Evaluation of an existing disaster management law in Myanmar: What are the factors

need to be considered in promoting disaster management reform?

Introduction

In recent years, disasters become a global challenge for all countries because the intensity

and frequency of catastrophic events are increasing all over the world.Shaluf (2007)

characterized disasters as being either natural or human-induced. The primary examples of

natural disasters include earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, floods, storms and

tsunamis, while human-induced disasters range from fires to industrial hazards, food and

water contamination, conflicts and chemical or nuclear disasters. Hybrid disasters combine

natural and man-made disasters. A disaster conceptually combines the existence of hazards

and the progression of vulnerability, which is defined in relation to its root causes (policy

and strategies, limited human and economic resources, unsafe conditions, physical

environment, local economy, social relations and behaviour) (Khan,Vasilescu& Khan, 2008).

The Republic of the union of Myanmar (hereafter referred to as Myanmar) has ranked at

“the most at risk” in Asia-Pacific Region. Each State and Region is prone to one or more type

of hazards. The need for comprehensive disaster risk reduction measures is a nationwide

concern for every citizen, civil society organizations and obligations for government bodies

and private sector investors.

Disaster Management laws and regulations are the foundation for building community

resilience. They are most essential for reducing posed by natural hazards, preventing new

risks from arising and making people safer. The Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015

highlighted the important role legislation plays in supporting disaster risk reduction.

Moreover, the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 also emphasis on

reviewing and strengthening legal frameworks. In line with the global framework many

countries have sought to strengthen their laws and regulations for disaster risk reduction.

The National Disaster Management Law was ratified on 31st of July 2013 in line with the

priorities established in Myanmar Action Plan on Disaster Risk Reduction 2012 and Disaster

Management Rules was issued in 2015.

The objectives of this essay are to evaluate an existing disaster management law in

Myanmar and to identify the factors that need to be considered in promoting disaster

management reform.

Keywords: National Disaster Management Law, Rules, Regulations, Disaster Management,

Reform

Disaster risk profile of Myanmar

Research related studies at the global level have found that climate change is reconfiguring

hazards and increasing the risks of disasters (MAPDRR,2017).According to the Global

Climate Risk Index (GCRI) 2018, for the period from 1997 to 2016, Honduras, Haiti and

Myanmar rank highest. In recent years, the country is at high risk of natural hazards

including cyclones, earthquakes, floods, droughts and fires. Almost every year Myanmar

suffers from the impacts of at least one type of disaster. During the ten-year period from

2000-2010, fires accounted for 73% of the total number of natural disaster events and for

thegreatest volume of economic loss, as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1, Natural Disasters in Myanmar 200-2010, Source from Disaster Management Department

According to Department of Disaster Management, the major natural disasters in recent

years were as follows:

(i) Indian Ocean Tsunami, 2004, which claimed 61 lives.

(ii) Cyclone Nargis, 2008, which caused 138,373 deaths and damage worth 4.1

billion US dollars. An estimated 2.4 million people either partially or

completely lost their homes, livelihoods and community structures. Damage

was most severe in the Ayeyarwaddy delta region (known as the country’s

“rice bowl”) and the Yangon region.

(iii) Cyclone Giri, 2010, which led to the loss of 57 lives

(iv) Tarlay Earthquake (magnitude 6.8),2011 with 76casualties

(v) Magway Flashflood, 2011 with161 casualties

(vi) Tabikkyine Earthquake (magnitude 6.8), 2012 with 18 casualties

(vii) Flooding and landslides, 2015 led to 172 deaths, displacement of1.6 million

people, partial damage or destruction of 489,897 houses and damage worth

1.51 billion US dollars

Disaster risk management, policies and plans of Myanmar

Positive effect of Cyclone Nargis was that it increased in Government’s awareness of the

need to plan and prepare for upcoming disasters, and the need for prevention, mitigation

and community awareness activities. Myanmar is one of the countries that endorsed the

Hyogo Framework for action in 2005 aiming at “substantial reduction of disaster losses, in

lives and in the social, economic and environmental assets of communities and countries”

and also a signatory of the ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency

Response (AADMER), which came into force in 2009.The National Disaster Management

Committee (NDMC) under the chairmanship of the Vice President (2) is the apex body for

Disaster Risk Management. Twelve working committees related to specific areas of disaster

risk management and an advisory committee have been formed under the NDMC. At the

regional/state, self-administered zone, district, township, ward and village tract levels,

disaster management bodies are being formed, according to the Disaster Management Law,

2013.The organizational chart of NDMC is shown in figure 2.2.

Figure 2, Organizational Chart of Disaster Management Bodies in Myanmar, Source from MAPDRR 2017

In order to meet regional and international commitments on DRR, the Ministry of Social

Welfare, Relief and Resettlement published Myanmar Action Plan on Disaster Risk

Reduction (MAPDRR) in 2009 and updated in 2017 to protect lives, economy, heritage and

environment through an inclusive approach. Moreover, Myanmar National Framework for

Community Disaster Resilience was also endorsed in 2017 to achieve people-centred,

inclusive, and sustainable socioeconomic development in the face of disasters triggered by

natural hazards and climate change.

Therefore, the legislative and institutional set-up for disaster risk management is gradually

developedin Myanmar after 2008. The country enacted Disaster Management Law and

Rules in 2013 and 2015 respectively. This law includes the provisions of the establishment of

disaster management bodies and their duties and responsibilities. This also involves

provisions on requesting assistance from the Armed Forces for search and rescue

operations, security in disaster-affected areas and for the delivery of assistance to the

disaster affected people more generally. It also provides for the cooperation and liaison with

oversea countries and other regional and international actors when assistance is required to

expedite a response. However, there are still significant gaps in the regulatory framework of

Myanmar.

Overview of Myanmar Natural Disaster Management Law

In July 2013, the PyidaungsuHluttaw of Myanmar approved Natural Disaster Management

Law 2013(21). The law consists of 9 chapters and 43 sections. Section 1 provides the title of

the Law and Section 2 defines various terms, e.g. “natural disaster”, “natural disaster

management” and “natural disaster risk reduction” mentioned in Act. Section 3 describes

the objectives of the Law and Sections 4-31deals with issues that can be broadly divided into

sixcategories, i.e., establishment of institutions (Sections 3-10), declaration of Natural

Disaster Affected Area (11-12), natural disaster management plan (Sections 13-18), finance

and accounts (Sections 18-24), offences and penalties (Sections 25-31) and miscellaneous

(Sections 32- 43).

The establishment of institutions (Sections 3-10) provide a three-tier hierarchical

framework. At the top of the hierarchy, a unified national committee, known as the National

Disaster Management Committee (NDMC), chaired by Vice President (Section 4). The NDMC

is suggested to act as national disaster management policy making in the country (Section

5). The Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement is suggested to undertake the

office works relating to the functions and duties of the National Committee (Section 6).

At the second tier, Regional and State Disaster Management Committee was formed,

chaired by Chief Minister of relevant Region or state (Section 7). At the third tier, the

Regional and State Disaster Management have been assigned to form the district, township,

ward and village tract Disaster Management Committee as Natural Disaster Management

Bodies comprising suitable persons and provide close supervision for effective

implementation of natural disaster management (Section 8).

Declaration of Natural Disaster Affected Area (Sections 11-12) proposes that the President

may declare Natural Disaster Affected Area (Section 11) and if there is necessary President

may extend and alter the specific period. Natural Disaster Management Plan (Sections 13-

18) assigns the department, organization or person for the preparatory measure, preventive

measures, emergency responses and rehabilitation activities of Natural Disaster

Management.In addition, the Act suggests establishment of a National Disaster

Management Fund (NDMF) (Section 19-20) and draws final regulations on Natural Disaster

Management in coordination with the Union Auditor General’s Office (Section 21).

Offences and penalties (Sections 25-31) suggests the penalties for misinformation, data

falsification, and interferes or coerces for any natural disaster management. Moreover,

miscellaneous items include disaster communication and media, delegation of powers,

making new rules are covered in Section 32 to 43 of the Act.

Analysis of Myanmar Natural Disaster Management Law

A legislative and institutional setup is formed for handling different aspects of disaster risk

management. All the practices related to disaster handling are mainly associated with

Disaster Management Law and Rules in 2013 and 2015. The Law provides legal basis in

formulation of disaster management bodies for development of distinct supportive plans

(Tantikanangkul & Pritchard, 2016). It also determines the roles and responsibilities of

different individuals belong from different department of public authorities so as

government agency is able to assess different source of funds for disaster management.

These provisions empower disaster management teams and government bodies for

accomplishing their duties and with proper accountability. The Disaster Management Rules,

2015 has determined distinct regulations and provision for Government’s National and Sub-

National Disaster Risk Management Arrangements (Saban, 2016). On the basis these

provision, The National Disaster Management Committee (NDMC) is considered as highest

government body for Disaster Risk Management (DRM) which is controlled by Vice

President of country.

With reference to different regulations of disaster management law, 12 work committees

are created for managing disaster risk management for different types of disaster as well as

an additional advisory committee is also set up in the control of NDMC. With reference to

provisions of the Disaster Management Law, 2013, several other bodies are formulated at

the state, self- district, and village levels for managing different activities based on disaster

management (RISK ASSESSMENT ROADMAP MYANMAR, 2015). Furthermore, Relief and

Resettlement Department (RRD) is termed as nodal government department related to

Myanmar’s disaster risk management that manages several disaster management practices

with extensive support of ASEAN Committee. By considering other provisions of disaster

management law, RRD has been constituted Disaster Management Training Centre which

provides wide range of training and education about disaster management system.

For attaining the objective of disaster risk reduction, the Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief

and Resettlement assess the guidance of the National Committee for assigning several

duties to different department where the analysis of disaster events is going to carried

(Review of Myanmar Disaster Management’s Law, 2013). In this process, government

authorities examines a verity of data and disaster management solutions that are developed

other countries in the world-wide so as an optimum disaster management plan is

developed. Therefore, Rule 3 has influenced all activities related to National Disaster

Management Plan which is formulated by the Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and

Resettlement with proper scrutinization of the standing order and other required programs

as per objective disaster relief project. Apart from that further adjustments and

improvements are made in plan with proper approval of National Committee than final plan

will be rolled out for action (Gupta, 2015). In addition to that different duties and activities

of several other departments are determined with proper assistance of the National

Committee, Disaster Management Working Committee along with suggestions of Ministry of

Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement in the context of different kinds of disasters.

Drafting of the country level disaster management plan is carried out by assessing

consultation with specific government bodies related to different authorities and local

organizations. All these suggestions are initially submitted to the Ministry of Social Welfare,

Relief, and Resettlement and then further submission is carried to National Committee

through By assessing support of other working committees (DasGupta & Shaw, 2017). In

addition to that the review and updation of the national level Disaster Management Plan is

performed in every two year by using standing order. These new programmes are submitted

to the National Committee through the different Ministries. Apart from that further

technical assistance is also provided by relevant ministries, government bodies with

reference to request of nation committee on a particular plan for disaster management.

Furthermore, submission and assessment of the approval of different programmes based on

the disaster management is performed with reference to Sub-rule in which coordination

with the relevant public sector authorities and agencies with different Working Committees

is considered as most important element for implementation of different plans for disaster

management activities (FitzGerald, Tarrant, Aitken & Fredriksen, 2016). For increasing the

effectives of plan, the approach of coordination and collaboration is also considered for

making relationship with the relevant government, civil societies and overseas government

organization and other public service agencies for effective implementation of disaster

management practices in the context of logistic management and supply chain

management.

Apart from, several other regulations are also providing significant for undertaking several

studies as well as researches based on different kinds of disasters. In this context, detail

studies of Department of Meteorology and Hydrology play significant support for

disseminating the early warning to the relevant organizations so as government authorities

can easily communicate the information to the public in timely manner (Kaneko, Matsuoka

& Toyoda, 2016). An optimum flow of information in the situation of different types of

disaster could reduce level of damage and ensure availability of different resources in very

less time or as per the schedule. Therefore, The Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and

Resettlement develop a National Disaster Management Plan and convey to National

Committee for approval. In this process, approval of Working Committee is also taken as per

the Rules 3 and 4 through

The Disaster Management Law has also determined different regulations for disaster

preparedness and prevention. The primary objective of this system is to determine such

activities for reducing the level of disaster risk at Pre-Disaster Phase (McLellan, 2017). In this

process, different assigned department and other government agencies for effective and

successful implementation of different task and activities by considering preventive

measures related to UNDP that ensures preparedness of government agencies towards

different action plans and disaster management activities. In this process, Section 14 and 15

of the Law is considered to determine the guidance of the National Committee and issuance

of several notifications, directives and orders to manage disaster preparedness related

activities.

Rehabilitation and Reconstruction is also considered as most important factor of disaster

management plan which is going to be applied in Post Disaster Phase. All assigned

departments and public service agencies makes efforts for development of an appropriate

plan accordance to guidance of the National Committee (Rubin & Dahlberg, 2017). In this

process, several activities are performed for rehabilitation and reconstruction for population

in affected area. All these activities are playing important role for development of better

living standards for people where disaster was happened. In similar way, Section 18 of

Disaster management is focused to examine environmental related damages as result of

disaster. Therefore, UNDP formulates several strategies for conservation and protection of

the environment as post-disaster measures so as public can ensure about the safety of

environment and wild after disaster (McCarthy, 2016).

Financial planning is most critical aspect for disaster management project. In this context,

Section 19 of National Disaster Management Law influences different activities related to

maintenance and disposal of the National Disaster Management Fund

In this process, a range of financial regulations are prepared for managing the expenditure

and optimum disposal of wide range of financial and non-financial resource based on

National Disaster Management Fund (Islam, Kamaruddin, Ahmad, Jan & Anuar, 2016). This

fund is developed by public authority with proper consultation to relevant ministries. In this

process, the support of Union Auditor General's Office is also gained by assessing prior

approval from National Committee.

Factors need to be considered in promoting disaster management reform

In order to manage disaster management related reform, different kinds of factors

are considered for handling a verity of plans so as optimum result could be generated in the

form of safety and security of people, high speed recovery from disaster, development of

new plan for handling construction activity etc (Srikandini, Hilhorst & van Voorst, 2018). In

this context, some most important factors which are need to be considered in disaster

management reforms within Myanmar are mentioned below:

Natural Disaster Management Law, 2013: The Natural Disaster Management Law of

Myanmar has been passed in 31 July 2013. It is identified as most important and basic

element that influences several activities related to disaster relief and management. The

ultimate goal of this government regulation in order to control several aspects for

reducing disaster risk which is occurred due to natural disasters. This is also termed as

most important factor through which disaster management reforms can be performed

(Smith & Chan, 2017). This is system influenced different agencies and organization for

handling disaster management reforms with reference to two basis elements that are

explained below:

Implementation of natural disaster management programs with a certain way

expeditiously for reducing disaster risk.

Improvement is required in order to establish proper coordination among

different types of national or international government departments, social

organizations as well as wide range non profit or non-government firms for managing

different activities based on natural disaster so as best services can be offered during the

situation of natural mis-happening (Htein, Lim & Zaw, 2018).

These basis factors are playing important in determination of the roadmap

through different agencies are able to carrying out risk assessment systematically in

order to meet different goals based on disaster management reforms. Furthermore, an

appropriate coordination mechanism have to be implemented through which

government agencies are able to establish collaboration with a number of other

supporters and partners so as optimum result could be generated through newly

develop disaster management tactics (Kawasaki, Ichihara, Ochii, Acierto, Kodaka & Zin,

2017). In this context, the Chapter IV of Natural Disaster Management Law determines

different factors related to formulation disaster management plan. Therefore, disaster

management reforms must be carried out with reference to these factors. In this

process, the formulation of a disaster management plan is carried out in such way which

could provide great support for reducing the damage and losses related to different kind

of disaster. Furthermore, disaster management reforms needs to carried out by

conducting detail assessment preparatory along with preventive measures which are

developed in pre-disaster period. Therefore, appropriateness of disaster relief plan is

required to consider while implemtation of changes in existing system.

Analysis of Myanmar Action Plan on Disaster Risk Reduction (MAPDRR): It is also an

important factor which needs to consider while performing reforms in disaster

management system. This system offers a roadmap through which different types of

disaster management practices can be controlled and improved. The Myanmar Action

Plan on Disaster Risk Reduction (MAPDRR) has been formulated and enforced by the

Government of Myanmar in 2012 (Tantikanangkul & Pritchard, 2016). MAPDRR has

found very effective system for performing disaster management reforms because it is

developed with reference to international framework for disaster management such as

Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) along with the ASEAN Agreement on Disaster

Management and Emergency Response (AADMER).

For advancement in disaster management practices, the Component 2 of MAPDRR

presents different aspects based on hazard, vulnerability and risk evaluation. By

considering previously mentioned factors, the disaster management teams are able to

implement different strategies by generating data from various resources. In this

process, risk and hazard assessment provides significant support in order to increase

effectiveness of existing plans for disaster handling. In the context, disaster management

reforms a verity of sources of information are considered such as Hazard and

vulnerability evaluation atlas based to Myanmar’s disaster, landslide hazard zonation

map determines the areas where maximum numbers of landslides are occurred, flood

risk determination plan, information related to drought prone area map, cyclone and

storm trends analysis map, seismic zonation areas and the last one is fire related risk

area (Saban, 2016). By considering all these factors, different types of disaster

management plan can be created for different kinds of disasters.

Risk Assessment with reference to DRR Working Group Strategic Framework 2013-

2018: The Disaster Risk Reduction Working Group (DRR WG) is also playing important

role in determination various factors in order to perform disaster management reforms.

This group was formed during the recovery phase of Cyclone Nargis in 2008 by

combining an appropriate network of different agencies (RISK ASSESSMENT ROADMAP

MYANMAR, 2015). In this context, the upgradation of disaster management is system is

performed by assessing high level of commitment from different agencies. In this

process, broad participation along with the strong engagement with different

government departments like Relief and Resettlement Department must be improved

for handling different kinds of disaster in Myanmar (Review of Myanmar Disaster

Management’s Law, 2013). In the context of present study, proactive communication

among different government bodies has found great tool to perform risk assessment

through which new technical basis are created for formulating disaster management

plans along with optimum allocation of resources, Furthermore, several other types of

data related to strategic framework in the context of hazard and vulnerability provides

significant support to DRR by increasing its knowledge and awareness about different

activities related to risk management in disasters.

Increase Cooperation: In this context, ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and

Emergency Response (AADMER) is a new community formed that contains 10 Member

States. This agency has been formed in 2009 as regional framework form mutual

cooperation through effectiveness of disaster management plant is improved. This

framework determines different elements that assist in improvement in existing setup

for disaster relief (Gupta, 2015). Therefore, this system has significant influence over

coordination among different national and international bodies, facilitation of cross

boarder technical assistance along with resource mobilisation in all conditions of

disaster management. The AADMER Work Programme for 2010 – 2015 is identified as

disaster management reforms that was considered by the ASEAN Committee on Disaster

Management (ACDM) as an important plan for handling several activities and resource

management (DasGupta & Shaw, 2017). According to this new framework, Risk

assessment for creation of early system has been termed as most important or first

strategic task of AADMER. The primary objective of this program is reduction in losses

and damage as a result of disasters so as an extensive risk assessment in performed in

order to identify the hazards element and risks. This information assists different

agencies for taking proactive measure in order to increase warning time. This

component is also promoting the different factors of regional risk assessment along with

development of early warning activities (FitzGerald, Tarrant, Aitken & Fredriksen, 2016).

In this process, different reforms are required to implement for enhancing inter-country

collaboration approach through which more sophisticated disaster planning is going to

preformed for ensuring optimum risk assessment and determination of proper response

and recovery operations. Therefore, disaster management reforms must be performed

with reference to ASEAN Roadmap for Risk Assessment which is carried out by

considering below mentioned factors:

Development and application of a uniform disaster terminology for ASEAN Member

States

Extensive use of disaster data for early warning system which has been collected

from other nations in the form of data sharing

Identification of different objectives for wide range of disasters (Kaneko, Matsuoka &

Toyoda, 2016)

Assessment of priorities that assist for carrying out further research and

development in order to enhance capacity of improvised disaster management

system

Promoting partnerships with different ASEAN bodies and distinct stakeholders for

disaster management in Myanmar.

Risk Reduction: It is considered as most important element of disaster planning

restructuring. Therefore, the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 is

found very effective for performing different activities in order to reduce level of risk

through an appropriate disaster management plan (McLellan, 2017). This terminology is

based on Hyogo Framework for action 2005 – 2015 (HFA) which determines several

elements of disaster management such identification of cause, assessment and

monitoring of disaster risks and development of early warning system. As per the HFA,

the process for risk reduction and promotion of significant culture of disaster

management starts with collection of wide range of data or knowledge of different

hazards such as physical, social sickness, along with environmental vulnerabilities which

are addressed people in different disaster related situation. Therefore, disaster

management plan needs to develop with reference to long and short term risk factors.

Therefore, a framework is developed that named Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk

Reduction 2015-2030 (SFDRR) (Rubin & Dahlberg, 2017). According ot this approach,

wide range of policies and procedures related to for disaster risk management need to

developed by creating proper understanding of all dimensions of different kinds of

disasters based on the vulnerability, exposure of persons and assets along with optimum

consideration hazard characteristics. Further evaluation has determined that this

knowledge will be found very effective in order to perform pre-disaster risk assessment

so as an appropriate and highly efficient disaster management plans could be developed

(McCarthy, 2016). This approach provides assurance for appropriate preparedness and

effective response to disasters. Therefore, risk reduction is termed as most important

element of strategic reforms which are addressed in different kinds disaster

management plans.

Data collection and information through different type of risk assessment initiatives in

Myanmar: The effectiveness of any kinds of strategies is highly associated with

appropriateness of data collection system because it creates basis of updated plans of

disaster management also provides information about outcomes of project. In this

context of present study, information related to current practices based on risk

assessment needs to consider for performing appropriate reforms in disaster

management planning process (Islam, Kamaruddin, Ahmad, Jan & Anuar, 2016). This is

because consideration of information related to different risk assessment initiatives

provides a basis for future tactics for disaster management with reference to outcomes

of present initiatives. There are several international risk assessment projects have been

considered by the government of Myanmar that are mentioned below:

Earthquake risk evaluation of Bago, Taungoo and Sagaing City, 2013, MGS, MES, MEC

and UN-Habitat

Development of a profile of different Hazard in Myanmar

Deterministic and Probabilistic Seismic Zoning Map of Myanmar, 2008 and 2012-

Myanmar Earthquake Committee

Flood Hazard with reference to Chindwin River Basin project of India

By considering above mentioned initiatives and projects, the government agency in

Myanmar is able to examine and collect wide range of information related to financial

and technical resources which are needed to handle different kinds of disasters

(Srikandini, Hilhorst & van Voorst, 2018). This practices support in development

appropriate strategic plans and performance of new disaster handling projects can be

examined by determining benchmarks and standard with reference to predetermined

initiatives.

In this context, similar risk assessment initiatives are also performed in Myanmar.

With reference to disaster management reforms, risk assessment process is considered

for collection of wide range of information for database development and trends

analysis. On the basis of this information, different agencies are able predict outcomes

of disaster relief plan, occurrence of disaster, causes of man-made disaster like fire,

supportive plan for lowering the impact of natural disaster (Htein, Lim & Zaw, 2018). In

this context, public agencies make effort for capacity building for handling risk

assessment practices and sharing of risk information. Therefore, ADPC portal is

developed by Myanmar Government. It is considered an important element of disaster

management reforms because it is online portal that shares wide range of data about

hazard, vulnerability and risk information by applying a hi-tech web-based GIS platform.

Initially, this web portal is controlled by ADPC but after further institutionalization, it will

be controlled by RRD. Data sharing guidelines are also provided for ensuring optimum

flow of information (Smith & Chan, 2017). Apart from that different types of training

courses are created for risk identification, assessment, spatial data management and

analysis so as proactive system is developed for resource and information handling

during the situation of disaster. Apart from that National Disaster Damage and Loss

Database, UNDP and UN-Habitat are required to consider in order to carry out reforms

in disaster management. In this context, creation a damage and loss database is carried

out by using the software DesInventar (Kawasaki, Ichihara, Ochii, Acierto, Kodaka & Zin,

2017). This system is implemented in various town ships of Mandalay and Ayeyarwady

State and further integration of this database is performed to Myanmar web-based risk

portal so as wide range of data and information can be communicated during pre-

disaster planning, post-disaster practices and effectiveness of disaster response

measures.

Conclusion

On the basis of above, this report concluded that different kinds of disasters are

having great impact on life of an individual and influence government agencies in different

part of world for taking corrective measures. In this context, this report has addressed

different types of disasters which categorized as either human-induced or natural.

Therefore, present has found that these disasters become a global challenge for all

countries because level of destruction cannot be predicted and it requires lots of years for

recovery. This report also presents different kinds of natural disasters that include

earthquakes, landslides, floods, storms and tsunamis in which level of destruction is very

high in the both form men and material. On the other hand, human-induced disasters are

associated with fires related to industrial hazards, food and water contamination, conflicts

and chemical or nuclear disasters. In addition to that some other kinds of Hybrid disasters

are also addressed with a combination of natural and man-made disasters.

Furthermore, the present study has concluded that the success of disaster

management plan is directly linked with efficiency of different government bodies and level

of coordination among different departments. In the present study, report has examined

different elements of National Disaster Management Law of Myanmar and found that this

law has determined several rules regulations which are appropriate for managing different

activities and practices related to disaster management planning. Apart from this report also

present different factors related disaster management plan reforms that include risk

assessment, risk reduction, data assessment etc. All these factors have played important

role for increasing the effectiveness of disaster management plan. In this context, different

external agencies like ASEAN and frameworks such as DRR Working Group Strategic

Framework 2013-2018 provides significant support for carrying out reforms disaster

management practices.