Standard 4: Earth and Space Science: Students know and understand the processes and interaction of Earths’ systems and the structure and dynamics of Earth and other objects in space. (Focus: Geology, Metrology, Astronomy, Oceanography)

4.1.a Understand the three types of rocks (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic) and the processes that formed them through the rock cycle.

Igneous Rock Draw the Rock Cycle (page 115)A rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface of the Earth.

Sedimentary RockA type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together. Metamorphic RockA type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions.

4.1.b Understand the composition and relationships of rocks, minerals, and soil formation

Describe/Define the following: Rocks p94:Rocks form mountains, hills, valleys, beaches, and ocean floor. Geologists observe rock’s mineral composition, color, and texture.

Minerals (include 5 characteristics p66, and how they are identified p68):Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has crystal structure and definite chemical composition. 5 Characteristics: Naturally occurring, inorganic (comes from plants or animals), solid, crystal structure, definite chemical composition. Identified: color, streak, luster, density, hardness, crystal system, cleavage and fracture.

Soil Formation p250:Soil forms as rock is broken down by weathering and mixes with other materials on the surface.Soil is constantly being formed wherever bedrock is exposed.

4.2.a & 4.2.b renewable and nonrenewable energy

(p 354-378) Renewable Energy Source Nonrenewable Energy SourceDescription/ Example

Renewable: always available or naturally replaced in a short time

Solar energy, Wind Energy, Water/Hydropower, biomass

Nonrenewable: cannot be replaced in a useful amount of time

Fossil Fuels: Coal, Oil, Natural gas Nuclear energy from Uranium

Advantage(s) Does note cause pollutionWill not run out

Energy Rich, Coal is plentiful in U.S., Easy to transport

Disadvantage(s) Difficult to harness energy.Expensive to drill for biomass energy.

Coal mining is dangerous. Finding oil can be difficult. Gas leaks can cause explosions. Fossil fuels cause pollution.

Sustainability (how long it can last)

Renewable sources will always be replaced

Fossil fuels take hundreds of millions of years to form.

Name:

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CSAP REVIEW: Standard 4

By Faith Hurst for Silver Hills Middle School

4.3.a Explain why Earth’s surface is always building up in some places and wearing down in others (types of erosion, types of deposition)

4.4.a Understand plate boundaries, their movements, and the resulting geologic events

152-153 Divergent Boundaries Convergent Boundaries

Transform Boundaries

Definition Two plates move apart or diverge

Two plates come together or converges

Two plates slip past each other

Drawing

Geologic formation that occurs at plate boundary

Rift ValleyMid-ocean ridge

Mountains, Trench,Volcanoes

Earthquakes

4.5.a Describe methods of fossil formation

(Pages 310-313)

Mold and Cast Fossils: Mold is a hollow area in sediment in the shape of an organism or part of an organism. Mold forms when the hard part of the organism, such as a shell is buried in sediment. If a mold is filled with sediment, it becomes a cast.

Drawing of fossil:

Petrified Fossils: Minerals replace or fill the cells of an organism. Such as petrified wood

Carbon Films: Sediment buried an organism, some of the organism evaporate, but leave behind carbon that was in the organism

Trace Fossils: Footprint of an organism becomes hardened.

103, 267 Erosion DepositionDefinition Destructive forces that break up and

wear away rocks on Earth’s surface. The process by which sediment settles out of water or wind carrying it

Examples Heat and cold, rain, waves, grinding ice

Moving water, wind or ice carry rock fragments

How/where does it build up Earth’s Surface?

Deposition deposits rocks on the bottom of a lake or the ocean.Builds up valleys with sediment.

How/where does it wear down Earth’s surface?

Rocks on the earths surface are broken down and carried away by erosion

Preserved Remains: Organisms is preserved, such as frozen in ice or stuck in amber (tree sap).

4.6.a Interpret rock layers, including position (concept of superpositioning), composition and fossil content to determine past condition

(p318-320):

4.6.b Predict the change in rock layer sequence due to folding, breaking, and uplifting

Folding: over millions of year mountains may form, placing some rock layers higher or lower than they used to be.

Breaking:

Uplifting: forms plateaus, rock layers rise higher than other layers.

4.7.a Identify all of the layers of the atmosphere, their order and the properties and individual characteristics that define them.

(p 522-527)

Copy the diagram from page 523, include any other facts you want.

Law of Superposition: in horizontal sedimentary rock layers, rock layers that are the oldest are at the bottom, each higher layer is younger than the layers below it.

Clues from Igneous Rock: igneous rocks come from when magma or lava hardens. Lava that hardens on the surface s an extrusion. Sometimes magma pushes into rocks from below this is called an intrusion. The intrusion is younger than the rocks around it. Clues from Faults: A fault is a break in the crust of the Earth. A fault is always younger than the rock it cuts through.

Index Fossils:Index fossils tell us the relative ages of the rock layers where the fossil is found

4.8.a Explain that the Sun heats Earth via radiation that in turn heats the atmosphere via conduction and convection

(p 132-135)

4.11.a Explain the processes and relationships that connect elements (all water sources) of the water cycle.

Draw the water cycle. Include: ocean, glaciers, rivers, groundwater, and atmosphere (p392-395)

4.12.a understand the composition and physical characteristics of oceans (temperature, salinity, wavelength, ocean floor)

Temperature of Ocean (p 449-451):Surface temperature is 25 degrees Celsius. Temperatures drop as you go deeper.

Salinity (how much salt) in Ocean (p 449-451):One kilogram of ocean has 35 grams of salt that is 35 parts per thousand.

What causes Waves and what are Wavelengths of Ocean waves (p435-436):Most waves form when winds blow across the water’s surface and transfer energy into the water. A wavelength is the distance between the crests of two waves.

Ocean Floor (p474-475) What are the parts of the ocean floor?The ocean floor has the continental shelf, continental slope, abyssal plain, and mid-ocean ridge.

4.13.a Describe the

Description How do they move in the solar system (what do they orbit?)

Definition and Example of Radiation

Definition and Example of Conduction

Definition and Example of Convection

Transfer of energy through space

Example: is sunlight traveling through space to Earth

Heat transfer within a material or between material that are touching Example: A spoon getting hot if it is in hot soup

Heat transfer by the movement of fluids – liquids and gases.Example: when you heat water, the particles move faster and cause other water particle to move particle to move particle to move faster.

parts (planets, Sun, moons, asteroids, comets) of the Solar System and their motions

4.13.b Compare and contrast characteristics of the Sun, Moon, and Earth

Planets (p712-727)

Inner Planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars Gas Giants: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune,(Pluto)Earth is unique because it has water

Planets orbit the sun

Sun(p706-710)

The sun has a core, radiation zone, and convection zone. There is nuclear fusion. There are sunspots and solar flares.

All planets orbit the sun

Moons(p704)

Some planets have moons. Moons orbit the planet. Earth’s moon orbits Earth.

Asteroids(p730-732)

Most are in the asteroid belt.Rocky objects

Most revolve around the sun between Mars and Jupiter

Comets(p730-732)

Loose collections of ice, dust, and small rocky particles. Have a tail

Orbits are long with narrow ellipses

4.13.c Examine and explain the scientific theories on the formation of our Solar System, Earth, and Moon

What does the Big Bang theory say? p774-775

According to the big bang, the universe formed in instant, billions of years ago, in an enormous explosion.

4.14.a Understand how the location of the Moon affects the phases of the Moon, eclipses, and the tides.

(p670-677):

Phases of the moon Solar Eclipse Lunar Eclipse Tides

How many days is the moon phase? 29.5 days

Why does the moon look darker or lighter during the phases? The moon revolves around the Earth, this changes the amount of sunlight the moon gets.

When does a solar eclipse occur? When the moon passes directly between the Earth and sun, blocking sunlight from Earth

Picture:

When does a lunar eclipse occur? Earth blocks sunlight from reaching the moon.

Picture:

What causes tides? Tides are caused by differences in how much the moon’s gravity pulls on different parts of the Earth.

4.14.b What causes a day? p661 What causes a year? p661 What causes seasons? P662

Understand how the tilt and motions of Earth results in days, years, and seasons.

The Earth’s rotation causes day and night. This is the spinning of the Earth on its own axis.

The Earth’s revolution causes a year. This is the Earth’s orbit around the sun.

The axis of the Earth is titled at 23.5°

4.15.a Describe components of the universe in terms of galaxies, stars, and solar systems.

14. 16.a Understand the technologies needed to explore space and evaluate their effectiveness and challenges.

Define the following:

Galaxy: a huge group of single stars, star systems, star clusters, dust, and gas bound together by gravity.

Star:

Solar System:

List the following in order of smallest to largest: Galaxy, Star, Solar System star, solar system, galaxy

List three pieces of technology that scientists need to study space.

Telescope, satellite, rocket, spaceship, lunar landing