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Henle Latin Vocabulary

Challenge B

Challenge B Semester 1 Week 1

Pages 7, 11, 14

Nouns

Latin Word Declension Gender English Translation

Pg #

terra, terrae 1st feminine earth, land pg 7porta, portae 1st feminine gate pg 7Marīa, Marīae 1st feminine Mary pg 7nauta, nautae 1st masculine sailor pg 7victōria, victōriae 1st feminine victory pg 7silva, silvae 1st feminine forest pg 7glōria, glōriae 1st feminine fame, glory pg 7prōvincia, provinciae

1st feminine province pg 14

Verbs/ Adverbs

Latin Word Part of Speech English Translation Lesson #/Pg #ōrat Verb he, she, it prays pg 11ōrant Verb they pray pg 11videt Verb he, she, it sees pg 11vident Verb they see pg 11laudat Verb he, she, it praises pg 14laudant Verb they praise pg 14

Latin Word Part of Speech English Translation Pg #nōn Adverb not pg 11

Related English words: The following phrases contain English words related to some of the Latin words in the vocabulary: a nautical dictionary; a sylvan scene; the portals of the palace; rough terrain. Can you tell which words are related?

A nonstop flight. The priest then read the orations.

A laudatory speech; a provincial dialect


Pages 17, 21, 23, 25, 31

Nouns

Latin Word Declension

Gender English Translation

Pg #

servus, servī 2nd masculine slave, servant pg 17fīlius, fīliī 2nd masculine son pg 17Deus, Deī 2nd masculine God pg 17amīcus, amīcī 2nd masculine friend pg 17Chrīstus, Chrīstī 2nd masculine Christ pg 17Chrīstiānus, Chrīstiānī 2nd masculine Christian pg 17bellum, bellī 2nd Neuter war pg 21caelum, caelī 2nd Neuter sky, heaven pg 21rēgnum, rēgnī 2nd Neuter kingdom, royal

powerpg 21

praemium, praemiī 2nd Neuter reward pg 21perīculum, perīculī 2nd Neuter danger pg 21imperium, imperiī 2nd Neuter command,

power, empirepg 21

gladius, ī 2nd Masculine sword pg 23oppidum, ī 2nd Neuter town pg 25Gallia, ae 1st Feminine Gaul pg 25Gallus, ī 2nd Masculine a Gaul pg 25Rōmānus, ī 2nd Masculine a Roman pg 25Rōma, ae 1st Feminine Rome pg 25

Note: : When Caelum is used to mean the Christian heaven the c will be capitalized

Verbs/ Adverbs/Conjunctions/Prepositions

Latin Word Part of Speech English Translation Pg #dedit Verb he, she, it gave pg 23dedērunt Verb they gave pg 23sum Verb I am pg 28es Verb you (singular) are pg 28est Verb he, she, it is pg 28sumus Verb we are pg 28estis Verb you are (plural) pg 28sunt Verb they are pg 28incolunt Verb they inhabit pg 31vidētis Verb you (plural) see pg 31vīcērunt Verb they conquered pg 31

.


Latin Word Part of Speech English Translation Pg #

et Conjunction and pg 17quod Conjunction because pg 31itaque Conjunction therefore, and so pg 31sed Conjunction but pg 23propter prep. w. acc. on account of pg 25cum prep. w. abl with pg 25post prep. w. acc. after, behind pg 25in prep. w. abl in, on pg 25

Note: The abbreviations used are: prep., preposition, w., with, acc., accusative, abl., ablative

In vocabulary study always learn WHAT CASE A PREPOSITION GOVERNS

Quod and itaque NEVER change their spelling. Itaque is used at the beginning of a sentence as an introductory adverb.

Related English Words:

A servile spirit; amicable relations; with filial affection.

A belligerent nation. An interregnum. A premium was offereed. His Imperial Majesty.

The French are famous for their Gallic with. In the post-bellum years


Pages 36, 39, 42

Nouns

Latin Word Declension

Gender English Translation Pg #

lēx, lēgis 3rd Feminine law pg 36rēx, rēgis 3rd Masculine king pg 36dux, ducis 3rd Masculine leader pg 36lūx, lūcis 3rd Feminine light pg 36homō, hominis 3rd Masculine man pg 36imperātor, imperātōris 3rd Masculine commander in chief, general pg 36vēritās, vēritātis 3rd Feminine truth pg 36Caesar, Caesaris 3rd Masculine Caesar pg 39salūs, salūtis 3rd Feminine safety, welfare, salvation pg 39vōx, vōcis 3rd Feminine voice, cry pg 39virtūs, virtūtis 3rd Feminine courage, virtue pg 42mīles, mīlitis 3rd Masculine solider pg 42pāx, pācis 3rd Feminine peace pg 42via, ae 1st Feminine road, way pg 42populus, ī 2nd Masculine people, nation pg 42

Note: What is the gender of Caesar, vōx, and salūs? Why? Why is vōx like lēx?To what declensions do the nouns in the vocabulary belong? What gender are they? Why?

Verbs

Latin Word Part of Speech

English Translation Pg #

audīvit Verb he, she, it heard pg 39mūnīvērunt Verb they fortified, they constructed (w. viam or viās) pg 42

Note: Mūnīvērunt means they constructed ONLY when it has viam or viās as its object. Otherwise it means they fortified.


Salutary advice; vocal lessons; the Kaiser.


Pages 44, 47, 51, 53

Nouns

Latin Word Declension Gender English Translation Pg #pars, partis 3rd (istem) Feminine part pg 44collis, collis 3rd (istem) Masculine* hill pg 44hostis, hostis 3rd (istem) Feminine enemy (in war) pg 44gēns, gentis 3rd (istem) Feminine tribe pg 44caedēs, caedis 3rd (istem) Feminine slaughter pg 44frāter, frātris (frātrum) 3rd Masculine brother pg 47pater, patris (patrum) 3rd Masculine father pg 47māter, mātris (mātrum) 3rd Feminine mother pg 47mōns, montis 3rd (istem) Masculine* mountain pg 47clāmor, clāmōris 3rd Masculine shouting, shout pg 47prīnceps, prīncipis 3rd Masculine chief, leading man pg 47flūmen, flūminis 3rd Neuter river pg 51iter, itineris 3rd Neuter journey, march, route pg 51corpus, corporis 3rd Neuter body pg 51vulnus, vulneris 3rd Neuter wound pg 51agmen, agminis 3rd Neuter column (of soldiers),

army (on the march)pg 51

nōmen, nōminis 3rd Neuter name pg 51mundus, mundī 2nd Masculine world pg 53

Note: The plural of hostis is often used to tranlate the English singular enemy. Collis is an exception to the rules for gender; notice that is masculine.

The genitive plura of pater, māter, frāter is put in parentheses to remind you that these words are exceptions to the rule for -ium words.

Notice that mōns is an exception to the gender rules.

Related English Words: The gentiles; hostile actions. Paternal care; the crown prince; maternal affection; clamorous demands; fraternal love. Corporal needs. An itinerant salesman. We nominated him for president. Mundane affairs.

Verbs



occīdērunt Verb they killed pg 47erat Verb he, she, it was pg 53erant verb they were pg 53

Note: Erat and erant (like est and sunt) sometimes mean there was and there were.Challenge B Semester 1 Week 5

Pages 56, 58

Nouns

Latin Word Declension Gender English Translation Pg #adventus, ūs 4th Masculine arrival, coming pg 56equitātus, ūs 4th Masculine cavalry pg 56exercitus, ūs 4th Masculine army pg 56impetus, ūs 4th Masculine attack pg 56metus, ūs 4th Masculine fear pg 56spīritus, ūs 4th Masculine breath, spirit pg 56portus, ūs 4th Masculine harbor pg 56senātus , ūs 4th Masculine senate pg 56

Note:1. The ūs in the vocabulary stands of course for the full genitive form, e.g. Adventus, ūs = adventus,

adventūs.2. Be sure to note the the difference between portus, ūs and porta, ae.3. The Roman Senate was an aristocratic governing body somewhat like a combination of the United

State Senate and the British House of Lords. In the time of the Republic the Senate was very powerful and really directed Roman policies. Under the emperors it had very little real power.

Related English Word: The port of New York. The season of Advent. He gave the movement a strong impetus.

Prepositions/Adverbs

Latin Word Part of Speech English Translation Pg #in prep w. ablative in, on pg 58in prep w. accusative in, into, against, upon, on pg 58nunc adverb now pg 58autem conjunction,

postpositivehowever pg 58

Note: Autem is postpositive. This means that it cannot stand first in a clause but must ALWAYS FOLLOW THE FIRST WORD OR PHRASE OF ITS CLAUSE. (See sentence 4, Exercise 65)

Verbs



fēcērunt Verb they made pg 58vēnit verb he, she, it came pg 58vēnērunt verb they came pg 58


Pages 62, 64

Nouns

Latin Word Declension Gender English Translation Pg #rēs, reī 5th Feminine thing, affair pg 62fidēs, fideī 5th Feminine faith, reliability, faithfulness pg 62aciēs, aciēī 5th Feminine battle line pg 62spēs, speī 5th Feminine hope pg 62castra, castrōrum (plural) 2nd Neuter camp pg 64impedīmenta, impedīmentōrum (plural)

2nd Neuter baggage, baggage train pg 64

grātia, ae (singular) 1st Feminine favor, influence, grace (in Christian Latin)

pg 64

grātiae, grātiārum (plural) 1st Feminine thanks pg 64cōpia, ae (singular) 1st Feminine supply, abundance pg 64cōpiae, cōpiarum (plural) 1st Feminine troops, forces (military term) pg 64

Note:1. Grātia is used in Christian Latin to mean grace, as in grātia Deī, the grace of God.2. Silva, ae, as you know, means a forest; but it is generally used in the PLURAL and with the

SAME MEANING as in the singular, like the English word woods.3. Recall that the English singular enemy is often translated by the plural hostēs.

Related English Words: This is the real state of affairs. Fidelity to duty. A copious flow of water; gratitude; a gracious manner; a comfortable position.



posuērunt verb they put, they placed pg 62posuērunt w. castra verb they pitched pg 64agunt w. grātiās verb they give pg 64

Note: When posuērunt is modified by an in-phrase, the in ALWAYS takes the ablative.

1. Posuērunt means they pitched ONLY when it has castra for its object. Remember that when an in-phrase modifies posuērunt, the in always governs the ablative.

2. Agunt means give ONLY when it has grātiās for its object.


Pages 73, 76, 78

1st & 2nd Declension Adjectives

Latin Word Declensions English Translation Pg #magnus, a, um 1st & 2nd great, large pg 73altus, a, um 1st & 2nd high, deep pg 73bonus, a, um 1st & 2nd good pg 73longus, a, um 1st & 2nd long pg 73malus, a, um 1st & 2nd bad pf 73multus, a, um 1st & 2nd much (pl. many) pg 73sānctus, a, um 1st & 2nd holy, saint pg 73prīmus, a, um 1st & 2nd first pg 73angustus, a, um 1st & 2nd narrow pg 76reliquus, a, um 1st & 2nd remaining, the rest of pg 76tūtus, a, um 1st & 2nd safe pg 76Rōmānus, a um 1st & 2nd Roman pg 76Chrīstiānus, a, um 1st & 2nd Christian pg 76

RULE: Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number and case.

Related English Words

The welfare of the people should be the primary concern of statesmen. The magnitude of the task. Altitude. Relics of the Saints; a good tutor.

Latin Word Declension Gender English Translation Pg #inopia, ae 1st Feminine scarcity, want pg 78dominus, ī 2nd Masculine master, Lord* pg 78mūrus, ī 2nd Masculine wall pg 78frūmentum, ī 2nd Neuter grain (pl. crops) pg 78legiō, legiōnis 3rd Feminine legion pg 78

*Note: In Christian Latin Dominus, Lord, is used when referring to God or Christ.


Arguments pro and con; a dominating personality; mural decorations.Prepositions/Adverbs

Latin Word Part of Speech English Translation Pg #prō prep w. ablative in front of (before)

on behalf of (for)pg 78


Pages 82, 85, 87

3rd Declension Adjectives

Latin Word Declension English Translation Pg #gravis, e 3rd heavy, severe, serious pg 82brevis, e 3rd short pg 82commūnis, e 3rd common pg 82difficilis, e 3rd difficult pg 82facilis, e 3rd easy pg 82fortis, e 3rd brave, strong pg 82nōbilis, e 3rd noble, renowned pg 82omnis, e 3rd all, every pg 82


Life is brief. The good of the community. Fortified positions. God is omnipresent. A grave matter.

Note: Remember that ALL adjectives follow the rule for agreement given on page 73. RULE: Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number and case.

Adjectives Governing Cases

Latin Word Declension Governed by Case: English Translation Pg #cupidus, a, um 1st & 2nd Genitive eager, desirous pg 85plēnus, a, um 1st & 2nd Gen or Abl full pg 85fīnitimus, a, um 1st & 2nd Dative neighboring, next pg 85similis, e 3rd Gen or Dative like, similar pg 85

Note: These adjectives are sometimes used WITHOUT a modifying phrase as: gentēs fīnitimae, neighboring tribes.


The cupidity of the miser; a plenary indulgence

S1W8 cont.

Latin Word Declension Gender English Translation Pg #

Jēsūs, ū 4th Masculine Jesus pg 87urbs, urbis 3rd Feminine city pg 87pōns, pontis 3rd Masculine bridge pg 87signum, ī 2nd Neuter standard, signal, sign pg 87eques, equitis 3rd Masculine horseman (pl. calvary) pg 87

Note:

3. The plural of horseman is horsemen, which is the same as cavalry; hence the meaning for equitēs given in the vocabulary.

4. Jēsūs is declined:

Nom. Jēsūs

Gen Jēsū

Dat Jēsū

Acc Jēsūm

Abl Jēsū

Other



et. . . et Conjunction both.. and pg 87quid what? pg 87prīmā lūce Phrase at dawn pg 87

Note:

1. Quid is used in asking questions: Quid est in urbe? What is in the city? Quid vidētis? What do you see?

2. Lūce is the ablative of lūx; prīmā (from prīmus, a, um) agrees with it. Prīmā lūce literally means with or at the first light; hence, at dawn.


Pages 103

Verbs

Latin Word Conjugation

TransitiveIntrasitive


laudō 1st tr. praise pg 103occupō 1st tr. seize pg 103oppugnō 1st tr. attack, assault pg 103ōrō 1st tr. beg, pray pg 103parō 1st tr. prepare, get ready pg 103

Note:

1. Whenever the principal parts are not printed in full in the vocabulary, the verb forms its parts regularly like the model for its conjugation. Thus occupō is like laudō: occupō, OCCUPĀRE, OCCUPĀVĪ, OCCUPĀTUS, 1. tr. IN ALL TESTS AND RECITATIONS GIVE THE FULL PRINCIPAL PART.

2. The abbreviation tr. stands for TRANSITIVE and shows that the verb takes a direct OBJECT in the ACCUSATIVE case. Always learn from the vocabulary whether a verb is TRANSITIVE or INTRANSITIVE

RELATED ENGLISH WORDS:

He lauded the President's program. American soldiers occupied many islands in the Pacific.


Pages 109, 112, 114, 117

Verbs

Latin Word Conjugation Transitive Intrasitive


pugnō 1st intr. fight pg 109superō 1st tr. overcome, conquer, surpass pg 109portō 1st tr. carry pg 109dō, dāre, dedī, dātus

1st tr. give pg 112

vocō 1st tr. call pg 112

Note: Dō forms its perfect stem differently from laudō. Therefore you must memorize the principal parrts. It is also peculiar in this, that the a which begins the endings is short throughout the indicative except in the second person singular present indicative active (dās).

Nouns

Latin Word Declension Gender English Translation Pg #numerus, ī 2nd Masculine number pg 109centuriō, centuriōnis 3rd Masculine a centurion* pg 109mors, mortis 3rd Feminine death pg 112hīberna, hībernōrum (plural)

2nd (pl) Neuter winter quarters pg 112

locus, īpl., loca, locōrum

2nd Masculine place pg 114

ōrātiō, ōrātiōnis 3rd Feminine speech, prayer pg 117

* Note: A centurion was a Roman army officer in charge of 100 men. The rank was similar to that of our captain

Note: Hīberna, like castra, is declined only in the plural. Locus becomes a neuter noun in the plural: loca. When locus is modified by an adjective the preposition in may be omitted with the ablative case. In an unfavorable place, locō aliēnō. Ōrātiō means prayer only in Christian Latin.


He gave a large tip to the porter. Some boys are pugnacious by nature. Every century has its saints. Roman numerals. Import and export taxes. A mortal wound. Some animals hibernate during the winter. A vocation to the priesthood. The priest reads the orations after the Kyrie Eleison.


Pages 109, 112, 114, 117

Adjectives

Latin Word Declension English Translation Pg #aliēnus, a, um 1st & 2nd unfavorable, another's, foreign pg 114

Other



interim adverb meanwhile pg 112ubi adverb where? pg 114quis pronoun who? pg 114quid pronoun what? pg 114cūr adverb why? pg 114semper adverb always pg 117sīcut conjunction as pg 117in prīncipiō phrase in the beginning pg 117in saecula saeculōrum phrase world without end, forever pg 117-ne particle used in questions pg 117


The politician has alienated many of his friends. A local election. Some aliens are deported by the government,.


Pages 120, 125

Verbs



moneō 2nd tr. warn, advise pg 120timeō, timēre, timuī no 4th part

2nd tr. fear pg 120

terreō 2nd tr. terrify pg 120habeō 2nd tr. have pg 120videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsus

2nd tr. see pg 125

Note: Timeō has no fourth principal part. Videō forms its principal parts differently from the model moneō. Memorize all the parts given here.

Related English Words: A timorous soul; a timid person; Visual aids. The shepherds saw a vision of angels.

Nouns

Latin Word Declension Gender English Translation Pg #arma, armōrum (plural) 2nd (pl) Neuter arms pg 120

Note: Arma is a neuter plural of the second declension.

Other



ego, meī pronoun I pg 125nōs, nostrī pronoun we pg 125saepe adverb often pg 125

Related English Words: An inflated ego. Napoleon was egotistical.


Pages 128, 133, 137

Verbs



teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus

2nd tr. hold pg 128

moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtus

2nd tr. move pg 128

sustineō, sustinēre, sustinuī, sustentus

2nd tr. sustain, withstand pg 133

Related English Words:Napoleon possessed a tenacious and indomitable wall. Motion pictures.

Other



tū, tuī pronoun you (singular) pg 128vōs, vestrī pronoun you (plural) pg 128tamen adverb nevertheless pg 128neque conjunction nor, and.. not pg 128ia, ea, id pronoun he, she, it pg 133suī pronoun himself, herself, itself, themselves pg 137etiam adverb also pg 137enim conjunction

postpositivefor pg 137

Nouns

Latin Word Declension Gender English Translation Pg #fīnēs, fīnium 3rd (pl) Masculine territory pg 133

Note: Fīnēs is a plural noun of the third declension.


Pages 140, 141, 143, 145

Verbs



dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductus 3rd tr. lead, guide pg 140gerō, gerere, gessī, gestus 3rd tr. carry, carry on, wage

(w. bellum)pg 140

dēfendō, dēfendere, dēfendī, dēfēnsus

3rd tr. defend pg 141

īnstruō, īnstruere, īnstrūxī, īnstrūctus 3rd tr. draw up, equip pg 141mittō, mittere, mīsī, missus 3rd tr. send pg 141vincō, vincere, vīcī, victus 3rd tr. conquer pg 143petō, petere, petīvī, petītus 3rd tr. seek, beg, request pg 143pellō, pellere, pepulī, pulsus 3rd tr. drive, repulse, rout pg 143pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positus 3rd tr. put, place, set, pitch

(w. castra)pg 145

contendō, contendere, contendī, no 4th part

3rd intr. strive, contend, hasten

pg 145

agō, agere, egī, āctus 3rd tr. drive, do, act, treat pg 145

Note:1. Pōnō means pitch only when it is used of a camp. When an in-phrase is used to modify pōnō, in

always takes the ABLATIVE.2. Contendō has no fourth principal parts.3. Agō is not the helping verb do, as in “I did love” or “I do fight”; it is an independent verb, as in

“I did it.”


What is the difference between a missive and a missle? It is safer to build viaducts over railroad tracks. St. Francis Xavier was a great Catholic missionary. St. Francis Borgia was the Duke of Gandia before he became a Jesuit. A petition presented to Congress; a victorious general


Pages 140, 141, 143, 145

Nouns

Latin Word Declension Gender English Translation Pg #litterae, litterārum (plural) 1st (pl) Feminine letter (i.e. an epistle) ,

dispatchpg 143

Note: Litterae is a plural noun of the first declension ( like cōpiae)

Other



fortiter adverb bravely, strongly pg 141ibi adverb there pg 145dē prep. w. abl concerning, about pg 145


What is the difference between a missive and a missle? It is safer to build viaducts over railroad tracks. St. Francis Xavier was a great Catholic missionary. St. Francis Borgia wa the Duke of Gandia before he became a Jesuit. A petition presented to Congress; a victorious general


Pages 147, 151, 153

Verbs


English Translation

Pg #

audiō 4th tr. hear pg 147mūniō 4th tr fortify, construct

(w. viam or viās)pg 147

veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum

4th intr. come pg 147

conveniō, convenīre, convēnī, conventum

4th intr. come together, assemble

pg 147

sum, esse, fuī, futūrus

intr. am pg 151

absum, abesse, āfuī, āfutūrusab (ā) w. abl.

intr. am away, am distant

pg 153

Note:Veniō (as is clear from its meaning) is intransitive; i.e. It can not take an object in the accusative case. The fourth principal part of INTRANSITIVE verbs is written -um, not -us (ventum). This will be explained later.

Note: Sum has no PASSIVE; therefore is has no perfect participle passive. The future active participle is given as the fourth principal part. We shall study these participles later.

Note: Absum is a compound of the preposition ab and the verb sum. Therefore, it is conjugated like SUM. The place away from which something is, is expressed by the preposition ab (ā before consonants), from, and the ablative. Thus: Caesar was away from the camp. Caesar a castrīs aberat.


Munitions of war. The Senate convened to discuss the treaty. The 1944 Democratic convention nominated Roosevelt and Truman. The auditorium was packed.Many members of Congress were absent.


Pages 147, 151, 153

Other



per prep. w. acc through pg 147undique adverb from all sides, on all sides pg 151longē adverb far, by far pg 153

Nouns

Latin Word Declension Gender English Translation Pg #tēlum, ī 2nd Neuter dart pg 151


Pages 156, 160

Verbs


English Translation

Pg #

collocō, 1st tr place, station pg 156maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsūrus

2nd intr. remain pg 156

compleō, complēre, complēvī, complētus

2nd tr. w. abl fill (with) pg 156

cēdō, cēdere, cessī, cessūrus

3rd intr. give way, yield pg 156

incitō 1st tr incite, arouse pg 160adjuvō, adjuvāre, adjūvī, adjūtus

1st tr. help, aid pg 160

servō 1st tr. guard, keep pg 160perturbō 1st tr. confuse, disturb pg 160incendō, incendere, incendī, incēnsus

3rd tr. set fire to, burn pg 160

Note: When compleō is modified by a with-phase is translated by the ablative without a preposition. Hence the notation w. Abl. He filled the camp with grain. Castra frūmentō complēvit.


Incendiary bombs. The general's adjutant. He was very perturbed.

Mexico ceded California to the United State. The destroyer has its full complement of men.

Other



atque (ac) conjunction and pg 156tum adverb then, at that time pg 160


Pages 163, 168

Nouns

Latin Word Declension Gender English Translation Pg #puer, puerī 2nd masc. boy pg 163ager, agrī 2nd masc. field pg 163vir, virī 2nd masc. man pg 163Italia, Italiae 1st Fem Italy pg 163fortūna, fortūnae 1st fem. fortune pg 163

Note: Homō means a human being, a man as opposed to an animal; vir means a man as opposed to a woman or a child.

Chrīstus propter nōs hominēs in mundum vēnit.Christ came into the world on account of us men.

Men here means the human race; Christ came for both men and women, hence hominēs.

Caesar erat vir fortis.Christ was a brave man.

Vir is used because Caesar is not a woman and has manly, virile qualities.

Hereafter, use homō only when a human being or man in general is meant.


A puerile remark. A virile character. The agrarian party.

Other



ita adverb so thus pg 163

trāns prep. w. acc across pg 163


. Lindbergh made the first solo transatlantic flight.


Pages 163, 168

Adjectives

Latin Word Declensions English Translation Pg #miser, misera, miserum 1st & 2nd wretched pg 168līber, lībera, līberum 1st & 2nd free pg 168integer, integra, integrum 1st & 2nd fresh, uninjured, whole pg 168


Lincoln liberated the slaves. A miserable fellow. The number one is an integer.

Nouns

Latin Word Declension Gender English Translation Pg #proelium, ī 2nd Neuter battle pg 168cīvitās, cīvitātis 3rd (Istem) fem state pg 168

Note: The ablative of proelium is generally used without in in such expressions as: in many battles, multīs proeliīs.


Pages 173

Adjectives

Latin Word Declensions English Translation Pg #meus, a, um 1st/2nd Decl my, mine pg 173noster, nostra, nostrum 1st/2nd Decl our, ours pg 173tuus, a, um 1st/2nd Decl your, yours

(when referring to ONE person)pg 173

vester, vestra, vestrum 1st/2nd Decl your, yours (when referring to MORE THAN ONE person)

pg 173


Pages 182, 185, 186 (review)



administrō 1st trans manage, attend to pg 182appellō 1st trans address, call (upon) pg 182cōnfirmō 1st trans encourage, strengthen pg 182cōnservō 1st trans preserve, spare pg 185

Verbs

Related English words

The sacrament of confirmation. The president of the United States should be a good administrator.

Other



nam conjunction for (when for means because and introduces a REASON)

pg 185

ab (ā) prep w. abl by (expressing agency)from (w. absum)

pg 185

Review Vocabulary (pg 182)

dō, dare, dedī, datus, 1. tr - give

adjuvō, adjuvāre, adjūvī, adjūtus, 1. tr. - help, aid

collocō, 1. tr. - place, station

oppugnō, 1. tr. - attack, assault, storm


vocō, 1. tr. - call

occupō, 1. tr. - seize


Pages 192, 197

Verbs

Latin Word Conjugation Trans/Intrans Meaning Page #contineō, continēre, continuī, contentus

2nd trans restrain, hold in pg 192

obtineō, obtinēre, obtinūi, obtentus

2nd trans hold, occupy pg 192

trādō, trādere, trādidī, trāditus

3rd trans hand over pg 197

dīmittō, dīmittere, dīmīsī, dīmissus

3rd trans send away, dismiss pg 197

occīdō, occīdere, occīdī, occīsus

3rd trans kill pg 197


A container.



aut conjunction or pg 192

aut . . . aut conjunction either...or pg 192

neque . . . neque conjunction neither . . . or pg 192

postea adverb afterwards pg 192

sine prep w. abl without pg 197

ferē adverb almost pg 197

Related Latin Words

Post: ea.


Pages 192, 197


terreō, 2. tr. - terrify

teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus, 2. tr. - hold

videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsus, 2. tr. - see


dēfendō, dēfendere, dēfendī, dēfēnsus, 3, tr – defend

dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductus, 3, tr – lead, guide

pellō, pellere, pepulī, pulsus, 3. tr - drive, repulse, rout

vincō, vincere, vīcī, victus, 3, tr – conquer

agō, agere, ēgī, āctus, 3, tr - drive, do, act, treat, give (w. grātiās)

Note: The phrase grātiās agō means I give thanks or I thank and takes an indirect object.

Tībi grātiās agimus. We thank you. (We give thanks to you).


Pages 202, 209

Review Vocabulary (p 202)

audiō, 4, tr. - hear

mūniō, 4. tr. - fortify, construct (w. viam or viās)

veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum, 4. intr. - come

conveniō, convenīre, convēnī, conventum, 4, intr. - come together, assemble

Verbs

Latin Word Conjugation Trans/Intrans English Translation Pg #premō, premere, pressī, pressus

3rd trans press, press hard pg 209

retineō, retinēre, retinuī, retentus

2nd trans hold back, keep pg 209

comparō 1st trans get, prepare pg 209explōrō 1st trans reconnoiter, find out pg 209



vehementer adverb greatly, violently pg 209


Pages 227, 230

Nouns

Latin Word Declension Gender English Translation Pg #vīta, ae 1st fem life pg 227vallum, ī 2nd neuter wall, rampart pg 227amīcitia, ae 1st fem friendship pg 227fossa, ae 1st fem ditch pg 227

Related English Words (pg 227)

Vital; amicable; vitamin; celerity

Related Latin Word (pg 227) : Amīcus

Other



celeriter adverb swiftly pg 227

diū adverb a long time, long pg 230

ācriter adverb bitterly, eagerly pg 230

Related English Words (pg 230) - The acrid smell of burning sulfur..

Verbs

Latin Word Conjugation Trans/Intrans English Translation

Pg #

exspectō 1st trans wait for, wait pg 230expugnō 1st trans storm, take by

stormpg 230


Great expectations. I am expecting a friend

Related Latin words (p 230)

Diū pugnāvimus. Oppidum oppugnāvit.Challenge B Semester 2 Week 6

Pages 227, 230

Adjectives

Latin Word Declensions English Translation Pg #novus, a, um 1st/2nd new pg 230


Not so many years ago the radio was a novelty.


Pages 235

Nouns

Latin Word Declension Gender English Translation Pg #tribūnus, ī 2nd masc tribune pg 235cōnsilium, ī 2nd neuter plan, counsel pg 235concilium, ī 2nd neuter council pg 235lēgātus, ī 2nd masc envoy, lieutenant pg 235

Note: Tribūnus is often used with the genitive mīlitum. Tribūnus mīlitum (literally, a tribune of soldiers) is to be translated a military tribune. The military tribune was an officer a rank above the centurion.

Related English Words (pg 235 - 236)

The American Legation. . The papal legate.

Adjectives

Latin Word Declensions English Translation Pg #lātus, a, um 1st/2nd wide pg 235


The latitude and the longitude of the earth.

Other



facile adverb easily pg 235

Related Latin Word (p 236): Iter per prōvinciam facile erat.


His manner was facile. Control of the air facilitates military victories. Practice can produce remarkable facility.


Pages 241, 248

Nouns

Latin Word Declension Gender English Translation Pg #labor, labōris 3rd masc effort, toil pg 241ōrdō, ōrdinis 3rd masc rank (of soldiers) pg 241obses, obsidis 3rd common hostage pg 241auxilium, ī 2nd neuter help, aid pg 248auxilia, auxiliōrum 2nd neuter reinforcement pg 248memoria, ae 1st fem memory pg 248

Note: Obses is marked c (=common gender); that is, it may be either masculine or feminine, as hostages were men and women. However, use it as masculine unless it clearly refers to women.


Line the men up in order. Hard labor. Interstate commerce.

Other

Latin Word Part of Speech English Translation Pg #

inter prep. w. acc between, among pg 241

statim adverb at once, immediately pg 241quī, quae, quod pronoun who (whose, whom); which; that pg 248

Related English Words (pg 241)Interstate commerce.

Verbs


Pg #

memoriā teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus

2nd trans keep in memory, remember

pg 248


sum, esse, afuī, afutūrus, intr., ab (ā) w. abl - am away, am distant

ab (ā), prep w. abl – from (w. absum); by (agency)


Pages 254, 259, 263

Nouns

Latin Word Declension Gender English Translation Pg #nox, noctis 3rd fem night pg 254nuntius, ī 2nd masc messenger, message pg 259nātūra, ae 1st fem nature pg 259injūria, ae 1st fem injustice, wrong pg 259custōs, custōdis 3rd masc guard pg 263

Note: Guards are usually soldiers. Therefore what gender is custōs?


The bat is a nocturnal animal. The injured party brought suit. A papal nuncio. . The police took the criminal into custody. . I am the custodian of this property.

Verbs


Pg #

perveniō, pervenīre, pervēnī, perventum

4th intransin or ad w. acc

arrive pg 254

pertineō, pertinēre, pertinuī

2nd intrans ad w. Acc

pertain to, stretch to

pg 254

dēdūcō, dēdūcere, dēdūxī, dēductus

3rd trans lead, lead away pg 259

cognōscō, cognōscere, cognōvī, cognitus

3rd trans learn, find out pg 259

appropinquō 1st intr.; w. ad or dat draw near to, approach

pg 263

vastō 1st trans lay waste, ravage pg 263

Note: Appropinquō is intransitive. The English object of approach or draw near to is expressed by AD with the accusative or by the DATIVE. This is the meaning of the notation: "intr.; w. ad or dat. " in the vocabulary.

Hostēs ad hīberna (hībernīs) appropinquant.The enemy draws near to the winter quarters. (or) The enemy approaches the winter quarters.


Pages 254, 259, 263


A pertinent remark.. Sherlock Holmes solved crimes by deduction. Modern war brings terrible devastation.

Related Latin words (pg 254)

Veniō; teneō; parō.

Adjectives

Latin Word Declensions English Translation Pg #parātus, a, um; w. ad 1st/2nd prepared (for) pg 254ūtilis, e; w. ad 3rd useful (for) pg 254


No one doubts the utility of water power. China has never been able to utilize all its resources. The bat is a nocturnal animal. Usque is a Latin adverb.

Other



ad prep w. acc to, until, at, for (with adjectives) pg 254usque adverb all the way pg 254-que conjunction and pg 259diūtius comparative

adverblonger pg 263

facilius comparative adverb

more easily pg 263

Note: The conjugation -que is always added to the first word that follows the and.

Marīa sānctīque Deī. Mary and the Saints of God.

Senātus Populusque Rōmānus. The Roman Senate and People.


Pages 254, 259, 263

If et were used these would be:Marīa et sānctī Deī.; Senātus et Populus Rōmānus.

You have now learned three words for and:

1. et, which is the ordinatry conjugation in Latin;2. atque, which is more emphatic and emphasizes the second part of the combination.3. -que, which joins things that are more closely associated.


Usque is a Latin adverb.

Related Latin Words (pg 264): Facilis; facile.


in, prep. w. abl – in, on

in, prep. w. acc. – in, into, against, upong, onto, on

portō, 1, tr. - carry

moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtus, 2. tr. - move

contendō, contendere, contendī, 3, tr. - strive, contend, hasten


Pages 267, 269, 272, 275

Verbs

Latin Word Conjugation Trans/Intrans English Translation Pg #valeō, valēre, valuī, valitūrus

2nd Intrans am strong, am well, am influential

pg 269

cernō, cernere 3rd trans distinguish, see pg 269ostendō, ostendere, ostendī, ostentus

3rd trans show pg 272

trādūcō, trādūcere, trādūxī, trāductus

3rd transtwo accs. or acc. and trāns w. acc

lead across pg 272

Note: With trādūcō the thing OVER WHICH the direct object is led, is put either (1) in the accusative or (2) with trāns in the accusative.

Exercitum flūmen trādūxit. Exercitum trāns flūmen trādūxit. He led the army across the river.

Related English words (p 270)

A valid argument; a valiant warrior.

Nouns

Latin Word Declension Gender English Translation Pg #socius, ī 2nd masc ally pg 272

Related English word (p 272)

A society of nations.

Adjectives

Latin Word Declensions English Translation Pg #certus, a, um 1st/2nd certain, sure pg 269barbarus, a, um 1st/2nd barbarian pg 269

Note: Barbarus can, of course, be used as a noun to mean barbarian: Barbarī pulsī sunt. The barbarians were routed.


Pages 267, 269, 272, 275

Other



ubi adverb where? pg 267

cūr adverb why? pg 267

unde adverb whence? from what place? where. . . from? pg 267

quō adverb whither? where . . . (to)? to what place? pg 267

apud prep w. acc among, in the presence of pg 269

plūrimum adverb very much, very pg 269

quis, quid pronoun who? what? pg 272

clam adverb secretly pg 272

quī, quae, quod Interrogative adjective

which? what? pg 275

Note (pg 268)

Ubi and quō can translate the English where. Ubi can be used only when the where refers to place IN WHICH and implies REST; quō can be used only when where refers to place TO WHICH and implies MOTION or direction. Unde can be used only of place FROM WHICH and implies MOTION or direction.

Ubi es? Where are you?

Quō cōntendis? Where are you hastening?

Unde venīs? Where do you come from?


vocō, 1, tr.; two accs. - call

appellō, 1, tr.; two accs. - call, call upon, address

ostendō, ostendere, odstendī, ostentus, 3, tr – show

nōmen, nōminis – name


Pages 280, 283, 287

Nouns

Latin Word Declension Gender English Translation Pg #mūnītiō, mūnītiōnis 3rd fem fortification pg 283genus, generis 3rd neuter kind, race pg 283aqua, ae 1st fem water pg 283


Modern wars require a great quantity of munitions. What is the genus of this tree? The Romans built many long aqueducts. Aquatic sports are much in favor at the Florida beaches. Rogation days.

Related Latin Word (p 283) - Mūniō

Verbs


Pg #

incolō, incolere, incoluī

3rd trans inhabit, dwell in pg 280

cōnsistō, cōnsistere, cōnstitī

3rd intrans halt, take a position

pg 280

rogō 1st trans ask pg 283quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītus

3rd trans seek, ask pg 283

cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctus

3rd trans collect, force pg 287

inquit he says, he said pg 287

Note: Inquit is always used with DIRECT quotations; that is, with quotations enclosed in QUOTATION MARKS: Chrīstus, “Vos,” inquit, “frātrēs estis.” Christ said, “You are brothers.”

This is a direct quotation because it contains the EXACT words used by Christ and is therefore enclosed in quotation marks. Notice that inquit does NOT stand before the quotation but is ALWAYS put after one or several words of the quotation.


The prisoner of war was interrogated. He was asked many questions. Rogation days. A cogent argument.

Related Latin Words (p 287): agō


Pages 280, 283, 287

Adjectives

Latin Word Declensions English Translation Pg #quantus, a, um Interrogative Adj –

1st/2ndhow large? How great? pg 283

vērus, a, um 1st/2nd true pg 287


Modern wars require a great quantity of munitions. The eternal verities. A veracious witness. We cannot question the veracity of St. John.

Related Latin Words (p 287): Vēritās, agō


Pages 293, 296

Nouns

Latin Word Declension Gender English Translation Pg #mora, ae 1st fem delay pg 293peccātum, i 2nd neuter mistake, sin (in Christian Latin) pg 293mēns, mentis 3rd fem mind pg 296dolor, dolōris 3rd masc pain, sorrow pg 296


Education produces mental habits. Dolorous

Verbs


Pg #

doceō, docēre, docuī, doctus,

2nd trans teach, inform pg 293

tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātus

3rd trans raise (up), take away

pg 293

regō, regere, rēxī, rēctus,

3rd trans direct, rule pg 296

adōrō 1st trans adore pg 296

Note: Doceō takes two accusatives when it means teach someone something.

Christus nōs viam salūtis docet.

Christ teaches us the way of salvation.

However, doceō can also be used with other constructions: Custōs Caesarem docuit ubi hostēs essent. (Indirect question.) The guard informed Caesar where the enemy was. Lēgātus eum dē omnibus rēbus docuit. (Dē w. abl) - The lieutenant informed him about all the things (the whole matter).


Congress regulates interstate commerce. A regent was appointed to govern for the boy king. Education produces mental habits. Dolorous

Related Latin Words: Miser; ōrō; rēx


Pages 293, 296

Other



avē! Interjection hail pg 293miserere nōbis have mercy on us pg 296at conjunction but pg 296

Related Latin Words: Miser; ōrō; rēx


Pages 306, 309

Nouns

Latin Word Declension Gender English Translation Pg #fuga, ae 1st fem flight pg 306rēs publica, reī publicae 1st fem state, republic pg 306praesidium, ī 2nd neuter garrison, protection pg 309

Related English Words: A fugitive from justice. We shall always defend our republic.

Verbs


Pg #

dēdō, dēdere, dēdidī, dēditus

3rd trans give up, surrender pg 306

dīligō, dīligere, dīlēxi, dīlēctus

3rd trans love pg 306

Note: Where we say simply surrender in English, dēdō must always be used an ACCUSATIVE

REFLEXIVE PRONOUN.

The Gauls surrendered to the Romans. Gallī Romanīs sē dēdiderunt.

We surrendered to the Gauls. Gallīs nōs dēdidimus. (Nōs is accusative.)

Of course, dēdō have have other objects.

We surrendered the arms to the enemy. Arma hostibus dēdidimus.

Related Latin Words: Dō

Adjectives

Latin Word Declensions English Translation Pg #suus, a, um 1st/ 2nd his (own), her (own), its

(own), their (own)pg 306


Pages 306, 309

Other



ante prep. w. acc before pg 309vērō postpositive in truth, but pg 309

(Vērō is a postpostive; i.e. it never stands first in a clause)

Related English Words: Verily. Caesar’s war antedate the birth of Christ.

Idiom Study

1. Dō with in fugam means put to flight.

Caesar hostēs in fugam dedit. Caesar put the enemy to flight.

2. With proper names the ablative nōmine, by name, is frequently used. Translate named.

Servus, nomine Titus, in hībernīs erat.

A slave named (by name) Titus was in the winter quarters.


Pages 314, 317

Nouns

Latin Word Declension Gender English Translation Pg #mōs, mōris 3rd masc custom, habit pg 314manus, ūs 4th fem a band of men, hand pg 314causa, ae 1st fem cause pg 314

Note: The ablative of mōs (mōre) may be translated according to custom.

Related English Words: Manual labor; manufactured goods.

Verbs


Pg #

sciō, scīre, scīvī, scītus 4th trans know pg 317pācō 1st trans pacify pg 317probō 1st trans approve, prove pg 317relinquō, relinquere, relīqui, relictus

3rd trans leave, leave behind

pg 317

Related English Words: Science. He is out on probation. He will not relinquish his rights. The story is not probable.

Adjectives

Latin Word Declensions English Translation Pg #parvus, a, um 1st/2nd small, little 314

Other



causā, preceded by gen.

prep for the sake of pg 314

subitō adverb suddenly pg 317

Note: The ablative of causa is used as a preposition. It governs the GENITIVE and always stands AFTER the word it governs.

aquae causā - for the sake of water pācis causā – for the sake of peace

Documents

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