1. How many isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase exist and in which tissues they prevail?

a. 3 - LDH1- Heart LDH5 – muscle, liver LDH3 – growth, cancer

2. Write the part of FAD molecule which is responsible for it's reduction properties.

a. On 2 nitrogens (number 1,5) of the riboflavin ring

3. Give an example of multienzyme complex and explain the principle of it's function.

a. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, multienzyme means several enzymes that catalyzes successive steps in a series of reactions which are associated together as a complex, also: fatty acid synthase complex

4. What is the net production of ATP in glycolysis (under aerobic conditions) – including CAC and

respiratory chain?

a. 38(36) ATP : 2 at substrate level, 6(4) from NADH(dependant on transport system to mitochondria), 6 from NADH (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex), 24 from CAC

5. The 3rd NADH production in Kreb's cycle involves the reaction of?

a. Malate --------------- oxaloacetate (by malate dehydrogenase)

6. What is glycogenolysis? How is it regulated?

a. The breakdown of glycogen into it's bulding blocks – glucose, glucose-1-P in order to replenish glucose supply in blood, regulated by hormones (glucagon, epinephrine) which modify (by phosphorylation) enzymes, in this way – can stimulate or inhibit it.

7. Which hormones play an active role in glycogen synthesis?

a. Insulin

8. How is called the degradation of fatty acids, and why?

a. β-oxidation, because the oxidation occurs on the β carbon of the fatty acid chain.

9. The compound known as ACP which means…. And it participates at….

a. Acyl carrying protein, fatty acid synthesis (by transport of acyl groups)

10. Name the rate controlling enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis.

a. HMG-CoA reductase

11. Very important products of uronic acid pathway are?

a. Glucoronic acid, UDP-glucoronate

12. Gout is the disease cause by the disorder in the metabolism of?

a. Purines (uric acid accumulates because of a partial deficiency of HGPRT)

13. Purine base adenine is degraded by xanthine oxidase to? Give all 3 intermidiates.

a. Adeninehypoxanthinexanthineuric acid

14. In which part of cells are located receptors for testosterone and progesterone?

a. In the cytosol, or the nucleus

15. Where are located receptors for polypeptide hormones?

a. On the cell membrane

16. Thyroxine (T4) is a derivative of the AA (Give structure)?

a.

17. Explain the principle of immunoelectrophoresis

a. Separation of proteins by charge and their reaction with antibodies

18. Which immunoglobulins contain the J-chain?

a. IgM, IgA

19. Which compounds can act as Ag?

a. Polysaccharides, proteins

20. What is the most frequent conjugation reaction?

a. With UDP-glucoronate

21. Which nutrients are absorbed by ileum?

a. Water, bile acids, B12, electrolytes

22. Describe the principle of creatinine determination and name the reaction.

a. JAFFE reaction, picric acid (in alkaline medium) gives orange color, then messure by spectrophotometry

23. Write the reaction for the determination of chloride conc. In blood serum

a. Chloride is titrated with mercury (II) nitrate

24. What is the principle of the cholesterol determination in biological material

a. Concentrated sulfuric acid acetoanhydrate gives green-blue color, the spectrophotometry

25. Transducin is? And it is active in?

a. G-protein, stimulation of rhodopsin, taste buds

26. ATP molecule is composed of?

a. Adenine, Ribose, 3 phosphates

27. Pantothenic acid forms a part of a compound which is named?

a. CoA

28. Write the coordination number and oxidation number of Fe in Hb.

a. 6, 2

29. Write the reaction of CAC in which ATP is produced on the substrate level.

a. +CoA

30. Write the initial reaction of Kreb's cycle which is catalyzed by the citrate synthase.

a.

31. 6-phospoglucono-δ-lactone is produced in the pathway which is named?

a. Pentose phosphate pathway

32. β-glycosidase (lactase) is specific for splitting of?

a. Lactose (galactose+glucose)

33. Explain the principle of facilitated transport across membranes.

a. The conformational change of the channel when it is approached by the molecule (not energy dependant, "ping-pong" mechanism)

34. Phosphatidic acid is the precursor in the synthesis of triacylglycerols, write the chemical structure.

a.

35. What is the fate of glycerol that has been released in degradation of lipids?

a. Gluconeogenesis or TAG synthesis

36. Write the reaction in fatty acid biosynthesis which leads to formation of malonyl Co-A.

a. (by acetyl-CoA carboxylase)

37. Explain the term enterohepatic circulation.

a. The releasing of the bile acids and salts and bilirubin into the small intestine, their reabsorbtion to the blood and their return to the liver.

38. Describe the metabolic pathway of histidine degradation (without enzymes)

a. Histidineα-ketoglutarate

39. Name precursors required for biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides.

a. CO2 + glutamine + aspartate

40. Name 2 hormones of amine character.

a. Insulin, glucagon, epinephrine

41. Parath hormone regulates?

a. Level of ca2+ in the blood (increases)

42. What is the difference between polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies?

a. Polyclonal – made from multiple genes, monoclonal – one gene

43. Where do biotransformation enzymes take place?

a. Cytochrome P450 (Endoplasmic reticulum)

44. Aliphatic hydrocarbon xenobiotics is converted in the phase I by hydroxylation to?

a. Aliphatic alcohols

45. Describe 3 transport proteins.

a. Albumin, transferin, lipoproteins, hemoglobin

46. What are haptens?

a. Small molecules not acting as antigens

47. What reagent you can use for the glucose test in the urine? Explain.

a. Fehling test – giving red color (change from blue) in boiling water if glucose is present

48. Give roles of saliva.

a. Digestion, moisturizing, immunity, lubrication, increases pH, cleaning of teeth

49. Name coenzyme that transfer one carbon units.

a. THF – tetrahydrofolate, SAM- s-adenosylmethionine

50. Name the reaction for detection of bile pigments in urine.

a. Ehrlich reaction

51. At which part of NAD⁺ molecule is hydrogen bound? Draw the structure.

a. At carbon number 4 of the niacin ring

52. Formation of succinate in Kreb's cycle is associated with energy production in the form of? Give the

reaction.

a. GTP. +CoA +GTP (succinate thiokinase)

53. Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate results in formation of?

a. Acetyl-CoA

54. Uronic acid pathway serves mainly for?

a. UDP-glucoronate (xentobiotic, bilirubin conjugation), glycoproteins

55. α-glucosidase (maltase) is responsible for splitting of? And it belongs to the enzyme class?

a. Maltose = Glucose+glucose. 3 - hydrolases

56. What is energetically more efficient? Aerobic or anaerobic glycolysis? Why?

a. Aerobic, because it utilizes the respiratory chain and CAC for production of additional ATP (energy)

57. In which part of the cell fatty acid oxidation and lipogenesis take place?

a. Degradation – mitochondria, lipogenesis – cytosol

58. Which hormones stimulate and inhibits lipogenesis?

a. Stimulates – insulin, inhibits – glucagon59. What is the common precursor for synthesis of TAG?

a. Glycerol-3-P

60. Give AA which are metabolized through fumarate.

a. Phenylaalanin, tyrosine

61. Chaperons (or HSP) are responsible for?

a. Folding of proteins

62. Enkephalins and endrophins are considered to be…? And are produced in?

a. Hormones produced in GIT and brain

63. What is the role of cGMP in the visual process?

a. Second messanger

64. Give the classes of immunoglobulins

a. IgM, IgE, IgA, IgG, IgD

65. What is the function of variable and hypervariable part on immunoglobulins?

a. Determines specificity towards Ag (binds the Ag)

66. The phase I is also known as? And it involves the reactions…?

a. Biotransformation, reaction of hydroxylation

67. Give the main biochemichal function of kidney

a. Filtration of blood, synthesis of hormones – rennin, erythropoetin, compounds – creatine

68. Why viruses can start the cancer process? Explain the biochemical mechanism?

a. They insert their own DNA to the DNA of the host, causing a mutation which can lead to excessive transcription of genes

69. Ehrlich reaction is used for detection of?

a. Bile pigments (bilirubin) in urine

70. Explain the biochemical principle of "mad cow" disease.

a. Prions – proteins which are able to multiply, accumulate in brain damaging tissue

71. Rhodopsin is……………..? And it functions as………..…?

a. Visual pigment in retina, functions as transfer of signal

72. Give the principle of deoxyribonucleic protein isolation from spleen.

73. Name the conditions which mainly affect the rate of enzymatic reactions.

a. pH, temp, pressure, conc. Of enzyme, conc. Of substrate

74. What is the relationship between the activity of enzyme and Km value?

a. if Km value is high the activity of the enzyme is slow because it's affinity towards it’s substrate is low, if Km is low then the opposite

75. Give the enzymes which need emulgator for their activity, explain the mechanism.

a. Lipases, lipases catalyzes the breakdown of lipds (which are not soluble in water) that's why the need the emulgators to make them water soluble.

76. The anapleurotic reactions are…………………?

a. Reactions that can give the intermediates of the CAC (e.g: carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate)

77. Give 2 inhibitors of the respiratory chain and explain which reactions the affect.

a. Pieridicine A (inhibits complex I), oligomycin (inhibits ATP synthase complex)

78. In which metabolic pathway are required branching and de-branching enzymes?

a. Glycogen synthesis and degradation

79. Glycolysis is regulated by 3 enzymes, what are they?

a. Hexokinase (glucokinase), fructose-6-P kinase, pyruvate kinase

80. The enzyme monoacyleglycerol acyltransferase takes part in the process…

a. TAG synthesis

81. How many moles of ATP are released during the degradation of 1 mole of plmitic acid?

a. 129 ATP: 8X12 (acetyl-coA) = 96, FADH2X7 = 14, NADHX7 = 21, -2ATP (transport

+ malonyl-coA making)

82. Ketogenesis produces compounds (structures)……..…. Which can be utilized as………?

a. Ketone bodies:

. Are utilized for energy during starvation.

83. Cytoplasmic acyl-CoA coming from…………. Is transferred through mitochondrial membrane as………..

and cleaved to acetyl-CoA in the reaction of……………….?

a. TAG degradation, carnitine, β-oxidation

84. In which parts of the cell is urea synthetized? Give all related metabolites.

a. Mitochondria, cytosol.

85. Explain the role of cAMP in the hormone signal transduction.

a. cAMP is a second messanger formed when the G-protein interacts with the membrane bound enzyme adenylate cyclase. It activates a family of enzymes called protein kinase A, which in turn phosphorylate other enzymes making them active or inactive.

86. The main reaction involved in the phase I of xenobiotic metabolism is?

a. Hydroxylation

87. Explain the relationship between oncogenes and cancer.

a. Are viruses that act directly on DNA (inserting their own DNA) and induce mutation that leads to cancer.

88. Water excertion through the kidney is controlled by?

a. ADH (anti duaretic hormone) secreted from the hypophysis.

89. Which enzyme and proteins are involved in the mineralization of bones?

a. Alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, osteonectin

90. The blood glucose range in fasting healthy adults is?

a. 3-6 mmol/L

91. Draw the schematic structure of IgG molecule and name the individual part.

a.

92. Give the main components of plasma proteins, what method is used for their separation?

a. Albumins, globulins: α1, α2, β, γ. Electrophoresis is used for separation.

93. The uffelmann reagent serves for detection of…… Which is the product of metabolism of………?

a. Lactic acid, anaerobic glycolysis (coming from pyruvate)

94. The examination of GGT activity in blood serum is of great clinical importance, why?

a. Detection of liver damage – alcohol intoxication, cirrhosis.

95. How many ATP are produced during aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis?

a. 36 or 38 (depending on shuttle) in aerobic, 2 in anaerobic

96. Which reactions of glycolysis are not reversible for gluconeogenesis?

a. Glucoseglucose-6-Pfructose-6-Pfructose 1,6-bisphosphat PEPpyruvate

97. The pentose phosphate pathway serves for?

a. Production of NADPH (for fatty acid synthesis) and ribose-5-P (for nucleotide synthesis)

98. Which nucleotides are involved in synthesis of glycogen?

a. UTP, ATP, cAMP

99. In which organ is glycogen stored?

a. Liver, muscle

100. Which glycosidic bond forms branches in glycogen?

a. α 16

101. Which hormones are involved in glucose level regulation?

a. insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol

102. Give diseases related to sugar metabolism?

a. Diabetes mellitus, fructosuria, lactose intolerance, von gierke's disease, pomp's disease

103. How is transferred NADH formed in the cytosol during glycolysis into the mitochondria?

a. 2 shuttles: malate-aspartate shuttle (no loss of ATP), 3-P-glycerate shuttle (converted to FADH2 – loss of 1 ATP)

104. Write the first reaction of glycolysis.

a. Glucose + ATPglucose-6-P + ADP (hexokinase, glucokinase)

105. Sulfated glucoseamine is present in the polysaccharide……?

a. Heparin

106. 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate is formed in red cells, what is it's role?

a. No production of ATP, helps hemoglobin to release oxygen to tissue

107. Write the last reaction of glycolysis in the cytosol.

a. Aerobic: (pyruvate kinase).

anaerobic: (LDH)

108. Describe the cori cycle and it's function.

a. During intensive muscle work (anaerobic conditions), the lactic acid formed in muscle is transported via blood to the liver, then converted back to pyruvate (by LDH5) and used for gluconeogenesis, then the glucose formed is transported back to muscle for glycolysis.

109. 6-phosphogluconate-δ-lactate is produced in……?

a. Pentose phosphate pathway

110. NADPH is synthesized mainly in…….?

a. Pentose phosphate pathway

111. Which intermediates are characteristic for metabolism of galactose?

a. UDP-galactose, galactose-1-P

112. Which derivatives of glucose play an important role in detoxification process?

a. Glucoronic acid, UDP-glucoronate

113. Glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes ……..?

a. The degradation of glycogen (breaking of the α 14 bonds)

114. Write the formula of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and give it's metabolic role.

a. It is an intermediate of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis:

115. Write the reaction of glycolysis catalyzed by aldolase.

a.

116. Write the reaction of uridine diphosphate glucose formation.

a. UTP + Glucose-1-PUDP-glucose + PPi (UDP-Glucose phosphorylase)

117. Which hormones are involved in metabolism of glycogen?

a. Insulin, glucagon, epinephrine

118. Give the major metabolic pathways for glucose utilization.

a. Glycolysis, glycogen synthesis, penoste phosphate pathway

119. Write the reaction of alcoholic fermentation starting with pyruvate.

a.

120. The common intermediates of glucose and fructose metabolism are?

a. Fructose-6-P, fructose-1-P, glyceraldehyde-3-P

121. Chitin contains the sugar unit with the name…………..?

a. N-acetyleglucoseamine

122. Describe glucose-alanine cycle and it's role.

a. Is during starvation, provides an efficient mechanism for muscle to dispose of nitrogen and achive energy (in the form of glucose) for work:

123. Which and how many nucleotides are involved in gluconeogenesis?

a. 6ATP (2 of them GTP)

124. Give the principle steps in biosynthesis and β-oxidation of fatty acids.

a. Synthesis: 1)export of acetyl-coA to cytosol 2)formation of malonyl-coA 3)reduction 4)dehydration 5) reduction. Degradation: 1)transport of fatty acyl-coA into mitochondria (by carnitine) 2) oxidation 3)hydration 4)oxidation 5)removal of acetyl-coA

125. Give the role of carnitine in the β-oxidation of fatty acids.

a. Transport of fatty acyl-coA from cytosol into mitochondria.

126. Give the initial step in cholesterol synthesis.

a. Formation of acetoacetyl-coA (acetyl-coA + acetyl-coAacetoacetyl-coA + coA)127. Which compounds are synthesized from cholesterol?

a. Steroid hormone, bile acids, vitamin D

128. Give the initial compounds and pathway for production of prostaglandins.

a. Arachidonic acid [20:4(5,8,11,14)], cycloxygenase pathway

129. Give the initial compound and pathway for production of leukotrienes.

a. Arachidonic acid [20:4(5,8,11,14)], lipoxygenase pathway

130. Give forms in which cholesterol is excreted from the body.

a. Bile acids, cholesteryl esters

131. Give at least 2 coenzymes taking part in β-oxidation of fatty acids.

a. NAD+, FAD+, FMN, coA

132. Which compound is a donor of H+ in biosynthesis of fatty acids?

a. NADPH

133. Give the active form of choline in synthesis of phospholipids.

a. CDP-choline

134. Ceramide is composed of…………………….?

a. Sphingosine + fatty acid

135. Give the main functions of lipoproteins.

a. Transport of lipids (TAG, cholesterol, cholesteryl esters)

136. Give the first step in β-oxidation of fatty acids.

a. Dehydrogenation (oxidation)

137. Explain, what is ACP (acyl carrying protein)?

a. A protein that carries the acyl groups during synthesis of fatty acids (coenzyme in fatty acid synthase complex)

138. Give the names and formulas of the ketone bodies.

139.

140. Give the differences in the activities of phospholipase A1, A2, C and D.

a. A1 – cleaves the primart fatty acid. A2 – cleaves the secondary fatty acid. C – cleaves phosphoalcohol. D – cleaves only alcohol. (phospholipids)

141. Give the fatty acid participating in formation of cholesterol esters.

a. Palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), oleic acid [18:1(9)]

142. Give the substrate and product of lipogenesis and part of the cell where it takes place.

a. Acetyl-CoA, Palmitic acid – cytosol

143. Give the name of fatty acid catabolic process and the reason.

a. β-oxidation , because oxidation occurs on the β carbon of the fatty acid chain

144. β-oxidation with an odd number of C atoms gives acetyl-CoA and……………….?

a. Propionyl-coA

145. Give the composition of lecitins.

a. Lecitine (phosphatidylcholine) = choline +Phosphatidic acid (diacylglycerol 3-P)

146. Give the end product of triacylglycerol digestion.

a. MonoacylGlycerol + 2 fatty acids

147. What is a micelle?

a. Mix of lipids with bile salts that are soluble (amphipathic) and can pass to the cells.

148. What is sphingosine?

a. Unsaturated aminoalcohol (unsaturated FA attached to an aminoalcohol)

149. What are chylomicrons?

a. Lipoprotein that is reasponsible for transport of TAG (lowest density lipoproteins)

150. Lanosterol is an intermediate in synthesis of?

a. Cholesterol151. What kind of energy does drive the ATP synthesis?

a. Electrochemical gradient

152. Give two examples of commercial use of enzymes

a. Washing powder, food industry

153. Complete the reaction, sucrose + water (sucrase) =

a. Glucose + fructose

154. The compound 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate is formed in erythrocytes, what role does it play?

a. No production of ATP, enabling hemoglobin to better release oxygen

155. Asp and Asn enter the CAC in the form of?

a. Oxaloacetate

156. Name 3 steps of energy conservation in the living body.

a. Glycolysis, CAC, β-oxidation, respiratory chain

157. Which reactions in glycolysis are irreversible?

a. Glucoseglucose-6-P, fructose-6-Pfructose-1,6-bisP, PEPpyruvate

158. Give the diseases (4) related to sugar metabolism

a. Diabetes mellitus, fruktoseuria, galactosuria, lactose intolerance

159. Pepsin belongs to the enzyme class (the name and the number):

a. Hydrolases class III

160. Give the reaction of CAC at which GTP(ATP) is produced:

a. + CoA +GTP (succinate thiokinase)

161. Which complexes and enzymes are in the respiratory chain?

a. Complex I(point of entry from NAHDH – NADH dehydrogenase), II(point of entry from FADH2 – succinate dehydrogenase), III (cytochrome c reductase), IV(cytochrome c oxidase), V(ATP synthase)

162. β-oxidation of fatty acids with odd number of carbon leads to:

a. Acetyl-CoA, Propionyl-coA

163. Explain the term "feedback inhibition"

a. Inhibition of the enzyme by the product of the reaction (or one of the following reactions)

164. What are enkephalins?

a. Hormones produced in GIT and brain

165. Which enzyme converts acetoacetate to acetone?

a. NONE!

166. Give the ketone bodies (+structures)

a.

167. Leucine zipper structure is found at:

a. Regulatory protein for DNA transcription

168. Sickle cell anemia is caused by:

a. Inborn error in synthesis of Hb caused by Substitution mutation (GluVal – at position 6)

169. Give the forms of DNA, which of them is the most common?

a. Z – left handed, A – right handed 11b/turn, B – right handed 10b/turn (most common)

170. Give the hormones of amine character:

a. Insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, dopamine, serotonine

171. What is the role of the troponine complex?

a. Binds calcium and facilitates muscle contraction

172. Give the names and structures of adrenal medulla hormones:

a.

173. Sulfation is conjugation of compounds with active sulfate, abbreviated as:

a. PAPS (phosphoadenosylphosphosulfate)

174. The most frequent conjugation reaction is:

a. With UDP-glucoronate

175. Give the buffer systems in humans:

a. Bicarbonates, ammonia (in urine), proteins, phosphates, organic acids

176. What are substituents in porphyrins?

a. Methyl, acetyl, propionyl, vinyl

177. What type of chemical interaction occurs between antigen and antibody?

a. Weak chemical bonds

178. What is digestion?

a. Breaking down of big molecules (e.g: proteins) to small molecules, monomers (e.g: AA)

179. Where is produced LDH5?

a. Lactate dehydrogenase 5 – liver, muscle

180. G-proteins act mainly in the process of:

a. Formation of second messangers

181. Give the composition of uffelman reagent.

a. FeCl3 + phenol

182. Give the principle of enzymatic detection of glucose.

a. Glucoseoxidase (GOD) catalyzes oxidation of glucose by O2 to gluconate and H2O2. H2O2 formed is cleaved by peroxidase to O and H2O, released O will make red color in complex.

183. The Michalis constant Km (unit, range):

a. Mol/L. 10-3-10-6

184. Give the pH optimum for trypsin and pepsin in a graph.

a. Trypsin = 7, Pepsin = 2

185. What is the role of ubiquinone in enzymatic reactions?

a. Coenzyme in Electron transfer

186. Draw the structure of NAD+ molecule, where does H+ attaches?

a. carbon number 4.

187. Give at least 3 important intermediates of CAC.

a. Citrate, isocitrate, α-ketoglutarate, succinyl-coA, succinate, fumarate, malate, oxaloacetate.

188. Give the main roles of fat in the body.

a. Major energy storage of the body, thermal isolation, mechanical protection, component of membrane.

189. The highest number of carbon atoms in fatty acid synthesis is:

a. 16, Palmitic acid

190. Give at least 2 compounds synthesized from cholesterol:

a. Bile acids, steroid hormones, vitamin D

191. Which part of the urea cycle is located in the mitochondria, write the reaction:

a. NH3+CO2carbamoyl phosphate: (carbamoyl phosphate synthase I), carbamoyl phosphate + ornithinecitruline :

(ornithine transcarboxylase)

192. Albinism is a disease in the metabolism of:

a. Melanin (tyrosine)

193. Genetic information transfer:

a. DNARNAProteosynthesis

194. Give hormones of lipogenesis regulation:

a. Insulin, glucagon

195. Give the hormones produced by adrenal cortex.

a. Corticosteroids, mineral corticoids. Cortisol, aldosterone.

196. Give the effect of thyroid hormones.

a. General metabolism197. Give the main functions of blood:

198. Temp. regulation, transport of hormones + nutrients, acid-base balance, electrolyte

balance, respiration, defense (immunity)

199. Give the composition of gastric juice:

a. Water, HCL, pepsin, gastrin, gastric lipase, minerals

200. The determination of ALT activity in blood serum is used for:

a. Liver diagnosis

201. Explain the meaning of RF Value:

a. In chromatography It is the distance of the specific column (a) divided to total distance (b)

202. Trancducin is………and it is active in……………

a. G-protein, trasmition of signal in visual system and taste buds.

203. How is further used propionyl-CoA in metabolism?

a. As succinyl-coA in CAC.

204. The bile acids are divided into….

a. Primary and secondary

205. Give the schematic degradation of phenylalanine:

a. Phenylalaninetyrosinefumarate (+acetoacetate)

206. Give the adenine degradation

a. Adeninehypoxantinexanthineuric acid

207. Which cells produce antibodies?

a. B-cells (plasma cells)

208. Lactic acid can be tested with?

a. Uffelman reagent

209. AST activity determination is useful for?

a. Diagnosis of myocardial infarction

210. Why fatty acids in natural lipids have always even number of carbon atoms?

a. Because body synthesizes FAs from acetyl-coA (which contains 2 carbons)

211. Active sulfate used for sulfation has the abbreviation?

a. PASP (phosphoadenosylphosphosulphate)

212. What coenzyme contains pantothenic acid?

a. coA

213. Give enzymes removing toxicity of superoxide radicals.

a. SOD (supeoxide dismutase) + catalase (for H2O2 formed from SOD reaction)

214. Explain anapleurotic reactions.

a. Any reaction that yields intermediates of CAC (e.g: carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate)

215. Give the initial compound and pathway for leukotriene production.

a. Arachidonic acid [20:4(5,8,11,14)], lipoxygenase

216. Give known metaloporphyrins.

a. Heme (is found in hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes), chlorophyll

217. Give the substituents found in porphyrins

a. Methyl, propionyl, vinyl, acetyl

218. Give the diseases of digestion:

a. Lactose intolerance, marasmus, kwashirkor, malabsorbtion syndrome

219. give the principle reactions of amino acid metabolism

a. Transamination, deamination, decarboxylation

220. Which coenzyme is responsible for CO2 transfer?

a. Biotin

221. Malate dehydrogenase catalyzes the reaction:

a. Malate + NAD+oxaloacetate + NADH + H+:

222. The production of third NADH molecule in kreb's cycle:

223. Draw the action of phospholipase C

a. Phosphatidylinositolinositol-triphosphate + DAG

224. How is detected acetone in urine?

a. Lastradet's test, in alkaline medium acetone reacts with iodine forming ioform (forming color)

225. How proteins are reversibly precipitated?

a. Salts (e.g: NaCl), Na2SO4, (NH4)2SO4

226. Give the main groups of chemical carcinogens:

a. Aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrosamines

227. What are xenobiotics?

a. Substances that the body does not need (and can be harmful), and should be metabolized and eliminated, e.g: drugs, food additives, pesticides

228. Which hormone is responsible of Na and K balance?

a. Aldosterone

229. Describe the mechanism of steroid hormone action:

a. Need carrier protein (hydrophobic), bind to receptor in cytosol or in nucleus forming complex, complex interact with DNA and affect transcription thus elevating or decreasing amount of enzyme.

230. Serotonin is the derivative of the amino acid……. (give formula).

a.

231. Chaperones are responsible for:

a. Folding of proteins

232. Glucose-6-P is converted by isomerase to:

a. Fructose-6-P

233. Dische reagent is used for:

a. DNA and RNA detection

234. Which hormones are produced by gonads?

a. Testosterone, progesterone, estrogen

235. What is the role of carnitine in β-oxidation?

a. Transport of FA from cytosol to mitochondria (for degradation)

236. Which allosteric inhibitors are in glycolysis?

a. ATP, NADH

237. Triose -P-isomerase participates in……………., it's product is……………

a. Glycolysis, glyceraldehyd-3-P

238. What is turnover number of enzymes?

a. Unit which measures the amount of substrate changed by 1 mole of enzyme per one second

239. How is converted lanosterol to cholesterol?

a. Decarboxylation + hydrogenation

240. Write all mediators in hormone action:

a. Ca2+, cAMP, cGMP, DAG, inositol triphosphate

241. Give 6 classes of enzymes:

a. I – oxidoreductases II – transferase III – hydrolases IV – lyases (synthases) V – isomerases VI – ligases (synthetases – ATP)

242. What are coenzymes?

a. Non protein part of the enzyme (crucial for it's activity) which can be redox coenzyme or coenzyme transferring chemical group.

243. Give formula for velocity of enzymatic reaction:

a.

244. What kind of reaction is catalyzed by ligases?

a. Formation of bonds in presence of ATP

245. What kind of reaction is catalyzed by lyases?

a. Breaking or formation of bonds (synthesis or degradation) without ATP

246. What is an apoenzyme?

a. The protein part of the enzyme

247. What kind of reaction is catalyzed by hydrolases?

a. Breaking of bonds in presence of water

248. Which coenzymes transfer the acyl group?

a. ACP, coA

249. What is the affinity of enzyme towards it's substrate if it's Km is low?

a. High

250. Which coenzymes transfer protons?

a. NAD+, FAD, NADP+, FMN

251. What kind of inhibition it is when Km= Km'?

a. Noncompetitive (competitive – Vm=Vm acompetative – Vm≠ Vm Km≠ Km)

252. Explain reversible inhibition of enzymes

a. Inhibitor binds not to active site. Increasing concentration of substrate can cancel the inhibition

253. What is allosteric inhibition?

a. Inhibition by binding to a site different from active site (allosteric site) changing conformation of enzyme making it less active

254. What are isozymes?

a. Enzymes with the same function (catalyze same reaction), but, they have different shape and they are found in different tissues.

255. Give the formula for the michalis-menten constant.

a.

256. What kind of reaction is catalyzed by oxidoreductases?

a. Oxidation and reduction reactions.

257. What kind of reaction is catalyzed by isomerases?

a. Rearrangement (Isomeration) reaction.

258. What isoenzymes of LDH are used in clinical diagnosis?

a. LDH1 – heart, LDH5 – liver muscle, LDH3 – growth, cancer

259. What kind of reaction is catalyzed by transferases?

a. Transferring of chemical groups

260. Give the name of the enzyme (and it's class) which catalyzes the reaction: 2H2O2 = 2H2O + O2

a. Peroxidase, Catalse. Oxidoreductases (I)

261. Which enzymes are used in medicine?

a. For digestion (pepsin, lipase), anithrombic

262. NAD+ is composed of:

a. Nicotine amide + Adenine + Ribose

263. One catal (k) means:

a. Amount of enzyme which which is able to produce 1 mol of product per one second.

264. Which main metabolic processes occur in mitochondria?

a. Oxidative phosphorylation (respiratory chain), CAC, β-oxidation

265. Which main metabolic processes occur in the cytosol?

a. FA synthesis (lipogenesis), glycolysis, gluconeogenesis.

266. Which main metabolic processes occur in the golgi apparatus?

a. Post translational modifications (folding, sulfation, glycosylation….)

267. Which main metabolic processes occur in ribosom?

a. Proteosyntheis

268. Which main metabolic processes occur in peroxisome?

a. Detoxification of H2O2

269. Give some endoergonic processes:

a. Needs energy - Muscle contraction, Na2+/K+ pump (active transport)

270. Give some exergonic processes

a. Gives energy – glycolysis, respiratory chain, β-oxidation

271. Give the components of ATP (draw the structure)

a. Adenine, ribose, 3 phosphates:

272. Give the examples of high-energy compounds:

a. ATP, GTP, PEP (phosphoenolpyruvate), creatine-P, PRPP (phosphorribosyl pyrophosphate)

273. Give 3 major sources of phosphate in energy conservation:

a. CAC, glycolysis, respiratory chain (oxidative phosphorylation)

274. Describe the phosphate cycles:

a.

275. Oxidoreductases are classified into 4 groups:

a. Oxidases, dehydrogenases, peroxidases, oxygenases

276. Give the site/s of oxidoreduction in flavin nucleotides:

a. Nitrogen 1 and 5 on the flavin ring

277. Give the site/s of oxidoreduction in nicotineamide coenzymes:

a. Carbon number 4 of the niacin ring

278. What is the orded of coenzymes (cytochromes) in the respiratory chain?

a. b, c, a

279. Where is located respiratory chain?

a. Inner mitochondrial membrane280. From which subunits is composed ATP synthase?

a. F0, F1, OSCP (connects the 2 subunits)

281. Give the transport systems of small molecules

a. Active, passive, facilitated diffusion, pinocytosis

282. Give the transport system of large molecules

a. Endocytosis, exocytosis

283. How differs facilitated diffusion from passive diffusion?

a. Changing of conformation of channel protein in facilitated diffusion (ping-pong mechanism)

284. Which coenzymes are needed for citric acid cycle?

a. coA, NAD+, FAD

285. Which poisons inhibit CAC?

a. Malonate, fluoroacetate, arsenite

286. Write the first reaction of CAC

a. by citrate synthase

287. Write the reaction of CAC where FADH2 is produced?

a. by succinate dehydrogenase

288. How many ATP are produced in CAC including respiratory chain? Explain:

a. 12 ATP. 1 – subsrate level. 3NADH=9ATP + 1FADH=2ATP.

289. Give essential amino acids for human:

a. PHILM TVALT = phenylalanine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, tryptophan, valine, arginine, leucine, threonine

290. Give (true) ketogenic amino acids:

a. Lysine, leucine

289. What amino acids do not undergo transamination?

a. Lysine, threonine

290. Give amino acids needed for biosynthesis of creatine.

a. Glycine, arginine, methionine

291. Give hormones and neurotransmitters synthetized from tyrosin

a. Thyroxine, T3, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine

292. How many molecules of Gly and succinyl-CoA are needed for production of a porphyrin ring?

a. 8 of each

293. What is glutathione, give it's role.

a. Is a tri-peptide, made of : GLU, CYS, GLY. Has role in detoxification, protects red blood cells against radical, oxidizes methemoglobin to hemoglobin , substrate in prostaglandins synthesis.

294. Serotonine (give formula) is a derivative of which amino acid?

a. tryptophane

295. Give amino acids metabolized through oxaloacetate.

a. Spa = Aspartate, asparagine

296. Give amino acids metabolized through α-ketoglutarate.

a. GG Pro HArg = Glutamate, glutamine, proline, histidine, arginine.

297. Give amino acids metabolized through succinyl-CoA

a. M Thre V I = Methionine, threonine, valine, isoleucine

298. Give the first reaction of urea cycle (use the formulas)

a. (by carbamoyl phosphate synthase I)299.

300. T3 and T4 (give formulas) are derivatives of:

a. tyrosine

301. How is methionine regenerated from homocysteine?

a. By methylation with methyl-THF (by homocystein methyl transferase).

302. Write the synthesis of epinephrine from norepinephrine.

a. By methylation (with SAM)303. Which amino acids contribute to the synthesis of a purine ring?

a. Asp, Gln, Gly

304. Which amino acids contribute to the synthesis of a pyrimidine ring?

a. Asp, Gln

305. Which amino acids contribute to the synthesis of carnitine?

Remove this iodine to have T3

a. Met, Lys

306. Give the initial compounds for synthesis of glycine

a. Ser, Thr, CO2 + NH3 + Methenyl-THF

307. From which molecules can be synthesized serine?

a. Gly, Thr, 3-P-Glycerate

308. Give the reaction of γ-aminobutyric acid production

a. (by glutamate decarboxylase)

309. Give amino acids which are metabolized through pyruvate

a. Threonine, cystine, alanine, glycine, serine

310. Which inherited disease is connected with metabolism of phenylalanine?

a. Phenylkatenuria311. Which amino acids are increased in urine in cystineuria?

a. Cystine, ornitine, arginine, lysine

312. Which AAs and enzymes are involved in maple syrup urine disease?

a. Branched chain AA: leucine, isoleucine, valine. Branched chanin α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex.

313. How are deoxyribonucleotides produced?

a. By reduction with the enzyme: ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase.

314. Give diseases related to purine metabolism:

a. Gout (partial deficiency of HGPRT), lesch-neyhan syndrome (total deficiency of HGPRT), kidney stones.

315. Which and how many moles of amino acids participate in biosynthesis of AMP?

a. 1 glycine, 2 aspartate, 2 glutamine

316. Give motifs in regulatory proteins of nucleic acids:

a. Zinc fingers, leucine zipper, turn-helix-turn

317. Give the final product of guanine degradation:

a. Uric acid

318. What is degenerated code?

a. There can be more than one codon (triplet of nucleotides) for the one AA.

319. Give the formula of complementary base for thymine

a. Adenine:

320. Give the function of polyribisomes

a. Protein synthesis

321. Give the heterocyclic bases found in RNA

a. Uracil, adenine, cytosine, guanine

322. Give process of genetic information transfer

a. DNARNAProteosynthesis (Replication, transcription, translation)

323. What is a "codon"?

a. Triplet of bases that code for one AA.

324. Explain the term "universal" genetic code

a. That all creatures have the same codons for the same AA.

325. What is exon?

a. Is a part of mRNA that codes for a part of the protein.

326. What is intron?

a. Is a part of mRNA that does not code for a part of the protein and must be spliced.

327. What is okazaki fragment?

a. Are fragments of nucleotides added on the lagging strand (3'5') (during DNA replication) in the 5'3' direction but in fragments.

328. Give the disease caused by lack of parathyroid hormone:

a. Hypoparathyroidism.

329. Give structural formula of cAMP:

a.

330. Give hormones involved in calcium homeostasis:

a. Calcitonin, clcitriol (vit. D3), parath hormone.

331. Give hormones secreted by pancreas:

a. Insulin, glucagon.

332. Give hormones regulation Na+ and K+ balance:

a. Aldosterone

333. Give disease caused by disturbances in growth hormone production:

a. Agromygalia, giant, dwarf

334. Give the buffers regulation pH of blood:

a. Bicarbonates, proteins, phosphates, Hb

335. Give extra- and intra- cellular biometals:

a. Extra: Na, Ca. intra: K, Mg

336. Hyponatremia is caused by:

a. Lack of sodium in blood

337. How is changed fibrinogen to fibrin?

a. By thrombin

338. Give the formula of hydroxyapatite

a. Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2

339. Bilirubin is formed from?

a. From heme degradation.

340. Give the positions and substituents of heme:

a. MVMVMPPM 1,3,5,8 - Methyl, 2,4 - vinyl, 6,7 - propionyl

341. Give the bile pigments:

a. Bilirubin, urobilin, stercobilin

342. Give the enzymes produced by stomach gland:

a. Pepsinogen, gastrin, gastric lipase

343. Give gasses produced by bacteria in large intestine:

a. Methan (CH4), H2S, H2, N2

344. Give the iron transporter in blood plasma:

a. Transferin

345. What is ceruloplasmin?

a. Cu2+ binding protein. Has enzymatic activity

346. Give the half-life of haptoglobin:

a. 5 days

347. Vegetarians tend to lack:

a. Vit. B12, Fe

348. Explain what is respiratory acidosis?

a. When CO2 is high in blood due to slower breathing.

349. Explain the difference between feritin and transferin

a. Transferin - protein which carries iron in plasma, Feritin – protein stores iron.

350. What is the recommended daily intake of water for adults?

a. 1.5-2 L / Day

351. Describe the structure and function of hemoglobin

a. Heme + globlin. Function is carrying of O2from lungs to tissues and CO2 from tissues to lungs.

352. How are metabolic reactions regulated?

a. Allosteric – activators and inhibitors. Hormones, nervous system, feedback regulation.

353. Which hormones belong to group I of hormone class?

a. Steroid hormones, T3, T4

354. What is the usual composition of receptors?

a. Transmembranal proteins (8 cycles in membrane)

355. What is the role of calmodulin in hormone signal transfer?

a. Bind Ca2+, makes complex, this complex activates or deactivates enzymes.

356. Which of the billirubin derivatives are colored and which are not?

357.

358. Give roles of the skin:

a. Protection against: dehydration, mechanical, UV light; produces Vit. D, melanin; thermoregulation (loss of heat), reception, resobtion.

359. Which enzymes are present in saliva?

a. Lactoperoxidase (SCN-OSCN-), lysosyme, α-amylase.

360. Which acids are produced by bacteria in the oral cavity?

a. Lactic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid.

361. What is the differences between hard tissue collagen and soft tissue collagen?

a. Hard: big space between fibers (allowing P and Ca to enter and mineralize), acidic conditions Is stable, make croos linking. Soft: small space, in acidic condition sweal, do not cross-link.

362. Describe the most common plasma protein.

a. Albumin: 60%, function: maintains oncotic pressure, transports: FFA, Ca2+, bilirubin, bile acids, vitamins, hormones.

363. Describe the most abundant protein in ECM.

a. Collagen: 19 types, triple helix structure (3AA per turn – Gly, Pro, Lys).

364. Draw a scheme of the degradation of heme.

a.

365. Which enzyme transfers NH2 group? Write the chemical structure of it's coenzyme.

a. Aminotransferases -

366. Activity of which enzyme indicates thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency? Deficiency in this vitamin leads

to……….?

a. α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, neural disorders, growth defects.

367. Alcohol dehydrogenase has Km=0.0013 mol/L for ethanol and Km=0.0015 mol/L for methanol. After

methanol poisoning, will addition of ethanol kill the patient or will save his life? Explain.

a. Save life, because enzyme will decompose ethanol and methanol will not be decomposed not giving final product of formic acid which is toxic.

368. Write the reaction of β-oxidation from which the primary product can provide 2 ATP in the

respiratory chain.

a. 1st oxidation

369. Dental plaque is cause (from chemical point of view) by…………………

a. Glycoproteins + polysaccharides (forming matrix) in which the bacteria are trapped.

370. What mechanism transfers electrons from Cytochrome c to oxygen?

a. Cytochrome C oxidase

371. Write name and structure (composition) of the substance which is the main resource of glucose for

newborns.

a. Lactose = Glucose + galactose

372. Write the reaction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate formation and the ezyme which catalyzes this

reaction.

a.

373. Which of the following compounds is not an enzyme cofactor:

i. NAD+ ii. coenzyme Q iii. Vitamin D iv. phosphoric acid

a. Vitamin D, Phosphoric acid

372. What lipoprotein is said to be "antischlerotic", why?

a. HDL, receives cholesterol from LDL and transports it to liver for degradation.

373. Part of complex II in respiratory chain is:

a. NAD b. Cytochrome b c. FAD d. FeS proteins

a. FAD

374. For hormonal regulation of glycolysis is valid:

a. Insulin stimulates glycolysis b. Insulin inhibits glycolysis

c. Glucagon stimulates glycolysis d. Glucagon inhibits glycolysis

a. Insuline Stimulate. Glucagon inhibits.

375. Taurine is formed by which reaction?

a. Decarboxylation and oxidation of cysteinesulfinate.

376. Structure of melatonine is………………. And it's biochemical function is……………

Influences

377. The 3rd reaction of β-oxidation is:

a. Transport into cytosol b. Dehydrogenation c. Oxidation d. Hydrolysis

a. Dehydrogenation, oxidation.

378. β-aminoisobutyric acid is an important end product from degradation nitrogen bases. Write the

name and structure of the base from which it is formed.

a.379.

380. In every cell nucleotides can be formed by 2 mechanisms, what are they?

a. Synthesis de-novo, Salvage pathways

381. Write at least 2 compounds that inhibit formation of dental caries.

a. Fluoride, Aspartame (sweetener Asp-Phe)

382. Which of the following compounds is not an intermediate of the urea cycle?

a. Fumarate b. Carbamoyl phosphate c. Citric acid d. Lysine

a. Citric Acid, Lysine

382. Write the reaction (with formulas) catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase, and state the part of the cell

where it takes place.

a.In endoplasmic reticulum

383. Write 4 proteins which contain heme as a prosthetic group.

a. Hemoglobin, transferin, cytochromes, ferritin

384. Explain the role of calcium in muscle contraction

a. Binds to troponin c subunit and moving tropomyosin, allowing interaction between myosin and actin causing contraction.

NAD+ NADH NAD+ NADH

385. To which metabolic disorder (disease) is connected increase of creatinine in urine? Write at least 2

diseases or physiological reasons for creatinine in blood.

a. Kidney failure. blood: congestive heart failure, high meat diet.

386. For diagnostic of which disease will you require determination of α-amylase in saliva, and why?

a. Inflammation in salivary glands – amount of enzyme changes in damage.

387. What is the concentration range of urea in blood serum?

a. 3-8 mmol/L

388. Give the principle of total cholesterol determination by oxochrome method:

a. The enzymatic oxidation of cholesterol with cholesterol oxidase.

389. Give the principle of total protein determination:

a. Proteins and peptides react with Cu2+ in alkaline medium forming violet color spectrophotometer.

390. Give the principle of serum urea test:

391. Give the reagent in the Dische reaction:

a. Diphenylamine

392. Give the reagent and color in phosphate determination in serum:

a. Ammonium-molybdate (yellow color)

393. Give the possibilities of protein determination in urine:

a. Albuphan stick, precipitation with organic acids

394. Give the indicators for HCL titration with NaOH:

a. Phenolphthalein, cresol-red

395. Which tests would be used for glucose determination in urine?

a. Glucophan stick, fehling test

396. Which tests would be used for acetone determination in urine?

a. Ketophan, Lestradet's test

397. Which tests would be used for bile pigments determination in urine?

a. Gmelin's test, Ehrlich

398. Give the principle of ALT determination in blood serum:

a. Reaction of pyruvate with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in alkaline medium (forming red-brown color)spectrophotometer

399. Give the principle of AST determination in blood serum:

a. Spontaneous decarboxylation of oxaloacetate to pyruvate, Reaction of pyruvate with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in alkaline medium (forming red-brown color)spectrophotometer

400. Give the principle of GGT determination in blood serum:

a. γ-glutamyltransferase Bio-La-Test relaseing colored 4-nitroaniline

401. Give the principle of bilirubin determination in blood serum:

a. Ehrlich's reaction – copulation with diazotated sulphanilic acid

402. Give the principle of alkaline phosphatase determination in blood serum

a. Spectrophotometric measurement of freed 4-nitrophenol.

403. Why determination of GGT is important?

a. For diagnosis of hepatitis, cirrhosis, alcoholism (enzyme is released from liver)404. Describe the composition of Fehling reagent:

a. Fehling I – CuSo4, Fehling II – NaOH + Tartarate

405. The prosthetic group in cytochrome C is………………..

a. Heme

406. Which enzyme is mainly responsible for oxidative phosphorylation?

a. ATP Synthase Complex

407. Name the sources of NADPH for lipogenesis.

a. Pentose phosphate pathway, Malic enzyme, inner mitochondrial membrane

408. Phospholipase A1 is specific for cleavage of………………

a. Primary (1st) FA in phospholipids

409. Name at least two factors which affect the activity of HMG-CoA reductase:

a. Lovastatine, mevastatine (drugs that lower cholesterol level)

410. Secondary bile salts are formed in……….. by the action of……………..

a. Intestines, bacteria

411. Which steroide hormone contains the aromatic ring in the molecule?

412. Which hormones need transport proteins?

a. Steroid hormones, T3, T4

413. What is the role of thrombin and where it undergoes the activation?

a. Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, on surface of platelets

414. Name 2 reagents which cause reversible precipitation of proteins:

a. Na2SO4, (NH4)2SO4, salts (e.g: NaCl)

415. Write the reaction catalysed by lactatedehydrogenase (LD):

a.

416. Which proteins are involved in formation of enamel?

a. Enamelin, amelogenin

417. What are the principle steps in biosynthesis and β-oxidation of lipids?

a. Synthesis – Carboxylation acetyl-coA to malonyl-coA reduction Dehydration Reduction

Oxidation – Oxidation (dehydrogenation) Hydaration Oxidation (dehydrogenation) Removal of acetyl-coA

418. What is the initial step in cholesterol synthesis?

a. Formation of acetoacetyl-coA (from 2 acetyl-coA)

419. Cholesterol is the initial compound for synthesis of?

a. Bile acids, vitamin D, steroid hormones

420. Give the number and the position of the double bonds in oleic acid:

a. 1 double bond at position 9

421. Charachtarize the first step in β-oxidation:

a. Dehydrogenation

422. which fatty acids mainly participates in synthesis of cholesteryl ester?

a. Oleic acid, plamitic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid

423. What is the trivial name of the fatty acid with the formula CH3(CH2)CH=CH(CH2)7COOH?

a. Oleic acid

424. Which form of choline is necessary for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis?

a. CDP-Choline

425. Squalene is the precursor for synthesis of?

a. Cholesterol (squalenelanosterolcholesterol)

426. What co-enzymes transfer protons?

a. NAD+, FAD, NADP+, FMN

427. What is alosteric inhibition?

a. Inhibition by binding to a site which is not the active site, changing the enzyme

conformation, making it less active.

428. Define the process of oxidative phosphorylation

a. Utilizing H+ gradient in order to phosphorylase ADP to ATP

429. NADH dehydrogenase complex is an enzyme complex embedded in the inner mitochondrial

membrane, has a tightly bound coenzyme, what is it?

a. FeS protein, NADH

430. Coenzyme Q can accept hydrogen atoms from?

a. NADH, FADH2

431. Electrons are passed down the respiratory chain from coenzyme Q to cytochromes……..

a. b

432. Name at least one inhibitor of electron transport and site of inhibition in respiratory chain:

a. Pieridicine A – complex I, antimycine A – III, CO –IV

433. Write the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex:

a.

434. Write the reaction of kreb's cycle catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase:

a.

435. Name the most important regulated enzymes of kreb's cycle:

a. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

436. The rate of oxidative phosphorylation is proportional to:

a. The ratio of ADP and Pi to ATP

437. According to the international union of biochemistry nomenclature system enzymes can be classified

into…………..classes, and they are…………………………………..

a. 6. Oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, ligases.

438. Explain the difference between prosthetic group and coenzymes.

a. Prosthetic group – inorganic (e.g. metals), coenzyme - organic

439. Name 2 enzymes which form part of oxidoreductases:

a. Oxidases, dehydrogenases

440. What form of michalis-menten equation is used to determine Km and Vmax?

a. linear

441. Preoxidase belongs to the enzyme class…………..

a. 1

442. Alanine aminotransferase diagnostic use is……………

a. Liver diagnosis

443. Which coenzymes are needed for CAC?

a. CoA, NAD+

444. Give the name and the class of the enzyme which catalyzes the reaction: 2H2O22H2O + O2

a. Catalase, peroxidase

445. Name 2 coenzymes which act in β-oxidation of FA:

a. NAD+, FAD, coA

446. Write the number and positions of double bonds in cholesterol:

a. 1 double bond – 5th carbon

447. Give the compounds which serve as a donor of H+ in FA synthesis:

a. NADPH

448. What metal is present in the molecule of cytochrome a?

a. Cu - copper

449. Starch is composed of 2 types of molecules which name's are:

a. Amylose (20%), amylopectin (80%)

450. What is active site of an enzyme?

a. The site responsible for catalytic activity (by lowering activation energy).

451. Explain the expression "anabolic pathway"

a. Synthetic pathway – requires energy.

452. What are oxidation and reduction in biochemistry?

a. Oxidation – gain of O, loss of H or loss of electronsReduction – gain of H, loss of O or gain of electrons

453. What is the principle of total plasma protein determination?

a. Biurete reaction

454. What is the principle of the serum urea test?

a. Condensation with diacetylmonoamine forming red color

455. Write the reaction catalyzed by alanine aminotrasferase:

a. Pyruvate + Glutamate Alanine + α-Ketoglutarate

456. From which compounds is formed bilirubin?

a. Hemebiliverdinbilirubin