar and anterior tooth crowns, and the entire right incisor. The upper second molar crown has been characterized as having enamel thickness comparable to that in Australopithecus anamensis and Australopithecus afarensis (Leakey et al., 2001).

http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/pdf/jbi_2141.pdf

Ugandapithecus major http://www.bloggen.be/evodisku/archief.php?ID=1279592

Kenyapithecus wickeri

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=I5DQvp5OfHg

Kenyapithecus wickeri

pri19_web.jpg

Mesopithecus pentelici

oreopithecus Bambolii http://johnhawks.net/weblog/fossils/apes/oreopithecus/

http://www.geo.unifi.it/ricerca/bambolii.html

oreopithecus Bambolii

oreopithecus Bambolii

oreopithecus Bambolii

Parapithecus

Lufengpithecus chiangmuanensis, http://212.58.226.17/1/hi/sci/tech/2823245.stmPossible arrangement of male teeth Grey denotes teeth actually recovered; Pink shows symmetric fossils Blue are resized female teeth; Green are inferred from other fossils Image courtesy of ESRF/ISE-M/Nature http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=l3RHCeoFc4E

teeth.jpg Jaw fragment from Longgupo cave (left), which dates to about 1.9 million years ago, resembles an analogous specimen (right) from East Turkana (ER 992), dated to about 1.2 million years. Both fossils

show more generalized hominid dental features in molar cusp patterns and premolar crown shape when compared with Asian Homo erectus. The Longgupo jaw is thus more primitive than Homo erectus and could represent the ancestral condition for that species. The Longgupo hominid best represents a population of early Homo arriving to East Asia about the time Homo ergaster appears in Africa. (Photograph of African hominid jaw provided by Alan Walker and reproduced with permission from the National Museums of Kenya. Longgupo photograph courtsy of the authors.)

UPDATE Regardless of how the conclusions about the jaw fragment were formed, however, Ciochon has now stepped forward to express his doubts about his previous interpretation. The fragment does not represent an early hominin, he says, but an as-yet-unknown species of ape that lived in the forests of what is now China during the early Pleistocene. Where Ciochon had previously compared the teeth to those of the large extinct ape Gigantopithecus and the hominin Homo erectus, the Longgupo cave teeth more closely resembled those of the more ancient (~6-7 mya) ape Lufengpithecusis and other hard-to-identify specimens from surrounding deposits of Early Pleistocene age. Given these resemblances it appears more likely that the "pre-erectus" hominin that Ciochon thought the teeth represented was truly some as-yet-unknown species of ape.

http://scienceblogs.com/laelaps/2009/06/mystery_hominin_turns_into_mys.php#more

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7249/full/459910a.html

Sivapithecus sivalensis

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=RqVQye1bjq4

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=5kYi5oqVtOA

Grahan and Schwartz (2009) have just published a paper in which they claim that orangutans are more closely related to humans that are chimpanzees. According to them, the molecular data is not reliable. They claim that detailed morphological comparisons show that orangutans are our closest ancestor. http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/pdf/jbi_2141.pdf

"Are orangutans our closest living relatives? "John Hawks =" NO"

The plain fact is that Jeffrey H. Schwartz has already had his chance to make his case and he has not been successful. How many chances does he get before we draw the obvious conclusion?You ain't seen nothing. Papers claiming that birds are not dinosaurs are still being published.

Ofcourse , unconvential ideas should not be blocked for being unconventional. However They should be blocked if they fail to meet standards of evidence and argumentation. I.e. the bar should not be lowered for them.

Schwartz & all cite following paper ONLY to note that it omits characters that would unite Homo with Pongo.This is called " data selection "

Shoshani, J., C. P. Groves, E. L. Simons, and G. F. Gunnell. 1996. Primate phylogeny: Morphological vs molecular results. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 5:102-154.

The autors of this paper used over 100 anatomical characters and found that human linked more closely to chimp than either gorilla or orang.

see more :http://sandwalk.blogspot.com/2009/06/genes-phylogeny-and-orangutans.htmlhttp://pleion.blogspot.com/2009/06/orangutans-to-replace-chimpanzees-as.htmlhttp://jmlynch.wordpress.com/2009/06/29/orangs-in-the-family-tree/

sivapithecusrangle.jpg

www_antoloji_com_411024_35.JPG

ankarapithecus.jpg

"out of africa " Great Apes ?

- La lignée eurasiatiqueEn Turquie, Grèce et Hongrie une autre lignée va s'installer (peut-être des descendants d'Afropithecus). On connaît peu de choses sur eux : ce sont surtout des fossiles de crânes qui nous sont parvenus. Ils ont la particularité de présenter à la fois des caractères physiques communs avec la lignée asiatique et avec les hominidés africains.

Cette lignée dans laquelle on distingue ankarapithéque , ouranopithèque, graecopithèque n'a plus laissé de traces après 8 millions d'années.

http://www.hominides.com/html/dossiers/hominoide.html

Ankarapithecus

Known from a single species, formerly known as Sivapithecus meteai Ozansoy, 1957, from 10.7 to 10.6 Ma in the SinapFormation north of Yassio¨ren in central Turkey

The specimens comprise a mandible and skull fragments that present a tall, wide and anteriorly facing zygoma(cheekbone), marked alveolar prognathism combined with a short upper face, tall, ovoid, superiorly rimmed but not widelyseparated orbits, and a long, slit-like incisive foramen situated anteriorly in the palate – all of which suggest affinity with theorangutan (Andrews & Cronin, 1982).

http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/pdf/jbi_2141.pdf

Gigantopithecus.JPG

giganto

Gigantopithecus

giganto.jpg Gigantopithecus had extremely large molars. Some extinct priomates had 4 premolars. We have 2.http://www.geocities.com/athens/acropolis/5579/week3livingprimates.html

proconsul.skeleton /reconstruction http://www.hominides.com/html/dossiers/grands_singes.htm

Dryopithecus.JPG

Proconsul hessoloni Proconsul(Denver museum ) http://www.creationism.org/images/DenverMuseum/DMNS64L_PrimateSkullPicture.jpg

Proconsul.JPG

proconsul.jpg

KNM-RU 7290

Proconsul africanus.JPG

http://johnhawks.net/weblog/fossils/apes/proconsul/proconsul_overview.html

PROCONSUL ; an OVERVIEW

Perhaps the largest sample of Miocene ape fossils, dated over the longest time period, is Proconsul. Extending from over 22 million years ago to around 10 million years ago across East Africa, the fossil record of this genus consists of over a thousand skeletal elements, representing much of its anatomy.

Unlike living apes, Proconsul was a quadruped, with several features reflecting this adaptation, including:

1.forelimbs and hindlimbs of the same approximate length 2.the lower part of the spine is long and flexible for quadrupedal movement 3.the hands were used for palm-down walking as in living monkeys

Some scientists believe that Proconsul may have had a tail, based on the evidence for tendon attachments on the sacrum, although other scientists disagree and no tail bones have been found. There appear to have been at least three species of Proconsul, though the level of sexual dimorphism

was high in each, making it difficult to separate within-species and between-species variation. The species varied in body size, ranging from a small form at 15 to 20 kg to a large form that approached 50 kg. The molar teeth of all species had thin enamel and low cusps, which may reflect a diet concentrating on fruits. As in Aegyptopithecus and other early catarrhines, the molars had an extensive cingulum.

It is possible that all later apes share a Proconsul-like ancestor, with the development of vertical body posture and suspensory locomotion that distinguish later hominoids.But it is not out of the question that the Proconsul lineage is a much more distant relative to living apes, perhaps even representing an extinct catarrhine superfamily separate from hominoids and cercopithecoids. The position of Proconsul in the hominoid phylogeny is potentially important because of its implications for the evolutionary relationships of later apes.If later apes evolved from a Proconsul-like form rather than a gibbon-like brachiator, for example, then their locomotor evolution may have followed a substantially different path.

Molar of engelswais.JPG

Pri4_web.jpghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=R_3O8Xbaa18

Pri8_web.jpg

Pri9_web.jpg

morotopithecus.jpg Crâne de face - Moropithècushttp://www.hominides.com/html/dossiers/hominoide.html

Toumai Sahelanthropus tchadensishttp://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/toumai.html

evolution-des-hominides.jpg http://www.hominides.com/html/ancetres/ancetres.html

Anoiapithecus brevirostris. The face, jaw and teeth of a 12-million-year-old hominid named Anoiapithecus brevirostris. The fossil's presence in Spain suggests that hominids migrated from Europe into Africa before the evolution of modern humans (Image: National Academy of Sciences, PNAS)

New hominid species from 12 million years ago discovered <---video

http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17225-were-our-earliest-hominid-ancestors-european.htmlhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090602083729.htmhttp://www.bloggen.be/evodisku/archief.php?ID=338211http://afarensis99.wordpress.com/2009/06/03/anoiapithecus-brevirostris/

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_HOyUtPd8_W0/SiAg1O4MsdI/AAAAAAAAADE/LxHuWPOopXE/s400/Panor%C3%A0micaACM.JPG

0811730106.full.pdf

Millions of years before early humans evolved in Africa, their ancestors may have lived in Europe, a 12-million-year-old fossil hominid from Spain suggests. The fossil, named Anoiapithecus brevirostris by Salvador Moyà-Solà of the Catalan Institute of Palaeontology in Barcelona, Spain, and his colleagues, dates from a period of human evolution for which the record is very thin. While only the

animal's face, jaw and teeth survive, their shape places it within the African hominid lineage that gave rise to gorillas, chimps and humans. However, it also has features of a related group called kenyapithecins.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=fARlXBrQLsA

Were our earliest hominid ancestors European? 01 June 2009 by

Bob Holmes Evolution and Human Evolution

Millions of years before early humans evolved in Africa, their ancestors may have lived in Europe, a 12-million-year-old fossil hominid from Spain suggests.The fossil, named Anoiapithecus brevirostris by Salvador Moyà-Solà of theCatalan Institute of Palaeontology in Barcelona, Spain, and his colleagues, dates from a period of human evolution for which the record is very thin. While only the animal's face, jaw and teeth survive, their shape places it within theAfrican hominid lineage that gave rise to gorillas, chimps and humans. However, it also has features of a related group called kenyapithecins.

Moyà-Solà says that A. brevirostris and some similar-looking kenyapithecins lived in Europe shortly after the afrohominid and kenyapithecin lineages split, and so that the divergence itself may have happened there. If he is right, our hominid ancestors lived in Europe and only later migrated to Africa, where modern humans evolved.

This "into Africa" scenario is likely to be controversial. Critics argue that discoveries like Moyà-Solà's are more likely to reflect the quality of the fossil records in Africa and Europe than offer clues to the actual origins of hominids.Jay Kelley, a palaeobiologist at the University of Illinois at Chicago, points out that the fossil record from the time in question is much better in Europe than in Africa. "If you've got a record on one continent but not the other, naturally you're going to see origins of the group from the continent where you've got the record," he says.

Journal reference: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0811730106)

mensaap kaak.JPG Anoiapithecus brevirostris. jaw http://www.bloggen.be/evodisku/archief.php?ID=338211

mensapen voorouders.JPG http://www.bloggen.be/evodisku/archief.php?ID=338211

Speculatief bewerkte stamboom ( oorspronkelijke basisboom ( Nature ) voor Pierolapithecus : te vinden op ) --> http://www.bloggen.be/evodisku/archief.php?ID=39

update rspb.2010.0218.full.pdf

041119_HUMAN_ANCESTOR_vmed.vlarge.jpg http://evodisku.multiply.com/journal/item/376/Pierolapithecus_catalaunicus.

Simplified cladogram depicting the phylogenetic hypothesis and biogeographic scenario favored in this paper. The Afropithecinae include the Afropithecini; the Equatorini include Equatorius and Nacholapithecus; the Kenyapithecini include Kenyapithecus and Griphopithecus; and the Dryopithecini include Pierolapithecus, Dryopithecus s.s., and Anoiapithecus. Nodes: 0, taillessness and other postcranial and cranial features; 1, thick enamel, dental morphology, robust mandible, procumbent

premaxilla; 2, anterior position of the zygomatic root, strong mandibular inferior torus; 3, reduction of maxillary sinus, very deep canine fossa, reduced mandibular length; 4, high face, high zygomatic root, wide nasal aperture (widest at the base), flat nasals that project anteriorly beneath the level of the inferior orbital rim, orthograde-related features (as judged from Pierolapithecus). This hypothesis implies a back-to-Africa dispersal of the Homininae and a reversal of some features of node 3 in this group, but assumes that features of node 4 are homologous between pongines and hominines.

Pierolapithecus Catalaunicus

pierolapithecus_lg.jpg

pierolapithecus.jpg

pierolapithecus_skel.jpg

1.jpeg http://cache.daylife.com/imageserve/08ayc5P7UJ11q/610x.jpgKenyan scientist Kyalo Manthi holds 13 November 2007 in Nairobi an ancient jawbone of what appears to be a new species of ape that was very close to the last common ancestor of gorillas, chimpanzees and humans.

The new species, Nakalipithecus nakayamai, was discovered along the volcanic mud flow deposits in Kenya's Nakali region on the eastern edge of the Rift valley in 2005 by a team of Japanese and Kenyan researchers and comprises of a fossil jaw and 11 isolated teeth. Researchers date the specimen at between 9.80 and 9.88 million years.

http://www.bloggen.be/evodisku/archief.php?ID=39

http://scienceblogs.com/laelaps/2009/06/mystery_hominin_turns_into_mys.php#more

nakalipithecus-nakayamai-jaw-top.jpg FOSSILS of GREAT APES

Nakapithecus

2.jpeg

3.jpeg

4.jpeg

CE757507FG0010.gif

apeteeth Ch. Abyssinicus

nine-chorapithecus-teeth.jpg

nature06113-f3.0.jpg

nature06113-f2.0.jpg

Killikaike blakei http://www.cite-sciences.fr/francais/ala_cite/science_actualites/sitesactu/magazine/article.php?id_mag=3&lang=fr&id_article=6023

http://www.pnas.org/content/103/14/5437.full.pdf+html?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=New+primate+genus+from+the+Miocene+of+Argentina&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT

Marcelo F. Tejedor, Ada´n A. Tauber, Alfred L. Rosenberger, Carl C. Swisher III, and Marı´a E. Palacios, 2006 New primate genus from the Miocene of Argentina, PNAS 103(14):5434-5441

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/10/991015080116.htm

Miocene%20Platy.JPG http://scienceblogs.com/afarensis/upload/2006/12/Miocene%20Platy.JPGhttp://www.cite-sciences.fr/francais/ala_cite/science_actualites/sitesactu/magazine/article.php?id_mag=3&lang=fr&id_article=6023

http://www.pnas.org/content/103/14/5437.full.pdf+html?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=New+primate+genus+from+the+Miocene+of+Argentina&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT

Marcelo F. Tejedor, Ada´n A. Tauber, Alfred L. Rosenberger, Carl C. Swisher III, and Marı´a E. Palacios, 2006 New primate genus from the Miocene of Argentina, PNAS 103(14):5434-5441

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/10/991015080116.htm

chimp teeth -fossils Fossils of early humans are rare, but those of chimpanzees have been absent from the fossil record altogether, until now. In this week's Nature, Sally McBrearty and Nina Jablonski describe the first report of fossils of a chimp. The fossils are modest -- just three teeth -- but they have the potential to change perceived wisdom about human evolution.

http://www.wired.com/medtech/health/multimedia/2005/08/68706

http://www.wired.com/medtech/health/news/2005/08/68706

Caipora bambuiorum, The skull of Caipora bambuiorum, one of the two complete primate skeletons recovered from Toca da Boa Vista cave ( Brasil) . It closely resembles the living spider monkey, but is more than twice the size, suggesting that South American monkeys participated fully in the mega-faunal phenomenon of the last Ice Age.http://209.209.34.25/webdocs/anatomy/Brazil.htm

hartwig2.jpg Frontal view of the crania of Protopithecus (left) and Caipora (right), both from Toca da Boa Vista. They resemble living South American monkeys that inhabit the top levels of the tropical forest canopy, but they were significantly larger than any living species. Further exploration of Toca da Boa Vista hopefully will yield more primate species that also were quite large compared to modern monkeys.http://209.209.34.25/webdocs/anatomy/Brazil.htm

hadropithecus.JPG