Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Krasinsky Vladislav
Mashko Vladislav
Who is who in international terrorism: reference book
Moscow 2018
Krasinsky Vladislav - Doctor of Law. Assistant professor. Deputy Chief of Staff of the Antiterrorist Commission of the Moscow Region. Deputy Head of the Department for Interaction in the Sphere of Counter-Terrorism Activities and Countering Extremism of the Moscow Region GURB. Member of the expert group on international anti-extremist cooperation with the Russian Foreign Ministry.
Mashko Vladislav - Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Russian State University for the Humanities.
Recipients:
Damaskin O.V., Doctor of Law, Professor, Honored Lawyer of the Russian FederationAleshin V.V., Doctor of Law, Professor
Krasinsky V.V., Mashko V.V. Who is who in international terrorism: reference book. M .: INFRA-M, 2018.
The handbook contains of information on international terrorist organizations "Al-Qaida", "Islamic State", "Jabhat-an-Nusra", "Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan", "Taliban" banned in the Russian Federation, "Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami", "Union of Islamic Jihad", "Jund al-Sham", "Muslim Brotherhood" and international religious extremist association "Tablighi Jamaat". The authors considered the most well-known and combat-ready terrorist organizations, disclosed their operational potential, doctrinal guidelines, organization and tactics of activity, their role and place in international terrorist structures. The book is intended for law enforcement officers, research fund analysts, political scientists and media representatives, as well as for a wide range of readers and experts interested in pressing issues of countering international terrorism.
@ В.В. Krasinsky, V.V. Mashko
CONTENTS
IntroductionSECTION 1. International Terrorist Organization "Al-Qaeda"
1.1. History of the organization1.2. Purpose and objectives of the organization1.3. Organization and tactics1.4. Interaction with other terrorist structures1.5. The main leaders and ideologists1.6. The most famous terrorist actions
SECTION 2. International terrorist organization "Islamic State"2.1. History of the organization2.2. The purpose and objectives of the organization2.3. Organization and tactics2.4. Interaction with other terrorist structures2.5. The main leaders and ideologists2.6. The most famous terrorist actions
SECTION 3. International terrorist organization "Jabhat-an-Nusra"3.1. History of the organization3.2. Purpose and objectives of the organization3.3. Organization and tactics3.4. Interaction with other terrorist structures3.5. The main leaders and ideologists3.6. The most famous terrorist actions
SECTION 4. International terrorist organization "Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan"
4.1. History of the organization4.2. Goal and objectives of the movement4.3. Organization and tactics4.4. Interaction with other terrorist structures4.5. The main leaders and ideologists4.6. The most famous terrorist actions
SECTION 5. International terrorist movement "Taliban"5.1. History of the movement5.2. Goal and objectives of the movement5.3. Organization and tactics of the activities of the logistics department5.4. Interaction with other terrorist structures5.5. The main leaders and ideologists5.6. The most famous terrorist actions
SECTION 6. International terrorist organization "Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami" ("Party of Islamic Liberation")
6.1. History of the organization6.2. Purpose and objectives of the organization
6.3. Organization and tactics6.4. Interaction with other terrorist structures6.5. The main leaders and ideologists6.6. The most famous terrorist actions
SECTION 7. International terrorist organization "Union of Islamic Jihad"7.1. History of the organization7.2. Purpose and objectives of the organization7.3. Organization and tactics7.4. Interaction with other terrorist structures7.5. The main leaders and ideologists7.6. The most famous terrorist actions
SECTION 8. International terrorist organization "Jund Al-Sham"8.1. History of the organization8.2. Purpose and objectives of the organization8.3. Organization and tactics of the activities8.4. Interaction with other terrorist structures8.5. The main leaders and ideologists8.6. The most famous terrorist actions
SECTION 9. International terrorist organization "Muslim Brotherhood"9.1. History of the organization9.2. The purpose and objectives of the organization9.3. Organization and tactics9.4. Interaction with other terrorist structures9.5. The main leaders and ideologists9.6. The most famous terrorist actions
SECTION 10. International Religious-Extremist Association "Tablighi Jamaat"
10.1. History of the Association10.2. The purpose and objectives of the association10.3. Organization and tactics10.4. Interaction with terrorist structures10.5. The most famous terrorist actions
ConclusionReferencesAppendix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
APZ - Afghan-Pakistani zone
MENA - region of the Middle East and North Africa
UAV - unmanned aerial vehicle
JAN - "Jabhat al-Nusra" (now "Tahrir al-Sham")
DTA - diversionally - the terrorist act
ISIS - the Islamic State
IMU - the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan.
KSA - the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
ITO - international terrorist organization.
IREA - international religious extremist association
UAE - the United Arab Emirates
UIJ - The Union of Islamic Jihad (also the Jamaat al-Jihad al-Islami, the Islamic Jihad Group, the Islamic Jihad Union, the Islamic Jihad Union, the Jamaat al-Jihad, the Jamaat of the Mujahideen Central Asia)
USSR – the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics
The United States – the United States of America
TD - Tablighi Jamaat (also"Jamaat-at-Tablig","Jamiat-e-Tablig","Dawat-ut-Tablig"," Harakati table","Sozmoni Tabligot","The Panel of the Notification of the Judgment Day","Jamiat-i-Tabligh")
HT - Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islamy
CAR - the Central Asian region
CIA - Central Intelligence control
SEA - the Southeast Asia region
Dedicated to employees of anti-terrorist units
INTRODUCTION
Despite the change of forms and methods of terrorist activities, the
emergence of new technologies and tools of terror, international terrorist
organizations (hereinafter - the ITO) still remain the main ideological inspirer,
organizer and executor of the terrorism.
It is the ITO, the religious extremist structures affiliated with them and the
auxiliary networks that conduct active propaganda and recruiting activities to
recruit new members, commit the most resonant grave crimes and coordinate
terrorist activities on a regional and global scale.
Each terrorist organization has some specificity that is related to its
management, structural structure, tactics of activity, training of militants and
technical specialists, resource support, the use of methods of conspiracy and means
of camouflaging terrorist activities.
This information and analytical reference book attempts to classify the most
famous and efficient terrorist organizations, to reveal their operational potential,
organization and tactics of activity, to show their specific role and place in the
conglomerate of international terrorist structures and the system of global terrorist
activities.
The handbook contains information on international terrorist organizations
such as Al-Qaida, Islamic State, Jabhat al-Nusra, Islamic Movement of
Uzbekistan, Taliban, Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami, Islamic Union jihad, Jund al-Sham,
the Muslim Brotherhood and the international religious extremist association
"Tablighi Jamaat" (hereinafter referred to as "IREA")1.1 All listed ITO are banned in the territory of the Russian Federation. The "Tablighi
Jamaat" IREA is included in the directory of international terrorist organizations in connection with the constant assistance to terrorist structures and the regular replenishment of the ranks of international terrorist organizations by radical members of this IREA. In accordance with the Decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of May 7, 2009 No. GKPI09-525, the
The choice of terrorist structures examined in the directory was conditioned
by the following criteria:
- a high degree of public danger of these organizations, which create by their
activities the possibility of inflicting damage to the security of the Russian
Federation and neighboring allied states of Russia;
- established "traditions" of terrorist and extremist activities, significant
experience in the preparation and execution of terrorist acts, assistance and support
of terrorist activities;
- legendized support of foreign intelligence services and other state bodies,
foreign non-governmental organizations and charitable foundations named by the
ITO and IREA;
- affiliation with organizations recognized by the international community as
terrorist;
- inclusion in certain lists of terrorist organizations (the Russian national list
of terrorist organizations, the list of the US State Department, the list of the EU,
etc.).
In the framework of the characteristics of individual ITO, the authors sought
to focus on ideological attitudes, the causal complex and threatening factors that
determine the terrorist activity of the selected structures, as well as changes in the
tactics of terrorist activities (new forms and methods of criminal activity, unusual
organizational and tactical methods, improvement of measures of conspiracy when
preparing and carrying out terrorist acts).
The empirical base of the work was international and national lists of
terrorist organizations, judicial decisions on recognizing organizations as terrorist
and extremist, analytical materials of Russian and foreign experts on the issues of
countering terrorism and extremism, published reports and speeches of the heads
of special services and law enforcement agencies, statistics of the National
Antiterrorist Committee and so on.
"Tablighi Jamaat" IREA was recognized as extremist.
The book provides a description of the ITO as of February 2018 in
connection with the wire Russia's VKS anti-terrorist operation in the territory of
the Syrian Arab Republic and the actions of the anti-terrorist coalition in Iraq, the
relevance of some of the above estimates can be revised.
The authors expect that the study of the handbook will allow readers to
clarify the characteristics of modern international terrorist groups, the nature and
historical context of their origin and development, understand the techniques,
forms and methods of criminal activity characteristic for them, and get acquainted
with the basic doctrinal attitudes of odious leaders and ideologists of terrorists.
The work is focused not only on law enforcement officers, research fund
analysts, political scientists and media representatives, but also on a wide range of
readers interested in pressing issues of countering international terrorism.
SECTION I. INTERNATIONAL TERRORIST ORGANIZATION "AL-QAEDA"
ITO Al-Qaeda is one of the most famous and numerous terrorist
organization. In Arabic, the name of the organization means "base" and "platform".
Al-Qaeda accounts for a number of major terrorist attacks, including the largest in
terms of the number of victims in the history of mankind - the September 11, 2001
attack of "twin towers" in the United States.
The activities of Al-Qaeda in the territory of the Russian Federation were
banned by the decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of
February 14, 2003 No. GKPI 03 116.
Fig. 1. "The Black Flag of Jihad" used by the militants of the ITO "Al-Qaeda"
Fig. 2. Al Qaeda Flag in the Arabian Peninsula
1.1. History of the Organization
The origins of Al-Qaida's appearance are related to the US attempt to
influence the development of the military and political situation in Afghanistan
after the entry of a limited contingent of Soviet troops into the country. In an effort
to weaken the Soviet Union's position in Afghanistan, the US provided
comprehensive support to radical Islamist organizations that participated in the
struggle by Soviet troops. Among them was the organization "Maktab-al-
Hidamat", engaged in the training and dispatch of foreign militants to Afghanistan,
which was established in 1984 with the direct participation of Osama bin Laden -
later the leader and ideological mastermind of Al-Qaeda2.
The decision to create Al-Qaeda was made on August 11, 1988 in Peshawar,
Pakistan, at a meeting of the leaders of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad and aimed to
organize assistance to the mujahideen in Afghanistan. Active participation in the
creation of Al-Qaeda in addition to bin Laden, took: Abdullah Azzam, Hafiz
Mohammad Saeed, Ayman al-Zawahiri. Initially, bin Laden was assigned a special
role in Al-Qaeda - he solved both organizational and financial issues, sponsoring
the activities of Al-Qaeda at his own expense3.
After the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan, Bin Laden returned
to Saudi Arabia.
In August 1990, after the occupation of Kuwait by Iraqi forces, Bin Laden
invited the King of Saudi Arabia Fahd to transfer Mujahideen from Afghanistan to
the country to protect him from possible aggression from Iraq. However, the king
rejected the proposal, preferring to get help from the United States. The
deployment of US troops on the Arabian peninsula - "land of two mosques" Bin
Laden found offensive to Muslims and sharply criticized this decision. After bin
Laden's statement, Saudi Arabia's authorities expelled him from the country.
In 1991, Bin Laden and his supporters, at the invitation of the ideologue of
Islamism, Hassan Turabi, moved to Sudan. The Islamic government of the Sudan
led by Omar al-Bashir actively cooperated with the organization of bin Laden and
in exchange for assistance in the ongoing war with African Christian separatists in
Southern Sudan allowed him to create camps in the country to train militants. In
addition to this, Bin Laden has established numerous enterprises, invested in
2 An essential role in the establishment of bin Laden was played by the intelligence of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the CIA of the United States, which supported the Afghan opposition. On behalf of the head of the special services of the KSA, Prince Turki al-Faisal bin Laden regularly sent billions in donations to the Afghan mujahideen. On the role of the CIA in the creation and activities of Al-Qaida, see also: Chiesa Juliet. Zero. M .: Tribuna, 2008. P. 368
3 Bin Laden's family owns the assets of the companies Khaled bin Laden, Mohammed bin Laden, Ahmed bin Laden, Rush Projects Division Bin Laden, Samacxo Agents of VW, Porsche, Scoda, Fiat, Public Buildings and Airport", "Prernco", "Chief Administrative Office of Bin Laden." "Saudi Bin Laden Group" has numerous (over 60) branches and subsidiaries in the US, Asia and Europe. See Islamic terrorism. M.: Center for Strategic Security, 2003. P. 275, 399.
industry, road construction, the banking sector of the Sudan, which allowed to
obtain substantial legal income and to finance international terrorist activities.
Bin Laden used the period of deployment of the organization in Sudan to
create cells and structural subdivisions of Al-Qaeda in various regions of the
world. Al-Qaeda actively supported and provided all-round material, technical and
financial assistance to militants in Algeria, Bosnia, Chechnya4, Kashmir, Tajikistan
(during the civil war), Yemen, Afghanistan. To coordinate the links between the
radical Islamic groups, a governing body, the Shura, was created.
In May 1996, the Sudanese authorities under the influence of real terrorist
threats emanating from the activities of "jihadist" organizations and Al-Qaida itself
decided to deport Osama bin Laden from the country.
In 1996 - 2001 the leadership of Al-Qaeda was in Afghanistan, where the
organization set up training camps for the training of militants, the largest of which
was Al-Farooq.
In August 1996, Bin Laden issued a fatwah "Declaration of Jihad, "in which
he called on Muslims to fight the presence of US forces on the Arabian Peninsula,
sharply criticized the royal family of Saudi Arabia as the main conductor of US
policy in the Arab world, the need to resist "Jews" and "crusaders".
In 1996, Al-Qaeda helped the Taliban to capture Kabul, after which new
training camps of Islamists appeared on the territory of Afghanistan.
In 1998, Bin Laden announced plans to attack servicemen and civilians with
US citizenship anywhere in the world.
The active struggle of the international community with Al Qaeda began in
August 1998 after the terrorists of the ITO carried out two coordinated acts of
terrorism from the US embassies in Nairobi (Kenya) and Dar es Salaam
(Tanzania), which killed more 300 people. In response to the terrorist attacks, the
4 Thus, according to R. Gunaratna, in August 1995 about 6,000 "resistance fighters" fought in Chechnya, the core of which were 300 Arab "Afghans" and "Mujahideen" from Bosnia, Azerbaijan and other countries. See: Gunaratna R. Inside Al Kaeda. Global network of terror. - NY Columbia univ. press, 2002. P. 272 .
US armed forces fired several Al-Qaida camps in Afghanistan with cruise missiles
and bombed a pharmaceutical factory in Khartoum, Sudan, where terrorists were
working to build chemical weapons.
The terrorist attack on September 11, 2001, helped to activate the activity of
terrorist groups affiliated with Al-Qaeda in various regions of the world. Its
numerous branches participated and were accused of organizing terrorist acts in
Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, Indonesia, Morocco, Turkey, Spain, Egypt and Iraq and
other countries5. The US response to these events was the "declaration of war" to
international terrorism in the person of Al Qaeda and the Taliban regime in
Afghanistan, the territory of which at that time became the main base of the
international terrorism.
After the US invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, al-Qaida's organizational and
managerial capabilities and terrorist capabilities were significantly weakened.
1.2. The purpose and objectives of the organization
The aim of the organization is to overthrow secular regimes in Muslim
countries, the establishment of Sharia in them, and in the future - the creation of a
global caliphate6.
"Al-Qaeda" stands on radical anti-Western positions and views the US as
"the main enemy of Islam," which was reflected in several bin Laden fatwa.
The main tasks of Al-Qaeda at the present stage can be considered the
maintenance of sustainable resource, personnel and infrastructure support for the
logistics and the restoration of the leading position in the conglomerate of
international terrorist structures7.
5 Kudeylev V.V. Al Qaeda and the war in Iraq. M., 2009. P. 256.6 Experts of the Institute of the Middle East believe that with close ideological attitudes
and methods of struggle, the difference between Al-Qaeda and the Islamic State is in the orientation toward various foreign policy sponsors: Al Qaeda to Saudi Arabia, IG to Qatar . See Shcheglovin Y.B. Reflections on the "Islamic state". M .: Institute of the Middle East, 2016. P. 44-45.
7 In 2014, al-Qaeda refused to finance its foreign affiliates and thus questioned its primacy in the global jihad. Al-Qaeda leaders have granted the terrorist-controlled entities the right to independently choose targets for planned terrorist attacks while simultaneously transferring affiliated organizations to self-financing. See V.Kudeylev. Al Qaeda and the war in
1.3. Organization and tactics of the ITO
Osama bin Laden (also known as "Mujahideen", "Abu Abdullah", "Hajj",
"Director") was the emir of the organization for many years until his death in 2011.
Before the invasion of the US Army in Afghanistan, the supreme governing
body of Al-Qaeda was the Shura (council), which included representatives of all
the factions that were part of the ITO. The management of the logistics
organization was organized in the form of four committees: on military affairs,
finance, religion and law, information and propaganda8.
The functions of the military committee included: conducting military
operations; recruitment, training and supply of militants; planning and preparation
of terrorist acts; distribution of weapons and material and technical means, etc. The
Finance Committee was responsible for the allocation of financial resources
and the development of financing channels for the organization.
The Religious Committee exercised oversight functions in the field of
observance and dissemination of Shariah norms.
The Information Committee functioned as an information and propaganda
activity. It is noteworthy that the European "public relations office with the public"
functioned in London until 1998, until the British police arrested his steward,
Caled Al Fawwaz, in connection with the bombing of US embassies in Nairobi and
Tanzania.
The organizational structure of Al-Qaeda, which existed before the US
invasion of Afghanistan and was built largely under the management of training
camps and bases on a "jihadist" controlled territory9, could not adapt to the
changed military and political conditions, which led to a weakening of the
Iraq. М: Institute of the Middle East, 2009. С. 47.8 Gunaratna R. Inside Al Kaeda. Global network of terror. - NY Columbia univ. press,
2002. P. 272 9 In the training camps of Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan in 1989-2001. trained from 25 to 100
thousand recruits. The largest camps for the training of fighters were Al-Faruk, Halden and Durunta. Similar camps were established and operated in the Sudan, the North Caucasus, the Balkans, and many countries in the Near and Far East.
organizational ties between groupings, which included Al-Qaida, and the
decentralization of the management of the ITO.
At present, Al-Qaeda is unable to reproduce the previously existing system
for the management and coordination of terrorist activities. The current structure of
the ITO is largely fragmented.
The most capable terrorist groups that (from the ideological point of view)
refer themselves to Al-Qaeda are:
-"Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula", operating in the territory of Yemen
and in part Saudi Arabia. The organization was established in 2009 with the
merger of Saudi and Yemeni "jihadist" groups;
-"Al-Qaeda" in the Islamic Maghreb countries " ("Salafi group of preaching
and jihad"), acting in Algeria and committing terrorist acts in the Maghreb
countries10. On September 11, 2006, Ayman al-Zawahiri announced that "The
Salafi group of preaching and jihad" has joined the organization of Al-Qaida ... let
it be a bone in the throat of American and French crusaders and their allies, and
sow fear in the hearts of French traitors and the sons of traitors"11;
- "Al Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent";
- "Al-Qaeda in Palestine";
- "Al Qaeda in Somalia."
There is no single strategy for al-Qaeda militants at present. The tactics of
the groupings included in its structure include: the implementation of terrorist acts,
the conduct of guerrilla warfare, and active information and propaganda activities
to solve regional problems.
10 The countries of the Maghreb (Arab "west") are the states of North Africa, located west of Egypt (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Mauritania).
11 It should be noted that the Al-Qaida organization in the Islamic Maghreb countries had only a formal attitude towards Al-Qaeda. The general leadership of Al-Qaeda in the countries of the Islamic Maghreb is carried out by the emir, presumably in the area of Kabylia, he is subordinated to the emirs of the zones of the organization, who have considerable autonomy in making decisions. The activities of this terrorist structure should be judged from the point of view of the nationality of one or another of its field commanders. In March 2017, "Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb", "Ansar Ad-Din", "Al-Murabitun" and "Masina Liberation Front" formed a new terrorist coalition structure - the "Islam and Muslim Support Group" (Az -Zallaqa).
The classic version of the al-Qaida tactical model of the terrorist activity
"Thousand Bites" provided for a wide range of objects of terrorist aspirations of
the ITO (transport infrastructure objects, places of mass stay of people, objects of
security and law enforcement agencies, health and cultural institutions, places of
worship, etc.) and simultaneous implementation of coordinated DTA.
1.4. Interaction with other terrorist structures
Al-Qaeda actively interacted with Islamist and terrorist groups, including:
the Islamic Union for the Liberation of Afghanistan, the Islamic Revolution
Movement of Afghanistan, Lashkar i-Taiba, Lashkar-e-Jhangvi", "Islamic Party of
Afghanistan", " Hamas ", " Islamic Front for the Liberation of Moreau", "
Caucasus Emirate", etc.
Al-Qaeda received certain assistance from foreign special services at various
times. In particular, the ITO provided organizational, informational and financial
assistance to the ITO: "Pakistan's Interdepartmental Intelligence", Iran's IRGC, the
intelligence services of Iraq, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as selected
politicians in the KSA, UAE, Qatar, Pakistan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Congo.
1.1. The main leaders and ideologists of the ITOOsama bin Laden, was the most famous leader (emir) of the organization
until its liquidation in May 2011. After Bin Laden's death, the leader of the ITO
was Az-Zavahiri, who replaced Saif al-Adel, the interim leader of al-Qaida.
Ayman Mohammed Rabbi Az-Zawahiri was born on June 19, 1951 in
Cairo in the family of a professor. In 1974 he graduated from the Medical Faculty
of Cairo University, majoring in "surgery"12. In the 1970s, Az-Zavahiri became one
of the active participants in the terrorist group Islamic Jihad. In the summer of
1980, he traveled to Pakistan, where he worked for three months with the Red
12 Wright Lawrence. Al-Qaida. Moscow: Geleos, 2010.
Crescent Society. From Pakistan, Az-Zavahiri traveled to war-torn Afghanistan to
see the fighting with his own eyes13.
In 1981, he was arrested and imprisoned for three years for complicity in the
assassination of President A. Sadat. He was charged with illegal possession of
firearms. After serving his sentence, Az-Zavahiri went to fight in Afghanistan.
After the creation of Al-Qaeda, Az-Zavahiri joined Shura as a representative of the
Egyptian "jihadists".
In 1994, Az-Zavahiri was deported from Sudan, after which he visited a
number of states, including Russia, where he was arrested and spent five months in
pre-trial detention center No. 1 in Makhachkala. In April 1997, Az-Zavahiri was
sentenced to six months in prison.
Since 2011, Az-Zavahiri has headed Al-Qaeda.
In 2012, Az-Zavahiri issued an address in which he called on Muslims
around the world to wage a holy war against the US and Israel in revenge for the
film "Innocence of Muslims", "insulting the Prophet Muhammad" and supported
the Islamists who attacked the US embassies in Cairo and the consulate The USA
in Benghazi.
Saif Al-Adel (Mohammed Salah al-Din Zaydan) is a high-ranking member
of Al-Qaeda, a member of the military committee and Shura.
Al-Adel was born on April 11, 1960 (according to other sources - 1963) in
Egypt. He was a colonel of the Egyptian army14.
In 1987, Al-Adel was accused by the Egyptian authorities of trying to
overthrow the Egyptian government. In 1988, after the charges were dropped, he
left for Afghanistan, where he joined the Mujahideen who participated in the
struggle against Soviet troops.
13 Weis M. Islamic State: The Army of Terror / Michael Weiss, Hasan Hassan; Trans. with English. M.: Alpina non-fiction, 2016. P.25.
14 Erica Pearson. Saif al-Adel. [Electronic resource] Access mode: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saif-al-Adel Date of circulation: 01/15/2018.
In Al-Qaeda, he was an explosives expert, carried out military and
intelligence training for al-Qaeda members in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Sudan and
Somalia. He created an Al-Qaeda training center in Somalia.
Al-Adel was one of Bin Laden's closest people and was responsible for
planning and carrying out al-Qaeda's military operations. He is suspected of
preparing explosions from the American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in
199815.
It is believed that Al-Adel was an opponent of the attacks of September 11,
2001.
Abdelmalek Droukdel is the leader of the ITO "Al-Qaeda" "in the countries
of the Islamic Maghreb". He was born on April 20, 1970 in Algiers. Participated in
terrorist activities in Afghanistan. Then he returned to Algeria and joined the
"Salafi group of preaching and jihad". In 2004, after the death of the leader of the
group, Nabil Sahrawi was headed by the ITO16.
In September 2006, the Salafi Sermon and Jihad Group merged with Al-
Qaida, and in January 2007 changed its name to Al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb.
Drukdel as the leader of the organization began to pursue an independent policy
and from the end of 2012 distanced himself from Al-Qaeda.
In recent years, Al Qaeda has lost a number of influential leaders. So, the
second person in the organization, Atia Abd al-Rahman, was killed in Pakistan,
which was reported on June 5, 2012 by Pakistani intelligence officers. On February
25, 2013, was liquidated in the north of Mali Abdelhamid Abu Zeid, a field
commander who led the Tarik ibn Ziyad,. By 2010, he became one of the three
main field commanders of al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb countries. "It is
believed that he was responsible for the murder of the British hostage E. Dier in
2009 and the Frenchman M. Germano in July 2010. In 2011, was killed Anvar al-
Awlaki, a radical Islamic preacher, one of the ideologists of al-Qaida in the
15 Who's who in al-Qaeda [Electronic resource] Access mode: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1717297.shtm Date of circulation: 01.20.2018.
16 Atwan Abdel Bari. The Secret History of al-Qaeda / SAQI, 2008. P. 292
Arabian Peninsula. In June 2015, as a result of the US air strike, the leader of Al-
Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula, Nasir Al-Wuhaishi, was killed.
1.2. The most famous terrorist actions
One of the first major terrorist acts committed by Al-Qaeda was the August
7, 1998 bombing of US embassies in the capitals of Tanzania (Dar es Salaam) and
Kenya (Nairobi). In total, during the explosions, 224 people died, including 12 US
citizens. After the bombings of the embassies, the leader of Al-Qaeda, Osama bin
Laden, was on the list of the ten most wanted FBI criminals and was nicknamed
"terrorist No. 1".
On October 12, 2000, at the port of Aden (Yemen), Al Qaeda terrorists
bombed US DDG 67 Cole, which carried out missions as part of the US Navy's
multipurpose carrier group. The ship was squashed by a patrol boat stuffed with
explosives. A charge of 8 tons of TNT made a hole in the board with a size of 12
sq.m. Seventeen seamen of the US Navy were killed, 39 team members were
injured of varying severity.
The most resonant terrorist act of al-Qaeda was a series of terrorist attacks
on September 11, 2001. Two passenger aircraft hijacked by terrorists crashed into
the World Trade Center buildings in New York, completely destroying them. The
third aircraft crashed into the west wing of the Defense Ministry building in
Washington. The fourth liner, hijacked by terrorists, crashed near the city of
Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania). According to official data, 2749 people from 80
countries of the world died in New York, 189 people in Washington, 44 people in
Pennsylvania. During the fire fighting in the World Trade Center, 343 firefighters
were killed. The total number of deaths on September 11, 2001 was more than
3000 people, about 6000 were wounded17. In September 2006, US President
George W. Bush announced that the damage caused by the attacks amounted to
500 billion US dollars.
17 Louis Rowitz. Public Health for the 21st Century: The Prepared Leader. 2006. P.112.
On 9 November 2003, in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia), as a result of a series of
bombings organized by Al Qaeda, 10 villas were destroyed. 18 people died, more
than 120 were injured. Among the victims were citizens of more than 10 countries.
On November 20, 2003, five self-made bombs were blown up in Istanbul.
As a result of the terrorist attacks, 28 people were killed and 450 people were
injured.
March 11, 2004 Al-Qaeda conducted a series of explosions in suburban
trains in Madrid at the Atocha railway station. 192 people were killed and about
2000 people were injured. Terrorist acts became the largest in the history of Spain.
On May 29, 2004, in the Saudi city of Al Khobar, a group of Al-Qaeda
terrorists attacked the Al-Waha residential complex (the Oasis), offices of several
oil companies, and seized hostages. As a result of the terrorist attack, 22 people
were killed, 25 were injured.
On July 7, 2005, al Qaeda supporters carried out four coordinated bombings
in three subway cars and a bus in central London, killing 54 people and injuring
700 people18.
On December 27, 2007, members of Al-Qaeda committed the murder of
Benazir Bhutto.
In 2015, "Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula" claimed responsibility for the
terrorist act in the editorial office of Charlie Hebdo, carried out on January 7, 2015
in Paris. As a result of the terrorist attack, 12 people were killed. About
involvement in the incident, in addition to "Al-Qaida" in the Arabian Peninsula,
representatives of ISIS said.
SECTION 2. INTERNATIONAL TERRORIST ORGANIZATION "ISLAMIC STATE"
18 Report of the Official Account of the Bombings in London on the 7th July 2005. London: The Stationery Office. 2006. P. 38
It is a hyper-terrorist structure, claiming control over the world Muslim
ummah, with elements of quasi-statehood.
In the Russian Federation, the activities of the ITO "Islamic State"
(hereinafter - "ISIS") are prohibited in accordance with the decision of the
Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2014 No. AKPI14-
1424S.
2.1. History of the organization
Despite the fact that ITO "ISIS" among terrorist structures is a relatively
"young" organization, it has a long history.
The first stage of formation of the organization is connected with the
activities of the international terrorist, Jordanian by origin - Abu Musaba al-
Zarqawi.
Az-Zarqawi started his terrorist activities in Afghanistan. After returning to
Jordan, he served seven years in prison for subversive activities against the
Jordanian king. After leaving in 1999, al-Zarqawi, with the aim of changing the
political regime in the country and building an "Islamic state" there, created a
terrorist group "Jamaat at-Tawhid Wal-Jihad" (Jamaat of monotheism and jihad).
In 2001, he took a direct part in the creation of the terrorist group "Ansar al-Islam",
operating in Iraqi Kurdistan and in the Sunni regions of Iraq.
Az-Zarqawi received a wide popularity in 2003 because of the speech of US
Secretary of State Colin Powell at the meeting of the UN Security Council, who in
his discussions about threats to the world community from Iraq and his possession
of weapons of mass destruction stated that S. Hussein's regime is connected with
the ITO Al-Qaeda through the terrorist Abu Musaba al-Zarqawi.
After the invasion in 2003 of coalition forces led by the United States to
Iraq, Jamaat at-Tawhid Wal-Jihad has turned into a ramified terrorist structure with
foreign militants in its ranks, whose goal was to overthrow the transitional
government and the formation of an "Islamic state." Similar goals were pursued by
the terrorist group Ansar al-Islam. It is important to mention that already at that
time the militants "Jamaat at-Tawhid Wal-Jihad"to have carried out terrorist acts
and conducted combat operations actively used a so-called "shahid mobiles", and
to intimidate their opponents - to post video on the Internet with the executions of
hostages.
It should be noted that the continuity of terrorist organizations "Jamaat at-
Tawhid Wal-Jihad" and "Islamic State" is also traced in their symbolism (Figure
3).
Fig. 3. Flags of terrorist organizations: Jamaat at-Tawhid Wal-Jihad, Al Qaeda in Iraq and the Islamic State
In October 2004, Az-Zarqawi swore allegiance to Osama bin Laden and
renamed his organization in Al-Qaida in Iraq. "
During this period, the former soldiers of the army of S. Hussein and
members of the banned Baath party, who formed the organizational basis for
resistance to the new Iraqi authorities, actively joined the ranks of the remaining
inactivity in connection with the change of the ruling regime in Iraq.
In 2006, with the direct participation of Al-Qaeda with the help of
international terrorist Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, a "Consultative Assembly of
Mujahideen" ("Majlis Shura al-Mujahideen") was formed in Iraq, which included
eight Sunni Islamist insurgent groups, including Al Qaeda in Iraq.
The death of az-Zarqawi in June 2006 marked a new stage in the formation
of the terrorist organization. After his death, the new leader of Al-Qaeda in Iraq
was Abu Ayyub al-Masri. This stage was marked by the creation in October 2006
of the "Consultative Assembly of the Mujahideen" (without coordination with the
leadership of Al-Qaeda) of the "Islamic State of Iraq" (hereinafter referred to as the
"ISI"), which included 8 provinces (Baghdad, Anbar, Diyala, Kirkuk, Salah-ed-
Din, Ninewa and part of the provinces of Babil and Wasit), with the "capital" in the
Iraqi city of Baquba.
Emir of the Institute was elected Hamid Davud Muhammad Khalil al-Zawi,
better known under the pseudonym Abu Umar al-Baghdadi. However, there was
no complete gap between the ISI and Al-Qaida in Iraq at that time. Thus, after the
death of Abu Ayyub al-Masri terrorist organization Al-Qaeda in Iraq in 2010, Abu
Suleiman al-Nasir was also the "military minister" in the ISI.
After the death of Abu Umar al-Baghdadi in the same year of 2010,
Abubecame the new ISI emir Bakr al-Baghdadi (real name - Ibrahim Ali Avvad
Muhammad al-Badri), who in 2003 took part in the creation of the terrorist group
"Jamaat Jaysh Aigl Sunnah Wal Jama'a, in which he headed the "Shariah
Committee".
It should be noted that in the biography of Abu Umar al-Baghdadi, who
heads the ITO at the moment, there are many "white" spots. For example, there is
no doubt that he was a suspect in extremist activity in the American filtration (and
actually - concentration) camp "Bukka", but if, according to "official" information,
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi was detained in the camp from February to December 2004,
according to Colonel Kenneth King, commander of the Bucca camp, he was there
until the summer of 2009, and was then transferred to a small camp near Baghdad,
from where he was released19. There is a version that Al-Baghdadi was transferred
to Bukka after spending some time in Abu Ghraib prison20.
Supporters of "conspiracy" versions consider the fact of Al-Baghdadi's
imprisonment as a controlled situation for his recruitment as an agent of the US
special services (Israel). Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, by his qualities, like anyone else,
19 ISIS Leader: 'See You in New York' [Electronic resource] Access mode: http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/06/14/isis-leader-see-you-in-new-york.html Date of circulation: 08/03/2017.
20 Joshua Eaton. US Military Now Says ISIS Leader Was Held in Notorious Abu Ghraib Prison [Electronic resource] Access mode: https://theintercept.com/2016/08/25/us-military-now-says-isis-leader-was-held- in-notorious-abu-ghraib-prison / Date of circulation: 08/03/2017.
approached the role of agent-he possessed pragmatic thinking, high stress-
resistance, organizational abilities, and easily established contacts and earned
confidence in himself. The elimination of the terrorists of Abu Ayyub al-Masri and
Abu Umar al-Baghdadi in 2010 is associated with the need for further "promotion"
of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi to the leadership of the ITO. It is noted that in connection
with the withdrawal of US troops from Iraq, US special services during this period
were interested in providing a control effect on terrorist groups operating in the
region to redirect their terrorist aspirations in the interests of the United States.
In 2013, the rebels of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi entered a civil war in Syria
against the regime of B. Assad, and the IHI changed its name to the "Islamic State
of Iraq and the Levant" (hereinafter - ISIS).
In early 2014, the ISIS militants launched a successful offensive in Iraq, as
a result of which they managed to capture Fallujah and Ramadi cities, and in June
2014 - Mosul. The relative ease of their victories was associated with the support
of the Sunni population of Iraq, who was de facto suspended from governing the
country (Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki "gave away" virtually all the leading
positions in the state of Shiites).
At the end of June 2014, ISIS announced the creation of its own state, the
"Caliphate", stretching from the city of Aleppo in northern Syria to the province of
Diyala in the east of Iraq, and abandoned the geographic linkage in its name,
replacing it with the "Islamic state". These events marked the beginning of the next
stage in the history of the terrorist organization.
Since that time ITO "ISIS" increasingly becomes the center of attraction
and the recognized leader of the "anti-Western" part of the Islamic world, speaking
for Islamic radicals as a fighter for justice, restoring historical Arab identity. In the
controlled territories, the militants tried to ensure the appearance of stability, order
and social justice, which contributed to the support of the ITO from the Sunni
population of Syria and Iraq.
In 2015-2017 years. after the beginning of the military operation of the
Russian military space station against the ITO, at the request of the Syrian
government, ISIS lost more than 90% of the previously controlled territories in
Syria. In 2017 the forces of the international western coalition in Iraq liberated Mr.
Rakku.
2.2. Goals and tasks of the ITO "ISIS"
According to the statements of the leaders of the ITO "ISIS", the main
goal of the organization is to overthrow secular regimes in Islamic countries and
build a "Great Islamic Caliphate" - a state based on the Sharia system of
government21.
The reconstruction of the "Caliphate" - led by the "caliphs", which unite
the unlimited higher spiritual and secular power, has long been the goal of
Islamists in many countries of the world.
Speculating on the feeling of religious solidarity and historical memory of
Muslims, the leaders of ISIS emphasize that their armed struggle restores historical
justice.
A distinctive feature of the ideology of ISIS is the wide application of the
Takfir Institute - accusations of disbelief22. In the opinion of Islamologists, this
doctrine unites the adherents of the "Islamic state" and the early Kharijites who
declared war to all dissenters. The ideology used is a kind of pseudo-Islamic
neoharidzhizm.
At the same time, the "jihadists" claim that they are building a system of
state administration on the model of the caliphate that existed during the "four
righteous caliphs" (632-661)23. It is this period in the development of the Islamic
world, in their opinion, is an example for imitation.
21 Created after the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632, the Caliphate existed until the early 1920s. (from 1453 to 1923, the title and rights of the Caliph were owned by the Ottoman sultans). In its heyday, the Arab Caliphate included part of the Iberian Peninsula, a number of islands in the Mediterranean, North Africa, the Middle East, Anatolia, the Balkans, part of the Caucasus.
22 The use of takfir in Islam is blamed.23 The rightful Caliphs of the Sunnis are Abu Bakr, Umar, Usman and Ali.
In 2014, a map of the future borders of the Caliphate was posted on the
Internet resources of ISIS. The ITO planned to include in the "Caliphate" not only
the territory of the former Arab Caliphate, but also a number of Balkan states,
Austria, vast areas in the Middle East, Central Africa and Asia.24
At the same time, among the militants of ISIS there are contradictions
between the so-called "statesmen" and supporters of "total external expansion"25.
Supporters of the "state" approach, represented by former Baathists,
officers of the armed forces, officials of the period of S. Hussein's rule, as well as
representatives of the tribes, believe that the priority task is to keep the controlled
territories.
Their opponents are, for the most part, foreign "jihadists" who believe that
it is necessary to adhere to offensive tactics and try to spread Islam to all Muslim,
and subsequently non-Muslim countries, including them in the "Caliphate". 26
It should be noted that the goals publicly declared by the leaders of ISIS
and their supporters are far from the true aims of the leadership of the terrorist
structure, which are directly dependent on the development of the military-political
situation in Syria and Iraq.
Beginning in 2017, the analysis of the situation shows a steady decline in
the military potential of the ITO and the loss of control over the territories by the
militants, including the predominant Sunni population.
24 ISIS Releases Map of 5-Year Plan to Spread from Spain to China [Electronic resource] Access mode: http://www.breitbart.com/national-security/2014/07/01/isis-releases-map-of-5 -year-plan-to-spread-from-spain-to-china / Date of circulation 05/21/2015.
25 "Islamic State": essence and opposition: Analytical report / Ed. Ya.A. Amelina and A.G. Aresheva. Vladikavkaz: Caucasian geopolitical club, 2015. P. 154.
26 Islamic State (ISIS) Says Only a Matter of Time Before Europe Is Conquered; Plan 'Largest Religious Cleansing Campaign' in History Access mode: http://www.thecommonsenseshow.com/2014/12/28/islamic-state-isis-says-matter-time-europe-conquered-plan- largest-religious-cleansing-campaign-history / Circulation date 21.05.2015.
2.3. Organization and tactics of the activities of the ITO
The goals pursued by the ITO «ISIS» largely determine its organizational
structure. In recent years there has been a transformation of the organizational core
of the ITU «ISIS» into an administrative bureaucratic apparatus. A ramified system
of executive power was established on the territory controlled by Islamists.
At the head of ISIS was the "Caliph" (supreme commander-in-chief), to which two of his representatives were subordinate: one responsible for the Iraqi part of the territory (the representative of the Caliph in Iraq), the other for the Syrian (the representative of the Caliph in Syria). 4).
Fig. 4. Structure of the management bodies of ISIS
Each representative of the "Caliph" led the governors of the regions, who in turn coordinated the activities of local councils for the execution of decrees of the executive branch of power.
“The Caliph”
The Security SevriceShura Council
The representative of the Caliph in Syria
The representative of the Caliph in Iraq
The Cabinet
The Governing Council
The Military Council
The Security Council
The Media Council
The Legal Council
The Council for Assistance to Mujahideen
The Intelligence Council
Governors in Syria Governors in Iraq
The Financial BoardLocal Councils Local Councils
In making decisions, the "Caliph" consulted with his advisers. The highest advisory body in the "Caliphate" was Shura Council, engaged in religious and military affairs. The council was appointed directly by the "Caliph" and ensured the implementation by local councils of "Islamic law" in the territory controlled by the militants. At the same time, the Council of Shura had the right to displace the "Caliph" from his post in case he violated the laws of the ITO «ISIS».
The Cabinet of the "Caliph" advisers included: The Governing Council, responsible for passing laws and preparing the
most important political decisions (these decisions are subject to approval by the "Caliph").
The Military Council, dealt with the supply and defense of the territories of the "Islamic State".
The Security Council, ensured the maintenance of law and ordered in the controlled territories and the protection of the borders of the ISIS.
The Intelligence Council was responsible for gathering information about the opponents of the "Islamic state".
The Financial Board dealt with financial issues related to the functioning of the "Islamic state" including the sale of oil, the conclusion of deals on the purchase of weapons and etc.
The Council for Assistance to Mujahideen, coordinated the transfer of foreign militants to the territories controlled by Islamists.
The Media Council, which was responsible for outreach activities in the organization.
The Legal Council dealt with issues of family law and religious violations27.
The structure of higher and local executive bodies periodically changed.At the central level, the councils were subordinate to the "caliph". At the
local level, similar councils were subordinate to the Caliph's assistants in Iraq and Syria.
In most of the territories controlled by the ITO «ISIS» administrative bodies were established.
27 Nick Thompson, Atika Shubert. The anatomy of ISIS: How the 'Islamic State' is run, from oil to beheadings [Electronic resource] Access mode: http://edition.cnn.com/2014/ 09/18 / world / meast / isis-syria-iraq -hierarchy / Date of circulation 04.03.2015.
The administrative-territorial units of the caliphate were the vilayats. Such
a division of the territory is conditioned by the need for exercising the powers and
functions of state administration on the ground28.
In military terms, the territory of Syria was conditionally divided into
sectors in which military groups consisted of 100 to 100 troops ("katibs"). The
units were divided into groups of 12-20 people. In addition to this, the detachments
had small groups (of 5-7 people) - snipers, grenade launchers, suicide bombers
(fidaev).
The most important element of the organizational structure of ISIS was the
Security Service ("amanat"), whose functions included filtering activities among
recruits and militants, as well as ensuring the security of the caliphate.
From the point of view of the management system, ISIS was a synthesis of
an army type structure and a terrorist organization. This control mechanism is
formed as a result of the fact that the organization has united in its composition:
a) followers of "Naqshbandi Tariqa" considered close to General Izzat ad-
Duri - the closest aide to the former head of Iraq, S. Hussein. The operational zone
of action is in the provinces of Ninewa and Kirkuk;
b) supporters of the "High Command of Jihad and Freedom". This
organization was created by former Baathists in October 2007 and included more
than 20 factions;
c) former officers of the armed forces and special services S. Hussein. This
category of ex-servicemen was the command nucleus of the terrorist structure29;
d) members of radical Sunni groups. In particular, from the so-called
"Council of the Tribes" (uniting more than 70 Arab Sunni tribes), armed
detachments operating in the cities of Ramadi, Khalidiya, Karama, Fallujah, in the
provinces of Anbar, Ninawa, Salaheddin and Dale were established; 28 The leaders of the ISIS repeatedly tried to deny modern ideas about the state, its
features and functions. Thus, according to one of the organization's doctrinal documents - "Informing people about the birth of an Islamic state", published in January 2007, the existence of an administrative bureaucratic apparatus is not a necessary sign of an "Islamic" state. See: Fishman B. Fourth Generation Governance: Sheikh Tamimi Defends the Islamic State of Iraq [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ada470056 Date of circulation: 04/19/2015.
29 Stepanova E. The main trends in the field of modern terrorism: the regionalization of armed radical Islamist movements on the example of ISIS // Security Index. 2014. No. 4 (111). P.52.
e) foreign volunteers inclined to use the most severe forms of violence.
Thus, the gradual transformation of the organizational structure of ISIS led
to the formation of quasi-state administrative and bureaucratic governing bodies in
the territories controlled by militants.
The social base of ISIS was former officers of the armed forces and special
services of Iraq from the environment of S. Hussein, as well as Sunni radicals.
Organizational structure and tactics of the activity of ISIS were largely
determined by its human resources potential.
Number of professionally trained militia fighters participating in hostilities
on an ongoing basis, was approximately 15 thousand people.
Proceeding from the main directions of unlawful aspirations of ISIS, the
tactics of its activities seem appropriate to analyze in the following structural
units30:
- combat activities;
- terrorist activities;
- Recruitment and outreach activities.
Combat activities
The active participation of the Russian Air Force in the anti-terrorist
operation in Syria and the offensive of the international coalition forces in Iraq led
to radical changes in the tactics of the ISIS combat activities:
1. The militants began to disperse their forces and means, refusing to
concentrate on open communications. They relocated their units from open areas to
localities, dispersed heavy weapons and weapons stores.
2. Movement of detachments and equipment began to be carried out mainly
at night, while in the daytime militants prefer to move in desert areas outside the
roads. They abandoned large convoys, began to use more for moving motorcycles
and bicycles.
30 Krasinsky V.V., Mashko V.V. International terrorist organization "Islamic State": history, contemporaneity, future. M .: Infra-M, 2017. P. 108.
3. The militants have become more active in applying measures of disguise,
which seriously complicates the conduct of reconnaissance of the places of the
deployment of militants. For the purposes of misinformation, members of ISIS
deliberately give out houses of civilians for their positions, hang their flags over
abandoned buildings, and so on31.
4. Despite the presence of armored vehicles, they try to use heavy weapons,
preferring mobility, so that "jihadists" manage to concentrate their forces as
quickly and secretly as possible in the places of planned attacks.
The distinctive features of ISIS are still well-organized intelligence and
flexibility in the choice of tactics of combat. Strong concentrated attacks militants
combine with multiple small raids and subversive and terrorist acts, exhausting the
enemy.
On uncontrolled or abandoned territories, a so-called Islamic State uses
guerrilla warfare tactics and tries to clamp down on the forces of the government
troops of Iraq and Syria.
Terrorist activity
Considering the terrorist activities of ISIS, it should be noted that the arsenal
of methods used by ISIS for the commission of terrorist acts is unlimited, but in
most cases it is used by suicide bombers (usually drivers of vehicles stuffed with
explosives). For terrorist attacks in Iraq at extremely low altitudes, explosive-laden
UAVs are involved.
In order to intimidate and demoralize its opponents, ISIS regularly conducts
terrorist actions, as well as mass executions of captured soldiers, hostages and
civilians.
A new trend was the involvement in the commission of terrorist acts, as well
as the executions of children (12 years). At the same time, they participate in
executions both as performers and as spectators.
31 Slinkin M. Features of conducting military operations by the Syrian armed opposition // Russia and the Muslim world. 2016. No. 12 (294). P. 66.
The concept of an "autonomous" (individual) "jihad" that does not require
traditional means of terror (Nice, Munich, London, Barcelona, Cambrils, Turku,
etc.) is spreading.
Along with the individual fighters, the main emphasis in the new tactics of
terrorist activities of ISIS is made on the mass formation of "sleeping" terrorist
cells, equipped with trained terrorists with experience of fighting and committing
crimes in zones of armed conflicts.
During training in the training camps for militants (the so-called "muascars")
recruits are given specific tasks on direct participation in the preparation and
execution of terrorist attacks after returning to the regions of exodus. To this end,
they are actively trained in mine and explosives, and are trained in secret
communication channels. At the same time, the awareness of these individuals
about investigative activities and investigative actions against them leads to the
fact that their return to their homeland is carried out in compliance with special
measures of conspiracy.
An important component of the tactics of ITO «ISIS» are billing work and
information and propaganda activities.
Recruitment activity underlies the maintenance of high operational potential,
a high number of structural units and the accomplice networks of the "Islamic
State"32.
The recruiting activities of the ITO are accompanied by the popularization of
extremist ideology and the commission of terrorist crimes33. It is associated with
the propagation of religious radicalism, the heroization of the image of its
supporters, the idealization of "fair" social relations, to the establishment of which
terrorists seek, by promises of material goods34.
32 Krasinsky V.V. Counteracting the use of terrorist channels by mISISration channels and involving Russian citizens in terrorist activities abroad. // The Modern Law. 2017. No. 2. P. 88-93.
33 Commissars V. Agapov A. Responsibility for the passage of training for the purpose of carrying out terrorist activities // Criminal law. 2016. № 5. P. 37.
34 Kapinus O.S. Scientific approaches to counteract the recruitment activity of international terrorist organizations // Countering terrorism. Problems of the XXI century. 2016. № 1. P. 5.
Active terrorist propaganda is carried out by persons who are already taking
part in the activities of ISIS. The main object of attention of recruiters is the youth.
When recruiting into a terrorist structure, recruiters use psychological
characteristics of recruited persons, conditioned by their unformed worldview,
superficial knowledge of religious canons and discontent with the acting
authorities.
In connection with the tangible losses of the ITO after the connection of
Russia to the operation against terrorists in Syria and the arrival of the coalition
forces on the position of the "Islamic state" in Iraq, the terrorists are searching for a
spare bridgehead for the transfer of their terrorist activity (North Africa, APZ).
Characteristic for the period 2012-2015. the mass agitation for leaving for the
"Caliphate" was replaced by a call to activate terrorist activities "on the ground".
Depending on the regions and countries of the world, the recruitment
activity of ISIS has its own specifics. In particular, in the Southeast Asian
countries, the propaganda of the ISIS is largely focused on the recruitment of
young single students, juvenile delinquents and members of families of religious
extremists. Joining ISIS gives these categories of citizens a sense of belonging to
the "great noble cause".
The recruiters of the ITO «ISIS», as a rule, are young people under the age
of 35 who have a high communicative, persuasive ability that externally strictly
observe the norms of Islam.
At present, ISIS uses both active methods of involving citizens in its
activities, in which its emissaries themselves identify potential candidates, carry
out their verification and subsequent psychological treatment (targeted impact),
and ways of passive involvement, when terrorists sympathizing with citizens try to
establish contacts with the ITO on its own initiative as a result of its large-scale
information and propaganda activities.
The global network is considered by the leaders of ISIS as one of the main
channels for disseminating information of the control impact and propaganda of
the ideas of "jihad".
The bright, regularly updated content of the supporters of the ITO «ISIS» on
the Internet is the main motivating factor in the manifestation of interest in the
activities of the terrorist organization by radical Muslims.
The use of modern means of telecommunications allows recruiters and
curators of ISIS to select and study new participants, remotely control the actions
of the recruited, form "sleeping" cells on the Internet.
Owing to the active terrorist and information propaganda activities of ISIS,
the use of this new tactical methods and terror means by the organization in recent
years, the following tendencies have become typical for modern terrorism:
- the geography of international terrorism expanded;
- the cross-border mobility of supporters of terrorist structures has increased;
- the internationalization of terrorism has taken place;
- the activity of autonomous terrorist cells, as well as single-player terrorists
and minigroups under the influence of destructive installations of the IG «ISIS»
has increased.
- information support of terrorist activity intensified.
Modern changes in the tactics of terrorists (the combination of the group
organization of terrorist activities and individual "jihad", the growth in the number
and expansion of the geography of the activity of "sleeping" cells, etc.) need timely
flexible response from the special services and law enforcement agencies.
2.4. Interaction with other terrorist structures
Coordination of terrorist activities and the inclusion of other terrorist
groups in ISIS is of interest to the leadership of the "Islamic State" or if they
operate in areas capable of securing the receipt of a particular resource (logistical
opportunities in Libya and at Sinai, access to the "black" arms market in Yemen,
etc.), or as a source of replenishment of the personnel of armed formations
operating on the territory controlled by ISIS35.
35 Pankratenko I.N. ISIS today: on the way to a full-fledged state. M.: Center for Strategic Assessments and Forecasts, 2015. P. 24.
A new trend in 2017 was the overcoming of the confrontation between the
North African cells of ISIS and the local structures of Al-Qaeda, which helped to
establish interaction between them in Libya and Algeria. Currently, Libya has
three "branches" of ISIS: "Islamic state in the province of Barca", "Islamic state of
the province of Fezzan" and "Islamic state in Tripoli." From the territory of Libya,
militants are trying to expand the area of activity of the organization to other states,
as well as to create alinguistic network in the region. The commanders of the Al-
Murabitun battalions - Mokhtar Belmohtar, Ansar ash-Sharia Tunisia - Safe Alla
Ben Khasin and others declared their loyalty to ISIS. However, the loss of control
of Sirt by the militants of the ITO «ISIS» in 2016 significantly weakened the
organization's position in Libya36.
There is an expansion of the positions of «ISIS» in Morocco and Jordan,
against which the leaders of «ISIS» in their fatwa on Jan. 5, 2017 declared jihad.
Supported the activities of ITO «ISIS» "Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
countries."
The Nigerian terrorist organization Boko Haram also acknowledged the
supremacy of ISIS»37. At present, Boko Haram has managed to secure its presence
on Nigeria, Chad and Cameroon, bordering Nigeria and to accumulate serious
potential for large-scale terrorist attacks.
"Jihadist" ideas are widely spread among the radical Islamist organizations
operating in the Southeast Asian countries, primarily in Indonesia, Malaysia,
Thailand and the Philippines. In these countries, there has been an increase in the
number of Muslims who travel to the Middle East to take part in hostilities on the
side of the IGO «ISIS», as well as providing militant support38.
36 In September 2017 represe ntatives of the ISIS "ISIS" established control over the Wadi Al-Khamar district, 90 km from the city of Sirte.
37 The leaders of Boko Haram view the ITO as the "West African Province of the Islamic State".
38 The South-East Asia Region is interesting for ISIS as a social base for recruiting accomplices and militants, since it hosts 15% of Muslims around the world (more than 250 million people).
More than 20 terrorist structures of the region swore allegiance to ITO
«ISIS» ("Group of Abu Sayafa", "Jemaah Islamiya" and etc.)39.
Recently, the presence of the ITO «ISIS» in India has expanded. In
particular, the growth of supporters of this group was noted in western states. The
total number of supporters of ISIS in the region is about 10 thousand people.
The military defeats of ISIS in the territory of Iraq and Syria make its
leaders think about creating "reserve" bridgeheads in the APZ and North Africa.
These actions are carried out with the support of NATO and the United States.
Thus, in November 2017, 200 Iraqi fighters, who fought in Mosul, were delivered
to the NATO base near the city of Jalalabad in Nangarhar province by a US
military transport aircraft from Iraq to Iraq. With the help of helicopters without
identification marks, the transfer of manpower and weapons is carried out. In 2017
such cases were recorded in the provinces of Jauzjan, Faryab, Sari-Pul, Ghazni,
Nangarhar, Herat, Zabul.
At the same time, the Middle East theater of military operations remains a
priority for ISIS, since it is the control of ITO over part of the territories of Syria
and Iraq that allows it to declare the existence of the Caliphate and claim the
leading position in the conglomerate of terrorist organizations.
2.5. The main leaders and ideologists of the ITO
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi al-Husseini al-Qurashi (Ibrahim Avvad Ibrahim
Ali al-Badri) are the head (caliph) of the IT logistics company IG. According to
most sources, Ibrahim Avvad Ibrahim Ali al-Badri was born in 1971 in a religious
family in the Iraqi city of Samarra. His relatives were preachers and specialists in
the field of the Arabic language, rhetoric and logic.
39 Local extremist and terrorist organizations in the countries of South-East Asia, which previously cooperated with Al-Qaida, increasingly rely on the ISIS, hoping for its financial support.
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi is a doctor of Sharia Sciences at the University of
Adhamiya, located in the suburbs of Baghdad.
Until 2004, he lived in a mosque in Tobchi - in a poor neighborhood on the
western outskirts of Baghdad. At the time of the US invasion of Iraq, al-Baghdadi,
as many scholars believe, was the imam of one of the mosques. Later, he joined the
rebel movement. In 2004, Al-Baghdadi was held as a suspect in the American
Bucca filtration camp. Subsequently, he headed al-Qaida in Iraq, the Islamic State
of Iraq, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.
From June 29, 2014, Al-Baghdadi is the Caliph of the Islamic State.
In June 2017, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation reported
that, at the end of May, Al-Baghdadi and about 300 militants were destroyed in
Syria as a result of a Russian air strike, according to preliminary data. In July 2017,
the management of the IG «ISIS» confirmed the information about the death of the
leader of the IGIL.
Abu Muhammad al-Adnani (Taha Subhi Falaha) is the "spokesman" of
ITO «ISIS», one of the main ideologists of the IT «ISIS», who had considerable
authority in a religious extremist milieu. According to its popularity among the
supporters of the ITO «ISIS» was superior to Al Baghdadi.
He was born in the Syrian city of Binnish (Idlib province). Since 2005, he
began to participate in the activities of Islamist groups in Iraq, and then joined the
"Islamic State of Iraq". For suspicions of terrorist activities, he was arrested by the
Americans.
Since 2012, he was responsible for working with the media. With his
participation, a lot of audio recordings of ITO «ISIS» were published with
summaries of the events taking place in the organization and calls for the
commission of terrorist acts.
With the support of the secret services, Qatar organized a terrorist act against
a Russian passenger aircraft on October 31, 2015, which killed 224 people.
Al-Adnani for more than 2 years was on the American "list for liquidation."
In addition, for him was announced a reward of $ 5 million
Al-Adnani was neutralized on August 30, 2016 by Russian VKS in the
vicinity of the city of El-Bab.
Abi al-Hasan al-Muhajer - from 2016 to present - the "spokesman" of the
logistics company «ISIS» (replaced in that post neutralized in August 2016 by Abu
Muhammad al-Adnani).
Little is known about his biography. It is believed that Abi al-Hasan al-
Muhajer until 2016 was one of the "warlords" of terrorists.
Widely known for his appeal "You remember what I tell you!" And calls for
armed struggle against "secular Turkey" and Iran. Abi al-Hasan al-Muhajer called
on the militants of the ITO fighting in Mosul not to retreat and fight to the end.
Abu Mohammad al-Shimali (Tirad al-Jarba) is the head of the "border
guard service" of ISIS. He was at the forefront of the formation of the terrorist
structure - since 2005 he was connected with "Al Qaeda in Iraq."
He was the head of the committee for immigration and logistical support of
the IG «ISIS» and was responsible for the transit of foreign militants. Al-Shimali
coordinated smuggling, financial transfers and general logistics to Syria from the
countries of the European Union, North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. It is
known that he was in charge of the coordination center of ITO «ISIS» for recruits
in Aazaz (Syria).
At least a third of foreign fighters arrived on the territory controlled by the
ITO, using the assistance of the committee headed by Abu-Muhammad Al-
Shimali.
Halimov Gulmurod Salimovich - military leader ("Minister of War") ITO
«ISIS».
Halimov moved to the side of the IG «ISIS» in 2015. Before that he served
in the Soviet special forces and the presidential guard, he was the commander of
the OMON of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Tajikistan. Within the framework
of the US-Tajik cooperation from 2003 to 2008, Colonel Halimov three times
passed anti-terrorist training courses organized by the US State Department, as
well as training in a private military company "Blackwater".
In 2015, the General Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Tajikistan
opened a criminal case against Khalimov on the articles "high treason",
"participation in a criminal group", "participation in hostilities abroad". In August
2016, the US State Department announced a reward of $ 3 million for the capture
of Halimova.
On September 8, 2017, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
announced the liquidation of Khalimov and 40 militants as a result of a bomb
attack by concrete bombs at the underground command post and the
communications node.
Abu Lukman, the "governor" of ISIS in Rakka, is an influential figure in
the hierarchy of militants, is part of the Council of Shura.
Abu Lukman was born in 1973 in the village of As Sahl in the Syrian
province of Rakka. Studied jurisprudence at the University of Aleppo.
Prior to the civil war in Syria, Abu Lukman was arrested by the authorities
and held in Sednaya prison (Damascus).
In early 2014, he was the chief investigator of ISIS in the province of Rakka,
and in April 2014 Abu Lukman took the post of "emir" of the province of Rakka.
In this capacity, he was responsible for appointing other leaders of the ITO «ISIS»,
he distributed foreign fighters for "katibam." The name of Abu Lukman is
connected with numerous massacre of the ITO «ISIS» over prisoners and hostages.
At the end of 2014, for security reasons, he changed his name to Ali Musa
Al-Shawakh.
In June 2015, he became governor of Aleppo and served as head of security
in Syria.
Turks al-Binali - "supreme mufti" ITO «ISIS», an active propagandist of
terrorist and religious extremist ideology.
Al-Binali was born in 1984 in Bahrain in a rich and noble family, which has
close political ties with the ruling dynasty.
Prior to joining ITO «ISIS», Al-Binali was repeatedly arrested in various
Arab countries for taking part in religious extremist activities.
In 2013, he joined the ITO «ISIS» and began to publish theological works
that justify terrorist activities. In the works of Binali, there is an excuse for raping
the enslaved Yezidi women. According to some reports, Al-Binali is the head of
the research group and the "Fatwa Department" of the IT «ISIS».
Faisal Ahmad Bin Ali Az-Zahrani - as of May 2015, was the highest
official of the Oil and Gas Department.
Az-Zahrat was born in 1986 in Saudi Arabia.
He joined the ranks of the ITO “ISIS” in June 2014. In July of the same
year, he began to work in the "Ministry of Natural Resources", which controls oil
and gas trade in the territories of the "caliphate".
As of January 2015, az-Zahrani was in charge of 5 oil fields in the province
of El Baraka.
Ahmad Chataev (Ahmad Shishani, David Mayer, Elmir Seine) is one of the
leaders of ISIS, who organized in 2016 a terrorist act at the Istanbul airport. He is
responsible for recruiting and outreach activities with regard to the Russian-
speaking population of the CIS countries.
Ahmad Chataev was born in 1980 in the village of Vedeno of the Chechen-
Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
He took part in hostilities on the side of illegal armed groups, was wounded
(lost his hand), detained, released under an amnesty and granted refugee status in
Austria.
On August 13, 2006, the Foreign Minister of the so-called "Chechen
Republic of Ichkeria" A. Zakayev appointed Ahmad Chataev the first deputy
representative of CRI in the Austrian Republic.
In February 2015, Ahmad Chataev went to Syria, where he joined the
Islamists who are fighting against government forces in Syria. There he
commanded a detachment consisting of people from the North Caucasus, most of
which in 2015 was destroyed by aircraft of the international coalition forces during
the fighting for the Kurdish city of Kobani in the north of Syria.
In October 2015, the UN recognized Ahmad Chataev as a terrorist by
including him in the sanctions list of those involved in the activities of ISIS and Al
Qaeda, and the UN Security Council recommended that the countries in the
organization freeze its assets and ban entry. The US Treasury Department also
contributed Ahmad Chataev to his sanction antiterrorist list for his connection with
ISIS.
2.6. The most famous terrorist actions
On October 25, 2009, 155 people were killed because of the bombing of two
cars by militants in the center of Baghdad.
On January 25, 2010, explosions were carried out in Baghdad hotels
"Babylon", "Sheraton-Ishtar" and "Hamra" with the participation of suicide
bombers, which resulted in the death of over 40 people.
On December 22, 2011, 14 explosive devices were launched in various
neighborhoods of Baghdad. 69 people were killed, more than 185 were injured.
September 9, 2012 in 13 cities of Iraq from bombs about 100 people were
killed, about 400 people were injured. In an online address, the militants of the
ITO «ISIS» stated that these attacks were carried out in response to "the murders
and torture of Sunni prisoners" in Shiite prisons.
On August 6, 2013, ISIS fighters executed 450 Kurdish hostages near the
town of Tell Abyad in Syria.
In 2013 - 2014 years. the leaders of the IG «ISIS» focused on the military
expansion of Iraq and Syria (the seizure of the cities of Ramadi and Fallujah,
Rakka, Mosul, the seizure of checkpoints on the Syrian-Turkish border). The
change of tactics and the transition to systemic terrorist activities in 2015 were
caused by the halt of the offensive by the troops of the "caliphate" and the need to
retain the territories controlled by the militants through propaganda and
intimidation.
On June 1, 2015, as a result of a car bombing near the military base in the
Iraqi province of Anbar, 38 members of the security forces and law and order were
killed, more than 30 people were injured.
June 17, 2015 ITO «ISIS» conducted a series of explosions near mosques of
husits in Sanaa (Yemen). Killed 31 people. The leadership of ISIS called these acts
of terrorism "a sacred operation against Shiite lairs."
July 17, 2015 on the market in the city of Bani Saad in Iraq, a car bomb
exploded with three tons of explosives. The death toll was 120 people.
July 22, 2015, 22 soldiers of the Iraqi army died as a result of the bombing
of two cars with explosives in the city of Fallujah (Iraq). 24 people were injured of
varying severity.
On November 13, 2015, the terrorists of the "Islamic State" attacked one of
the restaurants in Paris, carried out three explosions at the stadium "Stade de
France" and captured hostages at a rock concert in the theater "Bataklan". 129
people were killed.
November 20, 2015, about 10 militants swore by the Islamic state of the
terrorist group Al-Murabitun attacked the Radisson Hotel in the center of the
capital of Mali and seized 170 people hostage. The security forces released the
hostages, but as a result of the terrorist attack, 20 people were killed.
March 22, 2016 as a result of a series of explosions at the international
airport in Brussels and the subway more than 10 people were killed, 35 were
injured.
On May 11, 2016, 94 people were killed and 150 injured as a result of a
series of explosions in Baghdad.
July 14, 2016, a suicide bomber on a truck rammed a crowd of people on the
waterfront in Nice (France). As a result of the terrorist action, 84 people were
killed.
From December 31, 2016 to January 8, 2017 in Baghdad, a series of 8
terrorist attacks was organized, organized by ISIS. 118 people died, 249 - were
injured.
On March 22, 2017 ISIS terrorist in a car drove into a crowd of passers-by
on the Westminster Bridge in London, and then attacked a policeman with a knife.
As a result of the terrorist attack, more than 10 people died.
On May 23, 2017 the militant groups "Abu Sayyaf" and the detachment
"Islamic state of Lanao" controlled by the ITO carried out a raid on the city of
Marawi on the island of Mindanao (Philippines). This terrorist attack was the first
time that the ITO militants captured a large city with a population of more than
200,000 people outside the Middle East. According to the Philippine special
services, about 600 militants participated in the attack on the city. The terrorists
attacked the army garrison, seized the central hospital, the mayor's office and 2
prison corps, releasing more than 100 prisoners. After the introduction of the
martial law, the government forces managed to regain control of the city. During
45 days of fighting in Maravi, 85 military and police personnel, 45 civilians were
killed. More than 300 terrorists were liquidated by special forces units.
August 17, 2017 in Spain there was a series of terrorist attacks. In the center
of Barcelona, the driver of the van pulled down 15 people and wounded more than
100 people. A few hours later the driver of the other van drove into a group of
people in Cambrils. Seven people were injured. Two explosions in the town of
Alcanar resulted in the death of one person, more than 10 injured. Responsibility
for the crimes was assumed by the ITO "Islamic State".
3.4. Interaction with other terrorist structures
ITO "JAN" actively interacted with the Free Syrian Army in combat
operations in the territory of Syria. In exchange for rendering assistance in the
course of military operations, militants of JAN received weapons and ammunition.
However, subsequently, due to ideological differences, there was a gap between
the two organizations, which led to local armed clashes.
At present, the ITO "JAN" is part of the "Army of Conquest" and maintains
links with terrorist organizations operating both in Syria and neighboring Lebanon:
"Jund al-Sham", "Fath al-Islami"40.
3.5. The main leaders and ideologists of the ITO
Abu Mohammed al-Jawlani (Ahmed Hussein Al-Shara'a)
The leader (emir) of the ITO "JAN" uses the name of Abu Muhammad al-
Jawlani, indirectly indicating that he comes from the Golan Heights. There is very
little reliable information about his biography. On December 18, 2013, Abu
Muhammad al-Jawlani gave his first television interview, in which he spoke in
classical Arabic with a Syrian accent, which suggests that he is of Syrian descent.
It is believed that Abu Mohammed al-Jaoulani was born in the village of Al-
Rafid in the Golan Heights (Syria). After Israel's occupation of Holland heights,
his family was forced to move to Damascus.
In 2003, after the US invasion of Iraq, Al-Jawlani joined the ranks of the Al
Qaida and took part in the armed struggle against American troops in Iraq. He
managed to become the closest associate of one of its leaders - Abu Musab Al-
Zarqawi. After Al-Zarqawi was killed as a result of the US air strike in 2006, Al-
Jaoulani left the territory of Iraq, and on his return was arrested by the US military
and placed in the Camp Bucca filtration camp.
After his release from the camp in 2008, Al-Jawlani resumed his terrorist
activities together with the leader of the Islamic State of Iraq (hereinafter - ISIS) -
40 Joscelyn, Thomas. "Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham leader calls for 'unity' in Syrian insurgency." Long War Journal. Foundation for Defense of Democracy, 10 Feb. 2017. Web. 11 Mar. 2017.
Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi. With the outbreak of the civil war in Syria, Al-Jawlani
was appointed the head of the ISIS operation in the province of Ninewa and took
an active part in the formation of her Syrian office called An-Nusra.
Al-Jawalani gained wide popularity in April 2013, when he refused to
comply with Al-Baghdadi's order to unite the two terrorist organizations - JAN and
ISIS within the framework of the creation of a new terrorist structure - ISIS41.
In May 2013, the US State Department listed Al-Jawlani as a "particularly
dangerous international terrorist", and four years later announced a $ 10 million
reward for information that would facilitate his capture.
In May 2015, Al-Jawlani gave an interview (with a veiled face) to Qatar's
Al-Jazeera television company, in which he called the Geneva Peace Conference a
"farce", and also stated that the priority goal of the organization he headed was the
fight against the regime of B. Asad, as well as the formations of Hezbollah and
IGIL.
July 28, 2016, Al Jawalani's appeal to rename the ITO in "Jabhat Fatah ash-
Sham" appeared. Despite the fact that Al-Jawlani stated the continuity of the
course of the terrorist structure he headed, some analysts interpreted Al-Jawlani's
statements as a break with Al-Qaeda, which was not even mentioned in his
address.
Sami al-Uraidi
Sheikh al-Uhraidi was the second person in the hierarchy of the ITO "JAN".
He was born in 1973 in Amman (Jordan). He has a bachelor's degree in religious
studies, and a master's degree in hadeethology. In 2001 he defended his doctoral
dissertation. Author of a number of works on Islam and its history42.
41 Basma Atassi. Qaeda chief annuls Syrian-Iraqi jihad merger. [Electronic resource] Access mode: http: //www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/06/2013699425657882.html Date of circulation: 14/01/2018.
42 Hassan Abu Haniyeh. Who's who in the Nusra Front? [Electronic resource] Access mode: https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/politics/2014/12/15/whos-who-in-the-nusra-front Date of circulation: 14/01/2018.
Al-Uraidi is the chief ideologue of the Sharia in the ITO "JAN" and carries
out active outreach activities in social networks (in "Twitter").
Al-Uraidi actively criticized ISIS for excessive cruelty and reprisals against
Muslims ("mujahideen"), and in December 2014 issued an appeal in which he
declared the jihad of this terrorist organization on behalf of the ITO "JAN".
After the formation of "Tahrir Al-Sham" Al-Uraidi left the ranks of the
organization along with some other leaders.
Abu Maria Al-Qahtani
The real name of Maishar Al-Juburi. He was born in the village of Harar in
Iraq to a family of Sunni Syrians. He studied at the University of Mosul in Iraq and
received a degree in management.
There is no reliable information about his biography. According to one data,
before the occupation of Iraq by US troops, he worked in the trade (he was selling
women's underwear), according to other sources, he served in elite units of S.
Hussein and after the occupation of Iraq he worked in the Iraqi police.
For participation in armed resistance to the occupation authorities in Iraq,
Abu Maria Al-Qahtani was arrested in 2004 and imprisoned.
After his release, he again joined the "jihadists" and was among the first
groups of militants who moved at the end of 2011 from Iraq to Syria to participate
in the civil war.
Abu Maria Al-Qakhtani became one of the founders of the ITO "JAN". He
worked as head of the Shariah Council, but in 2014, Shaykh Uraidi transferred this
post. It was the "Wallium" of the East Deir-ez-Zor, but after its capture, ISIS
moved to the province of Deraa43.
43 Hassan Abu Haniyeh. Who's who in the Nusra Front? [Electronic resource] Access mode: https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/politics/2014/12/15/whos-who-in-the-nusra-front Date of circulation: 14/01/2018.
In the militants of the ITO "ISIS" Abu Maria Al-Qahtani received the
nickname "Abu Galaxy" for giving a smartphone "Samsung Galaxy" for each dead
person and personally participated in the brutal massacres.
Abu Hammam As-Suri
Abu Hammam As-Suri began his terrorist activities as an instructor in the
famous Al-Farouq militant camp in Afghanistan.
Was responsible for the "Muhajirs" from Syria and Iraq in Afghanistan
(followed their affairs in Khorasan). Participated in many militant operations in
Afghanistan against coalition forces. Shaykh Mustafa Abu Al-Yazid was sent to
Iraq, where he met with Abu Musab Az-Zarqawi and Abu Hamzoy Muhajir.
Subsequently, he was arrested by the Iraqi intelligence and transferred to the
Syrian authorities. However, for lack of evidence of his criminal activities, Abu
Hammam As-Suri was released. In 2005 he was in Lebanon and Afghanistan. He
returned to Syria as a representative of the ITO Al-Qaeda. He was arrested in
Lebanon and sentenced to five years in prison.
Currently, he holds the post of the military amir of the ITO "JAN".
3.6. The most famous terrorist actions
On June 5, 2012 ITO "JAN" took responsibility for the mass execution of
hostages, committed in 2012 near the city of Deir ez Zor44.
In August 2013 in Latakia at least 190 civilians in several Alawite villages
were killed by ITO militants.
In September 2013, the militants of the ITO "JAN" seized several Alawite
villages in the province of Homs, where 30 civilians were executed.
44 Militant group claims killing of 13 in Syria [Electronic resource] Access mode: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-militant-claim/militant-group-claims-killing-of-13-in Date of application: 14/01/2018.
At the end of August 2014, 45 soldiers (citizens of Fiji) from the UN
peacekeeping contingent controlling the demilitarized zone in the Golan Heights
seized militants of the ITO "JAN" by militants. The militants demanded to exclude
the organization from the list of terrorist organizations recognized by the UN. In
addition, the militia of the ITO put forward a demand for monetary compensation
for the death of three of its members who were killed in a shootout with UN
observers, and also demanded the delivery of humanitarian supplies to militia-
controlled suburbs of Damascus. The real, but not declared, goal of the terrorists
was to get a cash ransom for abducted peacekeepers. The mediator in negotiations
with militants was the government of Qatar. According to an unofficial version,
about $ 20 million was paid to militants of the MTA "JAN" for the release of
peacekeepers.
On June 10, 2015, militants of the JAN ITO executed at least 20 civilians
(Druze) after one of them - a supporter of B. Assad - opposed the expropriation of
his house. Subsequently, the militants of the ITO "JAN" apologized and insisted
that the killings were carried out exclusively against residents who had resisted
them.
On May 12, 2016 Islamists of the ITO "JAN" and "Ahrar al-Sham" killed 42
civilians in the south of the province of Khama45.
February 25, 2017 ITO "JAN" committed terrorist acts in Homs near the
headquarters of the State Security Service and the military intelligence building. A
series of terrorist attacks was carried out by a group of suicide bombers. As a
result, 42 people were killed and several dozen were injured. Among the victims of
the terrorist act was a high-ranking officer of the Syrian military intelligence46.
45 Issue date: https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/islamists-agree-hand-corpses-civilians-massacred-northern-homs/ Circulation date: 01/14/2018.
46 Joscelyn, Thomas. "Syrian military intelligence officially killed in suicide assault in Homs." Long War Journal. Foundation for Defense of Democracies, 25 Feb. 2017. Web. 11 Mar. 2017.
On February 3, 2018 in the province of Idlib, the militants of the JAN ITO
shot down the Russian SS-25 attack aircraft overflying the de-escalation zone.
SECTION 4. INTERNATIONAL TERRORIST ORGANIZATION "ISLAMIC MOVEMENT OF UZBEKISTAN"
The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (hereinafter referred to as IMU) is the
largest of Islamist terrorist structures in post-Soviet Central Asia and is now
organizationally part of the Islamic State. According to the classification of the US
State Department, it is on the list of the most dangerous ITO.
In accordance with the decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian
Federation of February 14, 2003 No. GKPI 03-116, the organization "Islamic
Movement of Uzbekistan" was recognized as terrorist.
4.1. The history of the movement
IMU was created in 1996 by former members of a number of political
parties and movements banned by the Uzbek authorities, including: Justice
Society, Islamic Revival Party, Islamic Party of Turkestan, Islom Lashkarlari
(Islamic Warriors "), Etc. At the same time, the political wing of the organization
was headed by T. Yuldashev, and the leader of the combat unit of the organization
was D. Khodzhiev.
Since 1997, Islamists from all countries of Central Asia have joined the
IMU. The Uzbeks, Tajiks, Uighurs, Kazakhs, Tatars, Turkmens, etc. became its
members.
The IMU militants managed to place their camps not only in Uzbekistan, but
also in neighboring Tajikistan, where they managed to take advantage of political
instability after the 1992-1997 civil war. In addition to this, the IMU succeeded in
securing its presence in Afghanistan, which at that time was in fact under the full
control of the Taliban movement.
The IMU established military infrastructure in several provinces of
Afghanistan, including its own training camps in the cities of Mazar-i-Sharif,
Kunduz, Kabul, whose distinguishing feature was the high level of training of
militants for subversive-guerrilla warfare.
The organizational structure of the IMU included its own counter-
intelligence agency, Istikhborat, whose task was to ensure the secrecy regime and
to identify the incrusted intelligence agents47.
In August 1999, IMU militants invaded from northern Tajikistan to southern
Kyrgyzstan, where they were fighting until October 1999.
As a result of the Uzbek law enforcement authorities' actions towards the
end of the 1990s, IMU militants were forced to leave the territory of Uzbekistan,
and in 2001, after the start of US military operations against the Taliban, they
actually left the territory of Afghanistan.
As a result of US air strikes in November 2001, the military leader of the
organization, D. Khodzhiev, was destroyed. In 2001-2002, Zubair Ibn Abdurahim,
head of IMU administration; spiritual mentors of the organization - Abduvali
Damylla, Zakirzhan, Ubaidullo Damylla; the head of intelligence and, at the same
time, the chief IMU financier, Ali Talha; the head of the Kyrgyz militants Ali Sher
Nookatiy and others.
The most significant losses of the IMU were incurred in late November 2001
during a battle near the fortress Kalaya-Zhangi in Afghanistan, which lasted more
than a week.
After the defeat of the Taliban in Afghanistan, the IMU succeeded in finding
refuge in Pakistan (South Waziristan) in 2002 under the auspices of the field
commander of the Waziristan Taliban, Maulvi Nazir.
However, in 2007, Maulvi Nazir expelled the IMU from South Waziristan
because of IMU militants' violations of local customs and cruel treatment of the
local population.
In 2009, the IMU joined the Taliban group Baitullah Mehsud and began
active military operations against government forces in Pakistan.
After the death of the leader of the IMU Yuldashev, its leader was Usman
Adil, who headed the organization until his death in April 2012 as a result of the
47 Asset Askarov. Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan. History of Transformations. [Electronic resource] Access mode: http://easttime.ru/analitic/1/1/542.html Date of circulation: 01/13/2018.
impact of an American UAV. In August 2012, the IMU recognized the death of
Usman Adil and elected Uman Ghazi as the new leader48.
In August 2015, the IMU joined the ITO "Islamic State". The IMU leader
Usman Ghazi announced that the organization was part of the Afghan branch of
ISIS. A video appeared on the Internet that Gazi said that the Taliban are under the
control of Pakistan's special services and put forward several demands to the head
of the Taliban, Akhtar Mansur, including stopping contacts with Pakistan's special
services, suspending negotiations with the Ashraf Ghani government, and stopping
production and sales opium poppy and other narcotic drugs.
Some IMU field commanders took this decision of Usman Ghazi as a
"betrayal" of the Taliban movement.
In December 2015, on the websites of the Taliban, a message was posted
that the organization of the IMU was completely defeated by the Taliban and
ceased to exist49. In particular, they reported that the IMU militants were blocked
by the Taliban in the province of Zabul, after which about 60 people from the
group led by Usman Ghazi surrendered (some of whom were subsequently
executed), and about 50 others were killed in the resistance. In addition, the
Taliban posted a photo of the "murdered" Gazi.
4.2. The Goal and Goals of the Movement
According to the statements of the spiritual leader of the IMU, Abu Zarra,
the main purpose of the IMU is to capture all the lands of Asia through a military
campaign (called "Gazvat-ul-Hind"), previously ruled by Muslims, that is, the
territories of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Burma, -Lanka, Maldiv, Bhutan, India, etc.
48 Said Amin. Activities of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan in Pakistan (Part One). [Electronic resource] Access mode: http: // easttime.ru/analytics/uzbekistan/deyatelnost-islamskogo-dvizheniya-uzbekistana-v-pakistane-chast-pervaya/3972 Date of circulation: 01/13/2018.
49 At the same time, according to the estimates of Uzbekistan's special services, the number of active members and supporters of the IMO IMU currently stands at more than 1,400 people.
At the same time, due to the territorial location of the organization and the
specifics of its interaction with other terrorist structures, the Central Asian
direction in the organization's plans in recent years began to retreat to the second
plan n.
4.3. Organization and tactics of the ITO
Organization Until recently, the organization had about 1500 militants
(according to the Pakistani journalist Ahmad Rashid, the number of militants in the
territory of Afghanistan and Pakistan reached from 200 to 500 people) and in its
organizational structure was more of an armed formation than a typical terrorist
structure.
The Supreme Power in the organization belonged to the Supreme Council,
its chairman was Bilal (Abdurauf), and the military commander-in-chief was
engaged in the IMU commander-in-chief, Amir Usman Ghazi50.
IMU militants used the tactics of guerrilla warfare, periodically resorted to
mobilizing the local population of villages under their control in Pakistan and
Afghanistan.
The IMU received financial assistance from Islamist funds in the Persian
Gulf countries, from Pakistan, the Taliban, and from the structures of Osama bin
Laden51.
IMU militants are behind the most daring attacks on Afghan and Pakistani
security forces. They carried out such operations as a terrorist attack in December
2012 at Peshawar airport and the organization of the escape from Bannu prison in
April 2012, which resulted in the release of Adnan Rashid, who was awaiting the
50 Said Amin. Activities of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan in Pakistan (Part One). [Electronic resource] Access mode: http: // easttime.ru/analytics/uzbekistan/deyatelnost-islamskogo-dvizheniya-uzbekistana-v-pakistane-chast-pervaya/3972 Date of circulation: 01/13/2018.
51 Islamic terrorism. Moscow: Center for Strategic Security, 2003. P. 237.
death penalty for the preparation of the assassination of President Pervez
Musharraf52.
4.4. Interaction with other terrorist structures
Prior to joining the ITO Islamic State, the IMU coordinated terrorist actions
with Al-Qaida and Tehrek-e-Taliban Pakistan, operating in Afghanistan and
Pakistan. On the territory of Afghanistan, the IMU militants interacted with the
Taliban and waged a joint war against the NATO armed forces.
4.5. The main leaders and ideologists of ITO
Usman Ghazi is the commander-in-chief of the IMU. He was born in 1970
in Tashkent (Uzbek SSR) in a family of workers, ethnic Uzbek. During the
"empire" T. Yuldashev was a spokesman for the IMU (under the pseudonym
Abdul-Fattah) and propagated the ideology of "jihad". Freely spoke several
languages: Arabic, Tajik, Russian, English, Farsi.
Among the leaders of the IMU, U. Gazi had a reputation as a field
commander with strict requirements to himself and his subordinates, who had great
organizational skills. Usman Ghazi was behind the organization and conduct of
numerous military operations against government forces in Pakistan, as well as
NATO troops in Afghanistan.
Presumably, he was killed in 2015 by the Taliban.
Propaganda in the IMU was led by Muja Mujahid from Burma Abu Zarr
Azzam. He joined the IMU in 2004, arriving from the Forum madrassah (Pakistan).
52 The influential Pakistani Taliban released the video after escaping from prison [Electronic resource] Access mode: https://www.svoboda.org/a/24554135.html Date of circulation: 01/13/2018.
In a short time he mastered several languages, including Uzbek. Thanks to his
oratory Abu Zarr Azzam won great prestige among the population of Waziristan.
Kari Bilal - a senior IMU leader. In the spring of 2011, he was captured by
the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) and later released from custody
at the personal request of President H. Karzai.
Yaha Hikmatia is a spokesperson for the IMU. He was a member of the
IMU since the foundation of the movement, he worked with T. Yuldashev. Since
2000, he was Chairman of the IMU Elders Committee.
Asadullo Urganchi coordinated the work of the IMU media in Waziristan.
4.6. The Most Famous Terrorist Actions
Since the Uzbek authorities have accused IMU members of virtually all
terrorist attacks in the country, it is difficult to determine the relevance of the IMU
to a number of terrorist acts. In particular, the leader of the IMU Yuldashev
rejected his involvement in the 1999 bombings in the city of Tashkent, which
killed 16 people.
In 1999, 4 Japanese mountaineers were captured as members of the IMU in
Kyrgyzstan53.
It is believed that the IMU is behind a terrorist act committed in December
2002 in the city of Bishkek.
In May 2003, IMU militants organized a terrorist act at the exchange office
of the Bakay Bank branch in Osh. The employee of the bank died from the wounds
received as a result of the explosion. On February 19, 2004, the IMU militants
Asadullo Abdullayev and Ilkhom Izatullayev, who participated in the commission
of this terrorist act, were detained.
53 Islamic terrorism. Moscow: Center for Strategic Security, 2003. P. 237.
SECTION 5. INTERNATIONAL TERRORIST ORGANIZATION "TALIBAN"
Taliban is a major international terrorist organization operating in the APZ.
In many countries of the world it does not have the official status of a
terrorist organization, but it is recognized by Russia and the CSTO member
countries54. By the decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 14
February 2003 No. GKPI 03 116, the activities of the Taliban are prohibited in the
territory of Russia.
Fig. 6. Flag of Taliban
5.1. The history of Taliban
The Taliban movement was established in the summer of 1994 under the
resource, personnel and infrastructure assistance of the Pakistani special services.
The first members of the organization were recruited from among the Taliban -
54 The United States introduced the Pakistani cell of the Taliban movement (Tehreek-e-Taliban) to the list of foreign terrorist organizations only in 2010.
young Afghan refugees who left the country because of the war and received
religious education in Pakistan. In this regard, the name of the ITO comes from the
combination of "seeking knowledge" - a student, a student.
In addition to the mastery of Islam, the training program of the Taliban
included studying the tactics of conducting military operations, the bases of
intelligence and subversive and subversive activities.
Pakistan's intelligence, with the assistance of the US CIA, planned to use the
Taliban movement to protect Pakistan's borders and ensure the safety of merchant
caravans and convoys with weapons55.
The organization's leaders set out to fight against the government of
Burhanuddin Rabbani, as well as other groups of Afghan mujahideen who fought
for power after the withdrawal of a limited contingent of Soviet troops from
Afghanistan in 1989. The ideology of the Taliban was based on Islamic
fundamentalism, and the main officially declared goal of the movement was the
restoration of Islamic norms and the return of peace to Afghanistan56.
Military clashes between Taliban militants and Afghan government forces
began in the autumn of 1994. Having received weapons from Pakistan, the Taliban
fought against other groups of Mujahideen. In a short period, the Taliban managed
to occupy a significant part of Afghanistan by defeating a number of large armed
groups.
In 1995, the Taliban established control over South and West Afghanistan,
and by September 1996 its militants managed to capture the capital of Afghanistan,
Kabul.
Beginning in 1996, the Taliban began to cooperate with the Saudi
multimillionaire Osama bin Laden, who began to participate in the financing of
this group.
In August 1998, the Taliban managed to take Mr. Mazar-i-Sharif and capture
most of northern Afghanistan.
55 Islamic terrorism. Moscow: Center for Strategic Security, 2003. P. 52.56 Ahmed Rashid. Taliban: Islam, Oil and the New Great Game in Central Asia. 2008. P.
304
Resistance to the Taliban was provided only by the Northern Alliance, led
by Ahmad Shah Massoud, President Burhanuddin Rabbani and General Abdul-
Rashid Dostum, who controlled only a small part of northern Afghanistan.
Having come to power in the country, the Taliban movement proclaimed the
creation of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, whose head was Mohammed
Omar.
In the Taliban-controlled territories, Sharia law was introduced in the most
rigid interpretation: television, Western music, games, dances were banned, a
"blank" burqa for women was introduced, and they were also forbidden to work
and study. The Taliban imposed a ban on fine arts, and also prohibited wearing
white shoes for Afghan residents, since white was the color of the Taliban flag.
The Taliban revived and began to widely apply medieval punishments: one
or two hands were cut off for theft, adultery was stoned for marital infidelity, etc.
Despite the fact that the Taliban controlled about 90% of Afghan territory,
their government was officially recognized only by three countries: Pakistan, Saudi
Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.
After the September 11, 2001 Al Qaeda terrorist attacks and the Taliban's
refusal to extradite its leader, bin Laden, who was hiding in Afghanistan, the
United States and Great Britain launched the "Enduring Freedom" military
operation on October 7, 2001, with the aim of undermining the potential and
ending activities of the Taliban.
By the end of 2001, the power of the Taliban was overthrown. Many
militants left for the mountainous areas of the country, and some of the members
of the ITO "Taliban" were forced to flee to Pakistan. Since that time, the Taliban
movement has gone over to guerrilla warfare.
However, despite the military operation of the US and its allies in
Afghanistan, the Taliban still managed to regain influence in some areas of
Pakistan and Afghanistan. By 2005, its militants had regained control of a number
of provinces in northwestern Pakistan, where the Taliban established a so-called.
"The Islamic State of Waziristan." Attempts by the Pakistani army to return the
territory of Waziristan under their control ended in vain.
In 2007, the Pakistani Taliban united in the Tehreek Taliban-and-Pakistan
movement and attempted to raise the Islamic insurrection in Islamabad, which,
however, was successfully suppressed.
Fig. 7. Flag of the terrorist group Tehreek Taliban-and-Pakistan
Presumably in 2011, the Taliban lost their leader, Muhammad Omar.
However, his death was confirmed by the leadership of the Taliban only in 2015.
After reports of the death of Mullah Omar, the new "emir" was proclaimed Mullah
Mansur. However, some supporters of Mullah Omar did not agree with this
decision. Mullah Mansur's main rivals for the leadership of the Taliban movement
were brother and eldest son of Mullah Omar. However, they nevertheless swore
allegiance to Mulla Mansour, as solidarity in the ranks of the Taliban is a key
factor determining the viability of their terrorist structure.
July 7, 2015 in Islamabad (Pakistan), with the mediation of the United States
and the PRC, between representatives of the Government of Afghanistan and the
Taliban, the first round of direct talks on the prospects for a cease-fire and a
peaceful settlement was held57.
On May 21, 2016, the US armed forces struck a missile at the car in which
the leader of the Taliban movement, Akhtar Mansur, was. The information about
his death was confirmed the next day by the high-ranking commander of the group
Mullah Abdul Rauf.
On May 25, 2016, the Taliban announced the election of a new leader,
Khaybatullah Akhundzada, a theologian and an expert on Islamic law.
By now, the Taliban managed to expand their zone of influence in the
southern province of Afghanistan, which borders on Pakistan, Helmand, and also
to capture Sangin. Thus, the Taliban militants fully control the areas bordering
Pakistan and a large part of the territory of Helmand.
Despite the fact that the Taliban's victories are sometimes short-lived, and
government forces manage to regain control of the lost territories, the general trend
of recent times has been the steady growth of Taliban-controlled territories in
Afghanistan. Government forces currently control less than 60% of the country's
territory.
5.2. Goals and objectives of the movement
The Taliban movement is predominantly a Pashtun terrorist structure, its
leaders have never set themselves global expansionist goals. In this regard, the
main goal of the Taliban movement is to build a "truly Islamic" state based on the
Sharia norms in the Afghan-Pakistani region.
5.3. Organization and tactics of the ITO
57 Afghan authorities begin peace negotiations with Taliban [Electronic resource] Access mode: https://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/articles/2015/07/09/599841-vlasti-afganistana-nachali-mirnie-peregovori-s- talibanom Date of Circulation: 13/01/2018.
The Taliban movement throughout its history differed from many terrorist
groups in a clear hierarchical structure.
The movement is led by the "emir", he has two deputies in his subordination.
The next step in the hierarchy is the Council (Shura) of 18 people. When
Muller Mansour, its composition was increased to 21 people. Most of the members
of the Council come from the southern provinces of Afghanistan.
The Council manages the work of about ten "commissions" (military,
financial, cultural, educational, intelligence commission, etc.). A key role is
assigned to the military commission, which manages the planning, implementation
and coordination of Taliban combat operations.
Fields are managed by field commanders and representatives ("governors")
of the Taliban in various provinces of Afghanistan58.
In connection with the fact that the Taliban detachments are scattered across
various regions of Afghanistan, the issues of organizing communications and
communication cause serious problems. Leaders of the ITO try to transmit
information verbally with the help of their assistants or use messenger-messengers
with written messages.
It should be noted that in view of the regular air strikes of the United States
and its Taliban allies, the ITO lacks a developed infrastructure: Taliban leaders and
militants try to move from one place to another all the time.
In recent years, the Taliban have shaken internal conflicts. So, in November
2015, armed clashes began between the militants of Akhtar Mansur and the
militants of the opposition faction "The True Taliban" led by Mullah Mansur
Dadullah. After the murder of its leader, the leadership of the opposition turned to
Mullah Muhammad Rasul.
At present, the Taliban movement does not have a single, clearly organized
structure. It consists of local groupings operating in the APZ, whose leaders
declare their affiliation or alliance with the Taliban movement.
58 Silinsky M. Afghanistan's Most Lethal Insurgents. 2014. P. 263
The main method of activity of the Taliban movement is guiding partisan
war, which is largely due to the current military potential and the existing
organizational structure of the group. With the reduction and withdrawal of NATO
forces from Afghanistan, the Taliban have increasingly resorted to the seizure of
territories.
A distinctive feature of the Taliban movement is not only a careful study of
the strengths and weaknesses of the enemy, but also the creation of a branched
conspiratorial network of informers-accomplices who report all movements of
government and foreign troops in Afghanistan.
In recent years, the Taliban has begun to use the methods of terrorist
activities that are characteristic of Islamist groups operating in the Middle East
region. In particular, the Taliban began to actively use suicide bombers, the
practice of decapitation of hostages has spread. All this shows that the Taliban
seeks to demonstrate their commitment to the ideas and methods of conducting the
"global jihad".
Peaceful negotiations between participants in the civil confrontation in
Afghanistan, the Taliban is taking advantage of, in order to "legalize" its terrorist
structure in the eyes of the world community and weaken the government forces in
Afghanistan.
To negotiate and organize international meetings, the Taliban created a
special "political commission" with an office in Qatar59. The Taliban has a strategic
initiative in the negotiating process and sets its own terms for negotiating with the
Afghan government. In particular, the Taliban demand the complete withdrawal of
foreign troops from Afghanistan, the release of captured captive militants, the
exclusion of the Taliban from the list of UN terrorist organizations, and the holding
of negotiations at the Taliban office in Qatar.
5.4. Interaction with other terrorist structures
59 Currently, the office is temporarily closed due to the split in the Taliban movement.
Taliban actively cooperated with many terrorist organizations, including Al-
Qaida, the Union of Islamic Jihad, Lashkar-i-Taiba, the Islamic Movement of
Eastern Turkestan, the Islamic Movement Uzbekistan, etc.
At present, the Taliban has close ties with the terrorist group Tehreek
Taliban-and-Pakistan, the Islamic State of Waziristan and the Haqqani Group.
On the territory of Afghanistan, the Taliban are opposed to the militants of
ISIS, who created "in the territory of the state Vilayat Khorasan", as well as groups
that swore allegiance to them60.
The internal disunity of the Taliban movement and the contradictions
between individual groups of militants were used by the ISIS militants to
strengthen their influence in the region. The Taliban tried to counteract this, which
led to armed clashes between the two ITOs. However, in the summer of 2016,
Taliban and ISIS concluded an unspoken tactical truce with each other and
temporarily ceased hostilities.
It should be noted that since the establishment, Taliban has received
assistance from the Pakistani special services, which have had a significant impact
on the strategic planning and conduct of Taliban military operations, especially
during the period 1994-2001. Currently, according to the adviser to the Pakistani
Prime Minister for Foreign Affairs Sartazh Aziz, Pakistan has "leverage" on
Taliban "... since their leadership is in Pakistan, they are being treated in the
country, and their families are here"61.
Taliban, operating in the southern part of Helmand province adjacent to the
border with Pakistan, receive assistance from the Pakistani military, and the
Pakistani troops themselves repeatedly crossed the border with Afghanistan and
conducted military special operations on its territory.
The special services of Saudi Arabia, Qatar, the United States and Israel are
making active attempts to establish contacts with the leaders of the Taliban
60 As part of the "Vilayat Khorasan" there are about 4 thousand militants of ISIS.61 Why did Pakistan admit to hosting the Afghan Taliban? [Electronic resource] Access
mode: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35719031 Date of reference. 07/10/2017.
movement and to exert a controlling influence on the strategy and tactics of the
ITO.
5.5. The main leaders and ideologists of ITO
Mulla Omar (Muhammad Umar) is the founder of the Taliban movement,
the head of Afghanistan during the period of the Islamic Emirate (from 1996 to
2001).
Omar was born in 1960 in the province of Kandahar in the village of Chah-i-
Himmat and belonged to the Tomsi clan of the Khotak tribe. Omar was brought up
by his uncle, who was a teacher in a rural madrasah. After the introduction of the
Restricted contingent of Soviet troops into Afghanistan, Omar dropped his studies
and joined the detachments of the Mujahideen. He quickly received the glory of a
good grenade launcher (he masterfully mastered the shooting from RPG-7). In
battles with units of the Soviet Army four times was wounded (lost his eye).
After the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan, Omar turned to
religion and became the imam of the mosque he founded in the village of Sangsar
(Maiwand district). Relying on the help of the Pakistani special services, Omar
founded the Taliban movement. In November 1994, under the control of the
Taliban, the entire province of Kandahar turned out, Herat fell a year later, and in
1996 Omar took the title of "Amir al-Muminin" (leader of the faithful).
In September 1996, the Taliban occupied Kabul and the "Islamic Emirate"
was proclaimed in much of Afghanistan, which was recognized by Pakistan, Saudi
Arabia and the UAE. Mullah Omar lived in Kandahar and almost never appeared
in the capital of the "emirate". He did not appear in public, transmitting his appeals
and decrees through the "Sharia Voice" - the only radio allowed under the Taliban.
During the second Chechen campaign, Omar declared the "jihad" of Russia.
It is noteworthy that Omar asked Osama bin Laden not to "involve" the
Taliban and Afghanistan in the war with the United States. However, despite all
the disagreements between the two leaders, after the September 11, 2001 attacks,
Mullah Omar refused to extradite Osama bin Laden to the American authorities.
After the US invasion of Afghanistan, Omar was hiding in the city of Quetta
(Pakistan). For information that could contribute to his capture, the US promised to
pay $ 10 million.
Presumably, Omar was liquidated on May 23, 2011 in the vicinity of Quetta.
On July 30, 2015, the Taliban confirmed the death of their leader62.
Mavlavi Khaybatullah Akhundzada is a theologian, currently the leader
("emir") of the Taliban movement.
Mavlavi Khaybatullah Akhundzada was born in 1961 in the province of
Kandahar and belongs to the Pashtun Nurzai tribe. His father was a rural imam.
After the capture in 1996 of the Taliban, Kabul Akhundzada took up the post
of a member of the Department for the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of
Vice. Then he moved to Kandahar, where he became an instructor in the jihadist
madrasah.
After US troops overthrew the Taliban regime in 2001, Akhundzada was
appointed chief judge of the Sharia courts.
He is the author of many fatwas (religious prescriptions), which, among
other things, justified the organization of terrorist acts.
In the Taliban movement, Akhundzada has the authority of a religious
leader. He took an active part in the settlement of religious and other disputes
among the leaders of the Taliban and sought to consolidate the movement.
After the death of Mullah Omar in 2013, Akhundzada became deputy leader
of the Talo MTO. In May 2016, after the death of Akhtar Mansur led the
movement.
62 Taliban's Mullah Omar died of natural causes in Afghanistan, son says. [Electronic resource] Access mode: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-taliban/talibans-mullah-omar-died-of-natural-causes-in-afghanistan-son-says-idUSKCN0RE0RC20150914 Date of issue . 07/10/2017.
Mansur Akhundzada formally has two deputies (assistants). The first deputy
is Sirajuddin Haqqani, the second is Mullah Mohammad Yaqub, the son of the
former leader of the Taliban movement, Mullah Omar.
Sirajuddin Haqqani is the leader of the Haqqani group, aterrorist
organization operating in alliance with the Taliban and carrying out armed attacks
against coalition and government forces in Afghanistan.
Sirajuddin Haqqani is the son of a well-known terrorist, the founder of the
terrorist organization "Haqqani group" - Jalaladin Haqqani.
Sirajuddin Haqqani led the "Haqqani group" after the fall of the Taliban
regime in Afghanistan in 2001 and brought it to the list of the most combat-capable
units of the Taliban.
In 2005, by decision of the leaders of the Taliban and Al-Qaeda movement,
Sirajuddin Haqqani was appointed the leader of a group of militants operating in
Paktika, Paktia and Khost.
Sirajuddin Haqqani quickly became the most influential field commander of
the Taliban in the east of Afghanistan.
He began to take part in the settlement of conflicts that arose among the
leaders of the Taliban movement and claimed the supremacy of the Taliban
hierarchy. In particular, Sirajuddin Haqqani in autumn 2008 acted as rival of
Mullah Omar, which led to an aggravation of relations between the Taliban and the
Haqqani group. However, one year later, one of its leaders, Mullah Sangin Zadran,
said he believed the Taliban, Al-Qaida and the Haqqani group to be one63.
It is believed that Sirajuddin Haqqani was the organizer of the attack on the
Serena Hotel in Kabul on January 14, 2008, during which six people were killed.
In March 2008, with special order number 13224, the US Department of
State enlisted Sirajuddin Haqqani on the list of dangerous international terrorists
and announced a reward for it of $ 10 million.
63 Biography of Haqqani Sirajuddin [Electronic resource] Access mode: http://www.antiterrortoday.com/baza-dannykh/litsa-terrora/3880-siradzhuddin-khakkani Date of circulation: 11.07.2017.
Abdul Ghani Baradar, also known as Mullah Baradar Akhund, is one
leader and field commander of the movement The Taliban. According to his views,
it is considered "moderate" among the leaders of the Taliban.
Baradar was born in 1968, his ethnicity is Pashtun from the Durrani tribe.
His military activities began during the deployment of a limited contingent
of Soviet troops in Afghanistan. In 1994, he was among those who took an active
part in the creation of the Taliban movement. Prior to 2001, he held various
positions: he ruled Herat and the province of Nimroz, commanded a group of
militants in the west of Afghanistan, was a close associate of Mohammad Omar.
In close cooperation with the Taliban Defense Minister, Ubaidullah Akhund
Yar Mohammad Akhund, organized and coordinated Taliban operations against
the Afghan government and the coalition forces.
Baradar was captured by Pakistani intelligence on February 8, 2010, and on
September 21, 2013 he was released early from a Pakistani prison at the request of
the Afghan government.
Mullah Muhammad Rasul is one of the leaders of the Taliban movement.
Rasul was born supposedly in the mid-1960s. in the Afghan province of
Kandahar.
With the coming to power of the Taliban, Rasul became governor of the
province of Nimroz. He was a close companion and friend of Omar.
After the invasion of Afghanistan by US troops, Rasul became the shadow
governor of the Taliban in Farah Province, and also a member of Shura.
In 2015, Rasul went into opposition to the new leadership of the Taliban
movement and founded his terrorist group. The split was the result of
disagreements over the election of the newleader TalibanAkhtar Mansur. Rasul's
forces fought fierce battles in the southern Afghan province of Zabul with the
Mansur militants, but were defeated. In March 2016, Mullah Rasul fled to
Pakistan, where he was immediately arrested by the Pakistani authorities, which is
strange given that other Taliban leaders are "quietly" living in Pakistan and
commanding combat troops in Afghanistan for several years from the neighboring
state64.
In this connection, attention is drawn to the fact that Rasul was the only
leader of the Taliban movement who advocated a fight with ISIS in Afghanistan.
5.6. The most famous terrorist actions
In August 1995, the Il-76 aircraft of the Russian airline Aerostan (Kazan)
was captured by Taliban fighters, whose crew was held for a long time as hostages.
On October 8, 2009, a suicide bomber detonated a mined car near the Indian
Embassy in Kabul, killing 17 people.
On December 28, 2009, a suicide bomber blew himself up in a crowd of
Shiite Muslims who celebrated Shiite mourning for Ashura. As a result of the
explosion, 43 people died.
On August 6, 2010, in the Afghan province of Badakhshan, Taliban
militants killed 10 employees of the international charitable Christian organization
International Assistance Mission. Among them were six Americans, one British,
one German and two Afghans.
September 3, 2010 as a result of the explosion at a rally in Quetta,
committed by the Pakistani Taliban, killed 54 people.
On November 5, 2010, a suicide bomber blew himself up in a mosque
during a Friday prayer in the Pakistani city of Darra Adam-Hel. More than 50
people became victims of the terrorist action.
On March 9, 2011, a suicide bomber blew himself up in a suburb of
Peshevara during the funeral of the wife of one of the activists of the organization
fighting the Taliban. As a result of the terrorist act, about 40 people were killed.
On April 3, 2011, two suicide bombers blew themselves up during a
religious celebration in the city of Dara Gazi Khan. More than 40 people became
victims of the terrorist attack.64 Taliban Splinter Group Names Mullah Mohammad Rasool Akhund as Leader
[Electronic resource] Access mode: https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/taliban-splinter-group-names-mullah-mohammad-rasool-akhund-leader-n455536 Date of circulation: 11.07.2017.
On January 17, 2014, a suicide bomber blew himself up near a Lebanese
restaurant in Kabul. As a result of the terrorist act, more than 20 people were
killed, including 4 UN employees.
On October 19, 2015, a bomb exploded in the market town of Andhui in the
province of Faryab in Afghanistan. Five civilians were killed and 25 people were
injured.
January 27, 2018 in Kabul as a result of a suicide bomber who blew up a car
with explosives, 103 died and 253 people were injured. Responsibility for the
attack was taken over by the Taliban.
SECTION 6. INTERNATIONAL TERRORIST ORGANIZATION "HIZB UT-TACHRIR AL-ISLAMI" ("PARTY OF ISLAMIC RELEASE")
Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami (hereinafter - HT) is a centralized Sunni Muslim
organization of a terrorist orientation.
On February 14, 2003, by the decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian
Federation, the "Party of Islamic Liberation" ("Hizb ut Tahrir al-Islami") was
recognized as terrorist and its activities are prohibited on the territory of the
Russian Federation.
6.1. History of the organization
Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami ("Party of Islamic Liberation")65 was established in
1952 in the town of Quddous by a native of Palestine, judge of the Shariah Court
of Appeal Takiuddin al-Nabhani (1909 - 1977/79)66. Initially, the organization was
created as a party of Islamic intellectuals under the slogans of the anti-Israeli
struggle of the Palestinians.
Fig.8. Flag "Hizb ut Tahrir al-Islami".
At the first stage (1950s-1970s), the cells of the organization were formed in
countries with predominantly Muslim populations.
65 Hizb ut-Tahrir al- Islami, Hizb ut-Tahrir, Islamic Liberation Party, Hizb ut-Tahrir, Party of Liberation.
66 The exact date of death is not established.
At the second stage (1980s - 1990s), HT established branches in states with
large Islamic communities (Great Britain, Germany, Denmark, France, etc.).
After the collapse of the USSR, the organization began to actively work in
the post-Soviet space.
At present, HT offices and cells operate in Azerbaijan, Russia, Uzbekistan,
Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Jordan, Egypt, Lebanon, Kuwait,
Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Algeria, Yemen, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh,
Indonesia, China, USA, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, Belgium, Denmark,
Austria, Greece, Turkey. The centers of the greatest activity of HT are in Great
Britain, Lebanon and Indonesia, where the general management of the regional
offices of the organization is carried out, important personnel and financial issues
are being addressed.
The main sources of financing of the ITO come from funds and other
organizations from Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Pakistan, the United Kingdom, the
United States and the Netherlands. Financing schemes in the Russian Federation
and the CIS are characterized by the organization of numerous commercial
structures controlled by HT, used for financial support of "struggling brothers" in
Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.
The leader of HT is the citizen of Lebanon Ata Abu ar-Rasht (abbreviated
name Abu ar-Rasht). Headquarters ("Kiyadat") is located on the territory of
Lebanon.
The activity of HT in Russia began in 1999 after the transfer of one of the
emissaries of ITO, a citizen of Uzbekistan, by Kasymakhunov Yu.S. In the period
from 2000 to April 2003, Kasymakhunov managed to form a network of cells in
Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kazan, Ufa, Makhachkala, organize recruitment activities
to involve new supporters in the ranks of HT and establish working contacts with
human rights organizations67.
67 On November 11, 2004, the Moscow City Court found Kasimakhunov guilty under articles 205.1 part 1, 210 part 1, 327 part 3 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and sentenced him to 8 years imprisonment. On January 13, 2005, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation upheld the verdict.
The Russian representation of HT, from its inception, was subordinated to
the Crimean branch of the ITO, located on the territory of the city of Alushta (the
Republic of Crimea) and directly funded from Turkey and Lebanon68.
After the recognition of the terrorist organization in Russia in 2003 and the
involvement of Kasimakhunov in criminal responsibility, the main tasks of uniting
the co-religionists and destabilizing the political situation in the regions of the
Russian Federation were assigned to groups of specially trained "Hizbis" from
Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan69.
The current stage of HT development is connected with the ban on the
organization's activities in the countries of the former USSR, Western Europe and
South-East Asia (2000s) and attempts to legalize it as a political organization with
a pan-Islamic ideological platform.
HT is currently banned in Saudi Arabia, the Netherlands, Malaysia, Turkey,
France, Tunisia, Denmark, Jordan, Germany, Egypt, Spain, Kazakhstan, China,
Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Russia and Pakistan70.
In May 2017, the Government of Indonesia announced its decision to
dissolve Hizb ut-Tahrir Indonesia. The minister - coordinator for politics, law and
security, Vianto, said that the decision to dissolve the HT branch is connected with
threats to the sovereignty of the Republic and attempts to seize state power with
the aim of creating a caliphate71.
68 On the territory of Ukraine, Lebanon and the United Kingdom, HT activities are not prohibited. It is here that the most powerful and influential organizational structures of the ITO are located. After the entry of the Crimea into the Russian Federation, the regional HT center in the city of Alushta ceased its activities, and the majority of the members of the Crimean branch left Russia.
69 On February 14, 2003, the decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation "The Party of Islamic Liberation" ("Hizb ut Tahrir al-Islami") was recognized as terrorist and its activities were banned in the territory of the Russian Federation.
70 In a number of states, HT is recognized as an extremist organization. So, HT of the Supreme Court of the Kyrgyz Republic of May 14, 2003, HT recognized as extremist and banned in the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic. By the decision of the court of Astana on March 28, 2005, the organization was recognized as extremist in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. On March 11, 2008, the Supreme Court of the Republic of Tajikistan recognized HT as an extremist organization.
71 Ilyutochkin A.S. "Hizb ut-Tahrir Indonesia": supporters of the caliphate threaten the future of the republic. Part 1 // www.iimes.ru/?p=34907.
6.2. The purpose and goals of the organization
As the goal of the ITO, the overthrow of secular governments and the
establishment of Islamic government on a global scale are proclaimed by creating a
single Islamic state - the "World Islamic Caliphate"72.The main task of the HT
functionaries is to propagate the idea of restoring the Caliphate in any conditions
and situation. According to the doctrinal views of HT ideologues, the restoration of
the Caliphate will first take place in a single country, and then the task of its
expansion will be decided by the already authoritative structures of the Caliphate.
6.3. Organization and tactics of the organization
One of the main features of HT's activity at the present stage are adaptation
of its organizational structure and tactics to special methods of work of special
services.
Initially, the organization of ITO activities was hierarchical. The head of the
ITO was the "mutamad". He was subordinated to the regional leaders - "Masul".
Assistants of "Masula" - "Musoids" - supervised the activities of district
organizations. The organization's bottom line was headed by the "nakib".
Subordinated nakiba-mushrifs controlled the Khalkas (a separate group consisting
of 4-5 people)73.
At present, the management of the ITO has abandoned the vertical structure
of the organization and has shifted to the network principle of managing its
regional units, allowing for a higher level of conspiracy, which significantly
hinders their prompt development by special services and law enforcement
agencies.
The tactical characteristics of the ITO's activities include: the conduct of
radical Islamist propaganda, combined with intolerance towards other religions 72 In the opinion of the major religious figures of the Islamic world (Muhammad Qutb,
Sheikh Ben Boz - the supreme mufti of Saudi Arabia, Dr. Yusuf Kardavi, the dean of the Shariah faculty of the Omman National University, Dr. Abduaziz Hayat, the mufti Muhammaddsodik Muhammadyusuf), HT was created with the aim of distorting Islam.
73 HIZB UT-TAHRIR, Islam's Political Insurgency // The Nixon Center, December 2004, P.24.
(primarily Judaism); active recruitment of supporters; propaganda of religious
enmity and hatred. In the methods of recruitment, elements of PR and NLP
technologies are traced.
The most active and radical members of the ITO for ideological and combat
training are sent to the countries of the Middle East.
The key activity of HT is the creation of an extensive infrastructure
(conspiratorial apartments, clandestine printing houses, warehouses of logistics and
other supplies), the acquisition of supporters from among media workers, student
youth, influential and respected Muslim leaders, experienced lawyers (especially
human rights organizations) for preparation of public opinion and legalization of
the ITO.
As follows from the founding documents of the ITO, HT considers itself an
intellectual political party carrying out the Islamic call by spreading thoughts,
beliefs and documents74.
HT leaders formally proclaim a policy of using exclusively legitimate non-
violent methods of work, but their program document "Administrative Law of
Hizb-ut-Tahrir" states that "the coming to power is carried out through political
struggle, but the seizure of power is of an armed nature".
According to experts, the arguments in defense of HT are based on
insufficient awareness of its history, international and regional activities, poor
knowledge or complete ignorance of its literature. However, it should be borne in
mind that some of the propaganda materials of HT are aimed at international
organizations (primarily human rights organizations) in the hope of creating an
image of a "peaceful party" for them and for information and propaganda support.
The content of such materials (without extremely radical anti-Semitic or anti-
74 The programmatic and ideological basis of the ITO was formulated in Takiuddin al-Nabhani's books The System of Islam, Hizb ut-Tahrir, Party Consolidation; "Book on the construction of the Caliphate", "Democracy - the charter of the infidels" (Russia is banned and included in the federal list of extremist materials), etc.
Christian slogans) sharply differs from those that are spread among ordinary
believers in local languages75.
As it has already been noted, the main goal of HT activity is the creation of
the Caliphate, which will unite the territories of all Muslim countries within its
borders, and then through propaganda and conduct of hostilities will extend its
power over the rest, non-Muslim world76.
The formation of the World Caliphate is carried out in three stages. The first
stage is the stage of the "hidden call-up", when the members of HT secretly
increase the number of the structure by involving new members in the so-called.
training groups ("Halkas") and conducting agitation and educational work among
them; a party core is formed; the electorate is being prepared; cells of the
organization are created in different layers of society.
The second stage is an open appeal to the Muslim community through
holding large-scale public events (rallies, demonstrations, pickets, conferences,
etc., including using the media). The HT leaders attach special importance to the
second phase, during which members of the terrorist structure gradually penetrate
into government bodies, public associations, economic and cultural-ideological
organizations and attract high-ranking officials and officials to their side. Such
infiltration is carried out for the purpose of radical Shariah transformation of
society.
The third stage presupposes the direct seizure of power, including by force.
A characteristic feature of this terrorist organization is a systematic, based
on modern psychological and managerial methods, to involve as many members as
possible in its ranks, as well as accomplices sympathizing with the ideas of the
HTO "HT".
In recent years, a new element of HT tactics has been the transition from
conspiratorial agitation and propaganda classes in apartment supporters to public
75 Russia - Central Asia: Politics and Islam in the late XVIII - early XXI century. Moscow: The University of Moscow, 2013. P. 418.
76 Priorities of HT differ from the general Islamic: the caliphate is at the forefront, and not questions of faith (iman), monotheism (tawhid), knowledge (ilm) and worship (ibad).
political actions (pickets and rallies against the "persecution" of Muslims,
participation in the activities of "non-system" opposition, etc.)77
6.4. Interaction with other terrorist structures
Fearing the ban, HT seeks to avoid direct official ties with terrorist
organizations, but has close working contacts with IMU representatives, Chechen
illegal armed groups, Uygur separatists, and Pakistani radical Islamist
organizations.
At the end of 2002, the "Party of Islamic Liberation", acting on the territory
of the Republic of Tajikistan, joined the participants of the IMU, which was
destroyed in Uzbekistan. Among them were militants, who had undergone
sabotage and terrorist training in the Khattab and Abu al-Walid camps in
Chechnya78.
Leaders and ideologists of HT repeatedly justified the attacks of suicide
bombers.
HT cells traditionally have a high level of cohesion and, for tactical
purposes, can organize interaction with ideologically similar terrorist and extremist
structures in other regions. Thus, according to Russian law enforcement agencies,
HT cells operating in the Saratov region and the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous
Okrug coordinated their recruitment and outreach work with the Tablighi Jamaat
functionaries.
6.5. The main leaders and ideologists of the ITO
Takiuddin al-Nabhani (1909 - 1977/1979). He was born in the village of
Ijim in the district of Haifa (Palestine) in the family of teachers of Sharia. He
studied at al-Azhar University and Dar al-Ulyum College in Cairo. In 1928 he 77 Popov D., Starostin A. Radical Islamism in the Urals // Russia and the Muslim World.
2016. № 7. P. 30.78 Islamic terrorism. Moscow: Center for Strategic Security, 2003. P. 221.
joined the organization "Brothers - Muslims". He worked as a teacher in a number
of cities in Palestine. After the Arab-Israeli war (1947-1949) he moved with his
family to Lebanon. He worked as a Shariah appellate judge in Jerusalem. After his
resignation in 1950, he taught sharia at an Islamic college in Amman. In
connection with ideological disagreements with the Muslim Brotherhood, in 1952
he established the party "Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami" and became its ideologue. He
published a large number of books and articles on theological and political topics.
After his death, the emir of the party was the Palestinian Abdul-Kadim Zalum,
who led the party until 2003.
Sheikh Abdul Aziz Al-Badri (1929 - 1969). He was born in Baghdad. Iraqi
Islamic scholar. Head of the Iraqi branch of HT. In the late 40's - early 50's. was an
imam in a number of mosques. During this period, he joined HT. He headed mass
protests against the brigadier-general Abdel Kerim Kasem, who seized power in
Iraq. In the years 1959 and 1960, was under arrest in connection with opposition
political activities.
After the decision of the founder of HT, Takiuddin al-Nabhani, about the
establishment of the Iraqi branch of HT, Al-Badri appealed to the Government of
Iraq for registration of the party, but was refused. He wrote several works: "Views
of Islam on socialism", "Islam between scientists and rulers", "Islam: war against
capitalism and socialism".
In 1956, he left HT and began to support the activities of the WTO "Muslim
Brotherhood". In 1969, he was imprisoned and died as a result of torture.
Sheikh Omar Bakri Muhammad - was born in 1958 in the city of Aleppo
(Syria) in a wealthy family. In his youth he was in the Syrian branch of the
"Muslim Brotherhood", then joined the ranks of HT. In 1979 he moved to Egypt,
where he studied at the University of Al-Azhar. In 1983 Bakri founded the cell HT
in Saudi Arabia. After the refusal of the Kuwaiti leaders of HT to support the
activities of HT in Saudi Arabia, created the Islamist group "Al-Muhajiroun". After
the prohibition of Al-Muhajiroun, Bakri fled to the UK in 1986 and became the
spiritual leader of HT in the territory of the United Kingdom.
In the 1990s. on the instructions of the special services of Great Britain
established contacts and provided support to the "Army of Liberation of Kosovo".
In 1996, in connection with the increased disagreements due to HT's
methods and policies, Bakri proclaimed Al-Muhajiroun an independent
organization independent of HT and became its amir.
After the attacks of September 11, 2001, Bakri begins to support the
ideological guidelines of Al-Qaeda, sharply criticizes US and British military
operations in Afghanistan, justifies the terrorist attacks on Madrid trains in 2004,
jihad in Bosnia, Chechnya, Afghanistan, Kashmir and others " hot "points. In
November 2004, he dissolved the Al-Muhajiroun.
In July 2005, Bakri issued a fatwa with death threats against Pakistani
President Pervez Musharraf. After the July 7, 2005 terrorist attacks in London, The
Sunday Times accused members of Al-Muhajiroun of suicide bombings and
supporting the al-Qaeda operative network. Soon Bakri left the United Kingdom,
where his stay was deemed undesirable, and leaves for Lebanon.
In November 2010, Bakri was sentenced to death by a Lebanese court on
charges of terrorism, but was released from bail on arrest. In May 2014, he was
again arrested and sentenced to 6 years in prison for setting up a terrorist grouping
"Front Nusra" and organizing her training camp in Lebanon.
Two of Bakri's sons fought against the government forces of Syria and Iraq
on the side of the "Islamic state" and were killed during the clashes in December
2015.
Ata Abu al-Rasht is a Lebanese citizen, born in 1943 in the village of Rana
in the Hebron area (Palestine). Head of Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami (HT). In the mid-
50's. Abu al-Rasht joined the HT party. In 1961 he entered the University of Cairo,
which graduated in 1966 with a diploma of a construction engineer. He worked as
a builder in a number of Arab countries.
In the 1980s. was appointed as the official representative of HT in Jordan.
Got famous during the war in the Persian Gulf through performances in the
Jerusalem mosque in Amman.
On April 14, 2003 he was elected as the head of HT. In 2006, Abu Al-Rasht
announced the armed jihad of the United States, Israel, the European Union and
Russia.
6.6. The most famous terrorist actions
In 1968, 1969 and 1971, HT organized unsuccessful military coups in
Jordan. In 1972, HT attempted a military coup in southern Iraq.
After the outbreak of the armed conflict in Syria, many supporters of HT left
for the conflict zone to take part in the fighting on the side of the ITO. Some of
them joined the ranks of other terrorist structures, some of them fought in the
independent detachments of HT (the Lebanese and Tajik branches of HT).
Bahrun Naim, the most influential Indonesian-born terrorist in the ISIS,
claiming the title of ISIS ambassador in Southeast Asia, was a member of HT
before joining the Islamic state.
Hizb ut-Tahrir Indonesia is linked to the terrorist group Jemaah Islamiya,
which is responsible for the terrorist attack in Bali on October 13, 2002. At that
time, as a result of a series of suicide bombings, about 190 people were killed,
more than 300 were injured. Bombs were detonated at a disco in the town of Huta.
At the same time, explosive devices were launched near the buildings of US
consulates in Bali and the Consulate General of the Philippines in Manado.
March 28-29, 2012 as a result of a series of terrorist acts in Tashkent killing
16 26 people were injured. According to a number of analysts, ITO "UIJ" and HT
were involved in these terrorist acts.
In the CIS and Russian Federation there is a judicial practice of involving
HT members in criminal responsibility for preparing and committing crimes of a
terrorist nature.
SECTION 7. INTERNATIONAL TERRORIST ORGANIZATION "UNION OF ISLAMIC JIHAD"
ITO "Union of Islamic Jihad" is a terrorist organization based in North
Waziristan, in the city of Mir-Ali. Also known as "Jamaat al-Jihad al-Islami",
"Group of Islamic Jihad", "Islamic Union of Jihad", "Islamic Jihad - Jamaat of
Mujahideen".
The organization's activities are prohibited on the territory of the Russian
Federation by the decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of June
2, 2006. No. GKPI06-531.
Fig.9. "The Black Flag of Jihad", used by the militants of the ITO "Union of Islamic Jihad"
7.1. History of the organization
In 2002, as a result of the split in the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, some
of its members, headed by Najmuddin Jalolov, left the organization and created a
new terrorist structure - the Islamic Jihad Group. Its purpose was to transfer
terrorist activity to the territory of Uzbekistan to fight the Karimov regime.
The militants of the Islamic Jihad Group in the mountains of Khorosan
organized a training camp, and the militants trained in it began to be sent to the
territory of Uzbekistan to carry out terrorist and other subversive activities. In 2004
- the beginning of 2005. the group began to carry out terrorist acts on the territory
of Uzbekistan.
At the same time, the organization received its current name - "Union of
Islamic Jihad" (hereinafter referred to as "UIJ").
The main ideologist of ITO "UIJ" since its inception was Sheikh Abu Leys
al-Libi, who was the "commissioner" of the Al-Qaeda ITO in Central Asia and the
commander of the militant detachment, which consisted of Jalolov. Thanks to Al-
Libi (until his death in January 2008), the ITO "UIJ" actively interacted with Al-
Qaeda and the Taliban. During this period, the ITO began planning and preparing
terrorist acts in Pakistan and Western Europe79.
In June 2005, the organization was recognized by the UN as a terrorist one.
It should be noted that a number of high-ranking officials and
representatives of Western special services question the existence of the ITO "UIJ"
as a really functioning terrorist organization. In particular, according to the former
British Ambassador to Uzbekistan Craig Murray, if the ITO "UIJ" exists, it has
organizational ties with the special services of Uzbekistan and is used to justify a
tough internal policy towards opposition structures80.
September 25, 2008 in the German magazine Monitor, an interview with an
Uzbek defector - an officer of the National Security Service of Uzbekistan -
Yakrom Yakubov, in which he claimed that MTO "UIJ" was created by Uzbek
special services to recognize Uzbekistan as a country that became a "victim" of
international terrorism.
Critically evaluating these information outliers, we note that the consistent
anti-terrorist policies of the leadership of Uzbekistan and the effective work of
79 "Union of Islamic Jihad": a portrait of a terrorist organization [Electronic resource] Access mode: http://antiterrortoday.com/baza-dannykh/terroristicheskie-i-ekstremistskie-gruppirovki/soyuz-islamskogo-dzhikhada-gruppa-islamskogo-dzhikhada/386- soyuz-islamskogo-dzhikhada-portret-terroristicheskoj-organizatsii Date of circulation: 12/12/2017.
80 See: Craig Murray. Murder in Samarkand. 2007. P. 416.
national special services led to the extrusion of UIJ into the Afghan-Pakistani zone
and Syria. Currently, the number of ITO is no more than 400 active members.
The ITO managed to recruit a significant number of foreign "jihadists",
including Turkish citizens and the Turkish community in Western Europe, as well
as ethnic neophyte Germans who converted to Islam81.
In 2011, the ITO "UIJ" produced video recordings showing joint operations
with the Taliban in the North and East of Afghanistan, as well as the infrastructure
of the ITO (training camps and bases).
7.2. The purpose and objectives of the organization
The main goal of the organization is to overthrow secular power in
Uzbekistan and create a theocratic state in Central Asia on the basis of Shariah
norms.
The leaders of the ITO also declare their intentions to expand the geography
of the group's terrorist activities and to launch a "jihad" against Christians and
Jews in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Russia, as well as against US
military and civil infrastructure facilities and their military-political allies.
7.3. Organization and tactics of the ITO
managerial core of the group consists of militants who were previously
members of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, and because of this they have
experience of fighting against the coalition forces in Afghanistan, as well as the
Russian army in the North Caucasus. Many members of the ITO were trained in
terrorist training camps in the territories of Afghanistan, Pakistan and the Chechen
Republic.
The tactics of the organization's activities include the implementation of
terrorist acts, as well as active advocacy on the cultivation, support and
81 Islamic Jihad Union details cooperation with Afghan Taliban [Electronic resource] Access mode: https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2012/02/islamic_jihad_union.php Date of circulation: 12/12/2017.
dissemination of the ideas of "jihad" in the countries of Central Asia, primarily in
Uzbekistan.
To propagate its ideology, the ITO "UIJ" was created by the media agency
"Badr at-Tawhid" ("The Shadow of Monotheism"), which disseminates
information and propaganda materials in Uzbek and Russian. In Russian, Amin
Abu Usama ar-Rusi actively propagates the "jihadist" ideology.
It is noteworthy that after the commission of a number of terrorist acts,
members of the ITO "UIJ" were hiding in the territory of the Russian Federation
(in Primorsky Krai, Belgorod, Samara and Kemerovo regions, and other subjects
of the Russian Federation). Thus, in Vladivostok, a citizen of Kyrgyzstan
M.Moydinov, detained in an international search, was suspected of organizing and
committing terrorist acts in the cities of Tashkent and Osh in 2004.
7.4. Interaction with other terrorist structures
MTO "UIJ" interacted with such terrorist organizations as "Taliban",
"ETIM", "Lashkar-and-tajba" and etc. These terrorist coalitions usually were
temporary.
7.5. The main leaders and ideologists of the ITO
Since the establishment of the ITO "UIJ", its leader was Najmuddin
Jalolov, also known as Yakh and Ahmad. He was killed on September 14, 2009
near Mir-Ali (Pakistan) as a result of an air strike by an American UAV.
The next leader of UIJ was Ikromjon Mamajonov, who was detained on
November 24, 2012 in Russia, and then deported to Uzbekistan.
Sadikov Olim ("Jafar") is one of the coordinators of the terrorist activities
of the UIJ. He was born in 1985 in the Andijan region of the Uzbek SSR. After the
death of his father he got into a foster family, where he was brought up in the spirit
of religious extremism and jihadism. In 1999, his adoptive parents joined the
detachments of the Islamic Movement of Turkestan (IMT) and took Sadikov to the
areas of Tajikistan controlled by the Islamists of the United Opposition. In
connection with the relocation of IMT to Pakistan, the leaders decided to send
Jafar to Iran, as his foster father maintained close ties with the Iranian special
services. In 2004, Jafar passed a course of training in sabotage and terrorist training
in one of the training camps of Al-Qaeda. After completing the training, he joins
UIJ and returns to Iran, where he heads the transit point for recruitment from CIS
countries. Coordinates the transfer of recruits and militants to UIJ camps and MTO
combat troops operating in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Syria82.
7.6. The most famous terrorist actions
One of the first terrorist actions of MTO "UIJ" was the bombings in Bukhara
and Tashkent in March and April 2004, during which the main targets of suicide
bombers were the police and the General Prosecutor's Office of Uzbekistan. As a
result of these terrorist acts, a total of 47 people were killed.
On July 30, 2004, the ITO "UIJ" carried out terrorist acts against the
embassies of Israel and the United States, and also blew up the office of the
Prosecutor General, located in Tashkent.
In September 2007, three members of the organization (two of whom were
Germans (Fritz Gelovich and Daniel Schneider) who accepted Islam) were arrested
in Germany for preparing a terrorist act.
The detainees planned to attack the Frankfurt International Airport, the US
airbase "Rammstein" in the federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate, as well as the
American and Uzbek embassies in Germany. During the investigation, they
showed that in 2006 they visited Pakistan in the training camp of the ITO "UIJ",
where they learned the tactics of terrorist activity.
82 Sadikov Olim [Electronic resource] Access mode: http://crss.uz/?p=73 Date of circulation: 12.12.2017.
In March 2008, a member of the ITO "UIJ" Dzhuneyt Chifchi, born in
Germany, blew himself up on an American military base in the Afghan province of
Khost, killing two American soldiers and two Afghan army employees.
On May 26, 2009, the ITO "UIJ" undermined the post of police and other
facilities in the cities of Andijan and Khanabad, which killed at least 16 people.
March 28-29, 2012, as a result of a series of terrorist acts in Tashkent (the
explosion of a suicide bomber in the market, the attack of terrorists on law
enforcement officers) killed 16 26 people were injured. According to a number of
analysts, MTO "SID" and "Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami" were involved in these
terrorist acts.
In April 2014, the militants of the ITO with Taliban captured the American
military base Charguti, which was located in Afghanistan.
SECTION 8. INTERNATIONAL TERRORIST ORGANIZATION "JUND AL-SHAM"
Jund Al-Sham ("Soldiers of Great Syria") is a Sunni terrorist organization
based primarily on the territory of Lebanon and Syria.
The name of the organization includes the word "Sham" ("great Syria"),
which testifies to its terrorist aspirations towards Syria, Jordan, Lebanon and
Palestine (Israel).
The organization's activities are prohibited on the territory of the Russian
Federation in accordance with the decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian
Federation of June 2, 2006 NO. GKPI06-531.
8.1. The history of the organization
Jund Al-Sham was established in 2004 in the Palestinian refugee camp "Ain
al-Hilweh"83, located near Sayda in southern Lebanon, with the active participation
of the militants of the terrorist organizations Asbat Al-Ansar and Al Qaeda .
According to experts, this organization was associated with an Islamist
group that operated in the early 1990s. in Jordan, and in 1999 relocated to
Afghanistan.
It should be noted that the organization with the name "Jund al-Sham" first
appeared in 1999 in Afghanistan and was formed under the leadership of Zarqawi
with the financial support of Osama bin Laden, who donated about 200 thousand
dollars for its creation. To train militants near the city Herat (Afghanistan), they
established a training camp in which militants were taught the tactics of guerrilla
warfare and mine-blasting. Jund Al-Sham included Islamists (about 150 militants)
who moved to Afghanistan from Syria, Jordan, Palestine and other Arab states.
83 The camp of Palestinian refugees "Ain al-Hilweh" is controlled by Islamists. The Lebanese army and the police are trying not to appear on its territory.
In 2001, the militants turned down the camp in connection with the
beginning of the US operation in Afghanistan, and many of them moved back to
the Middle East region84.
Among the experts there is a wide range of opinions about the regions of
institutionalization and the "succession" of this ITO. Thus, the Washington Post
columnists believe that the Jund Al-Sham group, established in 2004 in Lebanon,
has nothing to do with the terrorist structure functioning in Afghanistan.
In addition, there is no unity in the expert community as to whether Jund Al-
Sham is an autonomous ITO or it has arisen as a result of a split in the leadership
of the Palestinian organization Asbat al-Ansar.
One of the first terrorist acts of Jund Al-Sham was the explosion of the car
of one of the leaders of Hezbollah, Ghaliba Avali, committed in July 2004 in
Beirut. It is noteworthy that the official representative of Lebanese Shiite
organization Hezbollah laid responsibility for the assassination of Ghalib Avali to
Israel, rejecting involvement in the explosion of the car of the Jund Al-Sham
group85.
Besides killing Ghalib Awali ITO "Jund Al-Sham" claimed responsibility
for several terrorist acts. Among them: the explosion in March 2005 in Doha
(Qatar) theater, located next to the British school, which resulted in the death of a
British teacher and 12 people were injured; 3 explosions in the Christian districts
of Beirut (Lebanon); as well as an explosion in Texas, which in reality turned out
to be an accident.
In October 2005, the militants of Jund Al-Sham threatened to kill the
German prosecutor Detlev Mehlis, who led the UN investigation into the killing of
the former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri. At the same time, "Jund Al-
Sham" claimed that Mehlis was connected with the special services of Israel.
84 A Look at the Terror Group Jund Al-Sham [Electronic resource] Access mode: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/12/AR2006091200844.html Date of circulation: 12/12/2017 .
85 Official representative of Hezbollah laid on Israel responsibility for the assassination of Ghalib Avali [Electronic resource] Access mode: https://ria.ru/incidents/20040719/636114.html Date of circulation: 12/12/2016.
In 2005, Jund Al-Sham established its "branch" in Syria, in Damascus.
However, the Syrian special services organized a purposeful work to identify,
prevent and suppress the terrorist activities of the group in the country. In
September 2005, after an armed clash between the militants of Jund Al-Sham and
the Syrian anti-terrorist unit in the province of Ham, the functionaries of the Syrian
branch of Jund Al-Sham were arrested.
In 2006, Jund Al-Sham announced that it was joining Al-Qaeda, but the
statement was declarative, indicating its commitment to the ideology of Al-Qaeda,
and in no way limited its operational-tactical autonomy grouping.
On May 1, 2006, armed clashes occurred in the Ein al-Hilweh camp between
Jund Al-Sham and Fatah.
On June 3, 2007, the Jund Al-Sham group fired a Lebanese army checkpoint
in the Sidon area from the grenade launcher, which led to the response of the
Lebanese army and, as a result, clashes in the Palestinian refugee camp in northern
Lebanon.
On March 21, 2008, armed clashes occurred between the representatives of
Fatah and the militants of Jund Al-Sham in the camp of Ain al-Hilweh, as a result
of which one person was killed.
In connection with the outbreak of the civil war in Syria, "Jund Al-Sham"
created in 2012 in the country its "branch". His emir was Khaled Makhmud Ad-
Dandashi86.
The main militants were the "Jund Al-Sham" militants in the province of
Homs. In March 2014 they managed to capture the former fortress of the Crusaders
"Krak-de-Chevalier". However, the Syrian army soon managed to knock terrorists
out of the fortress. Ad Dandasi himself was killed, and his 300-strong squad
moved to Lebanon, where it was partially blocked by the Lebanese army and the
Shiite militia Hezbollah.
Later, the remnants of the group joined the ITO "JAN".
86 Fears as Islamist fighters flock to Lebanon [Electronic resource] Access mode: http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/Mar-22/251028-fears-as-islamist-fighters-flock- to-lebanon.ashx # ixzz2wgkKsBNy Date of Circulation: 12/12/2017.
8.2. Purpose and objectives of the organization
The goal of Jund Al-Sham is to liberate Palestinian territories from
occupation by Israel and to create an Islamic state on Sham territory with a Sharia
form of government.
In addition, the leaders of Jund Al-Sham declared the need for establishing
Islamic rule on a world scale by creating a "World Islamic Caliphate".
The current tasks of Jund Al-Sham are the restoration of the organizational
structure and fighting ability of the grouping after the defeats suffered in Syria,
attracting new supporters into their ranks.
The ITO currently operates in Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Jordan and Palestine.
The activity of the ITO is largely due to the opposition to the Fatah
movement.
8.3. Organization and tactics of the ITO
The number of Jund Al-Sham in Lebanon is estimated at several hundred
militants, which are mainly concentrated in the Safsaf district and the Palestinian
refugee camp of Ain al-Hilweh.
The tactics of "Jund Al-Sham" activity presupposes carrying out terrorist
acts against diplomatic and other representations of foreign countries.
This terrorist organization is not officially recognized and registered in any
state and operates from deeply conspiratorial positions.
8.4. Interaction with other terrorist structures
Since its establishment, Jund Al-Sham has established contact with the
leaders of illegal armed groups in the North Caucasus, primarily from the Arab
countries. In addition, Jund Al-Sham organized military training courses for
militants heading to the North Caucasus region to participate in terrorist activities
on the territory of the Russian Federation. In particular, in 2005 a group of about
10 Chechen militants underwent a military training course on the basis of Jund Al-
Sham.
Jund Al-Sham also developed plans for carrying out terrorist actions against
Russian overseas institutions on the territory of Lebanon, employees and members
of their families working in them87.
In Iraq, the Jund al-Sham militants actively interacted with the terrorist
group Kaidat Al-Jihad Fi Bilyad Ar-Rafideyn (Al Qaeda in the Mesopotamia), led
by Abu Musaab al-Zarqawi, in Syria with the ITO " JAN".
8.5. The main leaders and ideologists of the ITO
There is very little information on the current leaders of Jund al-Sham. It is
believed that the leader of the organization was Abu Yusuf Sharki, a native of
Fatah.
The military wing of the organization was headed by Imad Yassin.
8.6. The most famous terrorist actions
On September 12, 2006, the Jund Al-Sham militants tried to storm the
American embassy in Damascus, but his protection prevented it. As a result, three
attackers were killed, one injured. An officer of the Syrian special services also
died.
87 Who does not live in Russia: today "Rossiyskaya Gazeta" tells about the organizations
listed in the national list of terrorist structures // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 2006. № 4138 (0).
The militants "Jund al-Sham" are accused of organizing the massacre of
dozens of Syrian Christians in August 2013 in the "Valley of Christians" (Wadi an-
Nasara).
Currently in the territory of Syria there is a Caucasian bandit formation,
which has a similar name - "Jund Al-Sham" and consisting mainly of militants -
Caucasians. They took an active part in the offensive in the province of Hama. The
Jund Al-Sham militants became the main strike force during the assault on the
village of Kaukab, 3 km east of the city of Suran in the province of Khama.
Initially, the jail al-Sham bandit establishment was based in Latakia province and
operated in the Jebel al-Akrad region off the Turkish border. Later, her militants
were forced to move to the provinces Idlib and Hama. The head of "Jund Al-
Sham" is a native of the Georgian Pankisi Murad Margoshvili (Muslim Abu Walid
ash-Shishani).
SECTION 9. INTERNATIONAL TERRORIST ORGANIZATION "THE MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD"
The Muslim Brotherhood is a large Islamist terrorist organization
operating mainly in the Middle East and North Africa. The ITO headquarters is
located in the capital of Qatar, Doha. The organization has a strong influence in
Egypt, Tunisia, Libya, Syria and many other countries. In a number of countries,
the ITO operates from a legal position, and related political parties have seats in
the parliaments of the respective countries (Tunisia, Sudan, Yemen).
In accordance with the decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian
Federation of February 4, 2003, N GKPI 03-116 organization, the Muslim
Brotherhood was recognized as a terrorist organization and banned on the territory
of Russia.
Fig.10. Flag of the organization "The Muslim Brotherhood"
9.1. History of the organization
The organization was established in 1928 in the Egyptian city of Ismailia by
the school teacher Hasan Al-Banna. It became the world's first organized Islamist
movement, advocating the revival of Islam in Egypt and beyond88.
Since 1933 the headquarters of the organization has been transferred to
Cairo.
"The Muslim Brotherhood" quickly went beyond charitable and educational
activities, becoming a full-fledged political movement.
During the Second World War, the Muslim Brotherhood, despite declaring
its neutrality, actively cooperated with Nazi Germany.
The Muslim Brotherhood also participated in the 1948 Arab-Israeli war.
After the assassination of Hasan al-Banna by the Egyptian secret political
police in 1949, her ideologist became the writer Seyyid al-Qutb, but the ranks of
the organization split and she ceased to exist as a single organization. At the same
time, an extremist wing emerged from its ranks89.
In the late 1940's - early 1950's. radical members of the "Muslim
Brotherhood" carried out a series of political murders in Egypt.
In 1952, the Muslim Brotherhood supported a coup d'etat led by Gamal
Abdel Nasser in the hope that the new government would share with them in the
government. However, the political alliance with Abdel Nasser did not happen.
In 1954, after an unsuccessful attempt by members of the ITO for the Prime
Minister (later became President) Gamal Abdel Nasser, the activities of the
Muslim Brotherhood were banned in the country, and the most active members of
the organization were executed or imprisoned.
The revival of the organization occurred in the late 1960s - early 1970s.
Since that time, the headquarters of the Muslim Brotherhood has been located in
Saudi Arabia, and its activities have become increasingly international.
88 In order to track the political processes in Egypt and obtain information about the aspirations of Germany in North Africa, the UK MI6 reconnaissance in the 1920s and 1930s. has established close contact with the leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood.
89 What is the Muslim Brotherhood? [Electronic resource] Access mode: http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/06/muslim-brotherhood-explained-170608091709865.html Date of circulation: 12/12/2017.
Under the Egyptian president Anwar Sadat, the organization, with the
permission of the authorities, moved to a legal position.
In 1981, the breakaway faction of the Muslim Brotherhood radical group
carried out the assassination of Egyptian President Sadat. After his death, the
country was headed by Hosni Mubarak, who initiated a decisive struggle against
religious extremists: The Egyptian police arrested many members of the
organization, some of them were sentenced to long prison terms.
Laws of Egypt for a long time did not allow to create political parties on a
religious basis, but since 1984 the Muslim Brotherhood has begun to participate in
the parliamentary elections in Egypt on the lists of registered parties or as
"independent" candidates.
During the stay of the limited contingent of Soviet troops in Afghanistan, the
Muslim Brotherhood took part in the "jihad" against the Soviet Union. In the
1990s. representatives of the Muslim Brotherhood fought against Russia on the
side of illegal armed groups in the Chechen Republic and Dagestan.
In the 2005 parliamentary elections in Egypt, candidates from the Muslim
Brotherhood, who participated in the elections as independent, received 88 seats
(20% of the composition of parliament), making up the largest opposition faction.
During the "Arab Spring", the Muslim Brotherhood took an active part in
organizing popular protests in Cairo's Tahrir Square, which ultimately led to the
resignation of President H. Mubarak.
After its overthrow in February 2011, the "Muslim Brotherhood" was the
only well-organized political force in the country. The leadership of the Muslim
Brotherhood movement decided to create a political party in the country, which
was called the "Party of Freedom and Justice". One of its leaders was Muhammad
Mursi.
At the same time, the "Muslim Brotherhood" took an active part in
overthrowing the political regime of Muammar Gaddafi in Libya.
In June 2012, the leader of the movement, Mohammed Mursi, won the first
democratic presidential election in Egypt. However, on July 3, 2013, he was
overthrown by a coup d'état.
In September 2013, the Egyptian court banned all activities of the Muslim
Brotherhood, and in December the Egyptian government declared the terrorist
party.
9.2. Purpose and objectives of the organization
During the formation of the Muslim Brotherhood, the main efforts of the
organization were directed toward the implementation of missionary activities. Its
activists opposed the Westernization of Egyptian society, called for the
construction of mosques and religious schools to resist the moral decay of young
people.
The motto of the organization was the slogan: "Allah is the ideal, the
Prophet is the leader, jihad is the mean of achieving the goal, death in the name of
Allah is the cherished dream."
At present, the organization's goal is to overthrow secular regimes and create
an Islamist state on a global scale.
9.3. Organization and tactics of the ITO The
organizational bases for the activities of the Muslim Brotherhood combine
principles: the Sufi order, a political party and a conspiratorial militarized structure
that use terrorist methods in their activities.
In countries where the Muslim Brotherhood is illegal, their organizational
structure is an extensive network of cells - "Islamic associations" ("jamaat
Islamiya"). The primary cell, consisting of 10-20 people ("brothers"), is a "family".
The leading role in the "family" belongs to the "elder brother" ("amir"), who
submits to the superior curator and informs him about the activities of the group.
At the same time, the "elder brother" does not inform his curator about the personal
composition of the group.
"Families" in the person of their "amirs" and curators form a "big family"
("capitalism"), which in turn is led by the "father". All "families" have their own
"specialization": some are engaged in advocacy, others are terrorism, material and
technical support of the organization, etc.
"Council of Fathers" is the governing body of the organization of
"brotherhood" in a particular country or region and is headed by the "Sheikh".
The leading role in the organization belongs to the constituent committee
(the "Big Council"), which consists of representatives of various structural links of
organizations. "Big Council" elects "supreme brother" ("Supreme mentor") and
two "great brothers" - his assistants, who manage missionary and militarized
formations.
In the organization there are four levels of initiation (membership).
The first level is "help brothers" (al-musaide), which provide financial and
other assistance to the organization. They did not pass the rite of joining the
brotherhood and did not take an oath on the Koran.
The second level is "brothers" (al-muntasib). These include ordinary
members of the organization.
The third degree of initiation is "preachers" (al-amyl), who proved in
practice their devotion to the organization and are, as a rule, commanders of the
junior level.
The fourth, the highest level - is "dedicated" (wearing the title of "sheikh" or
"mujahideen"), who are the leaders of military organizations or field commanders
of the highest level.
Spiritual instructors and ideologists in the organization are "seyyids". They
issue fatwas (messages), which contain strategic guidelines for the leaders of the
structural elements of the organization and motivational basis for the activities of
ordinary members of the ITO90.
Currently, the "Muslim Brotherhood" in Egypt are in an irregular situation.
At the same time, the ITO structural units function in many countries of the world:
Jordan, Syria, Palestine, Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Yemen, Qatar, Kuwait,
Lebanon, the United Arab Emirates, Pakistan, Sudan, Turkey and a number of
Western European countries.
In a number of states, public organizations affiliated with the Muslim
Brotherhood - the British Muslim Brotherhood Association, the Islamic Society of
Germany, and the Federation of Islamic Communities of Europe - exist legally.
In Jordan, the "Muslim Brotherhood", represented by the "Islamic Action
Front", has its representation in the country's parliament91.
Unlike many Islamist organizations that are formed on the basis of
nationality, the Palestinians, Libyans, Somalis, Egyptians, Iraqis, etc. are actively
involved in the activities of the Muslim Brotherhood. Moreover, the Muslim
Brothers, despite their Sunni affiliation, cooperate with Shiite organizations of Iran
and receive financial assistance from there.
In their activities, the Muslim Brotherhood uses both legal and illegal
(including terrorist) methods aimed at forming Islamic power in the countries of
the Arab East. As a trend in recent years, the persistent desire of the leadership of
the Muslim Brotherhood to exert pressure on the authorities of the Arab countries
under the cover of legal party activity can be highlighted. The ideological basis for
such interference is the establishment of the need for strict correspondence
between the life of each person to the Prophet's instructions and the duties of
officials empowered with power to force everyone to follow the laws of the Sharia.
To carry out terrorist activities, the Muslim Brotherhood provides training
for militants in special training camps, where they are taught the basics of
90 Al-Ikhwan. 2011 Essential Guide to the Muslim Brotherhood. 2011. P. 537.91 Khamzin K.Z. Jordanian "Muslim Brotherhoods": the experience of Islamists and
government interaction. It should be noted that the representation of the Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan along with the legal political wing had a training center for militants operating in the vicinity of Jarash.
conspiracy, weapons skills, tactics of armed raids and raiding actions, methods of
avoiding outdoor observation, the basics of military topography, ways of providing
first aid and etc. So, according to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Arab
Republic of Egypt, the Egyptian "Muslim Brotherhood" assisted in financing and
subversive and terrorist training was militarized groups in special camps on the
territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. About 4,000 militants trained by the Muslim
Brotherhood participated in military operations on the side of Muslims in the
former Yugoslavia (the Bosnian war of 1992-1995)92. Some of the militants were
then sent to the Chechen Republic to support the illegal armed formations of the
so-called "Chechens". "The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria".
9.4. Interaction with other terrorist structures
The Muslim Brotherhood actively interacts with various terrorist and
religious extremist structures, often acting as a link and the basis for their
interaction. This is facilitated by the fact that many religious extremist and terrorist
organizations emerged from the depths of the Muslim Brotherhood.
In 1977, for example, a group of extremist-minded members of the Muslim
Brotherhood formed a new organization called Takfir Wal Hijra, which launched
an active terrorist activity.
At the end of 1987, the Palestinian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood
organization, the Hamas organization, arose.
During the active phase of the conflict in Syria, the terrorist organization
Akhrar al-Sham was in fact the armed wing of the Muslim Brotherhood in the
Syrian province of Idlib.
It should be noted that the activity of the affiliated structures of the Muslim
Brotherhood was also observed in the North Caucasus in the 1990s. In particular,
the nearest entourage of terrorists Shamil Basayev and Khattab included
92 Islam and Islamic terrorism. Moscow: Center for Strategic Security, 2003. P. 72-73.
representatives "Charityth" fund "Al-Haramain", which had close ties to the
"Muslim Brotherhood"93. It was under the cover of the channel of pseudo-
admission to the North Caucasian bandit underground that had financial resources for the needs of terrorist activities.
Moreover, Russian special services recorded the participation of recruit
volunteers from the Balkans, trained by the Muslim Brotherhood, in the illegal
armed formations of Ichkeria.
9.5. The main leaders and ideologists of the ITO
Seyyed Ibrahim Kutbu is an ideologist of the "Muslim Brotherhood", a
theorist of modern jihad.
He was born on October 9, 1906 in the village of Musha, 235 km from
Cairo, in a noble but impoverished family. He graduated from the Dar Ul-Ulum
Institute (House of Sciences) in Cairo. After receiving the diploma of an
elementary school teacher, Seyyed Kutbu joined the Ministry of Education of
Egypt in 1939, where he worked as an inspector until 1951. In 1948, while on a
foreign business trip to the United States, he studied the experience of organizing
school education. Sharply condemned the American way of life (racism,
individualism, cheeky behavior of women, equality, the cult of money and other
phenomena).
After his return to Egypt he resigned and turned to Islam. In 1951, he joined
the organization "Muslim Brotherhood", advocating the strengthening of the role
of Islam in public and public administration. In 1952 he was elected a member of
the Steering Bureau of the Muslim Brotherhood as head of the Islamic Propaganda
Department.
In 1954, after the failure of the conspiracy of the Muslim Brotherhood to
murder the President of Egypt, Gamal Abdel Nasser was imprisoned. While in 93 It is believed that Khattab himself was an active member of the Muslim Brotherhood.
prison, Kutbu wrote the work "Milestones on the Road," which is considered a
doctrinal work of modern radical Islamism. In 1955 he was sentenced to 15 years
in prison and hard labor.
At the end of 1964, was released at the request of the Iraqi president, but
again arrested in August 1965,
Kutbu was charged with preparing a coup d'état. The trial ended on August
21, 1966, with the imposition of the death sentence through hanging by Seyyed
Kutbu and two members of the Muslim Brotherhood (Muhammad Yusuf Havash
and Abd al-Fattah Ismail). The verdict was carried out on August 29, 1966.
Sheikh Yusuf Abdullah Ali al-Qardawi is an Islamic scholar and spiritual
leader of the Muslim Brotherhood.
He was born in 1926 in a small village in the west of Egypt. He received his
primary education at Quranic school. At the age of 18 he entered the Al-Azhar
University at the Faculty of Religion. In 1953 he graduated with honors from Al-
Azhar and became a teacher.
In 1960 he graduated from the magistracy of the specialty "Quran studies".
In 1973 he defended his doctoral dissertation on Sharia Sciences on the topic: "The
Role of Zakat in Resolving Social Problems". In 1977, he initiated the creation of
the "Sharia and Islamic Studies" faculty at Qatar University, and then established
the Center for the Study of Syrah and Sunnah.
He conducted the television program "Sharia and Life" ("Al-Sharia Wal-
Hayat") on the channel "Al-Jazeera".
Worked in the Committee for Religious Affairs under the Ministry of the
Egyptian Waqf. In 1991, he was appointed chairman of the Scientific Council of
the Islamic University in Algiers.
In 1997 he created the website Islam Online.
The author of more than 120 monographs on Islam.
Sheikh Al-Qardawi heads the supervisory boards of the Islamic Bank of
Qatar and the Islamic Bank of Faisal in Bahrain.
In 2004, Al-Qardawi issued a fatwa that justifies the killing of all American
citizens in Iraq, including civilians.
In the early 2000's. Al-Qardawi said that the war in Chechnya is a jihad, and
Muslims should help "the Chechen Mujahideen". In 2010, after meetings with
representatives of the Chechen clergy, the sheikh changed his position, urging the
militants to abandon the armed struggle with the Russian authorities.
In October 2012, in connection with the support of Russia, the Syrian
President Bashar Assad declared Russia "the enemy of Islam" and called on
Muslim countries to resist it. In April 2013, he refused to participate in the inter-
religious conference in Doha because of the presence of Jews on it.
In May 2013 Al-Qardawi arrived in Palestine, where he stated that the State
of Israel had no right to exist.
Al-Qardawi is currently wanted by the Attorney-General's Office of the
Arab Republic of Egypt on charges of "treason, religious extremism and links to
terrorist groups".
Mohammed Badi - since January 16, 2010 head of the Egyptian branch of
the Muslim Brotherhood.
Badi was born on August 7, 1943 in the city of El Mahalla al-Kubra. In
1965, he received a degree in veterinary medicine at Cairo University. In the same
year he was arrested along with the leader of the Muslim Brotherhood - Sayyed
Kutbu and sentenced to 15 years in prison. In 1974, he was amnestied by Egyptian
President Anwar Sadat among other members of the ITO. After his release, Badi
taught at various universities in Egypt, and then became a professor at the
University of Beni-Sueif.
Since 1996, Badi was a member of the organization's steering bureau.
In 1998, he was imprisoned, where he spent seventy-five days for
participating in the activities of the Islamist organization.
In 2010 Badi was headed by the ITO "Muslim Brotherhood", replacing
Muhammad Mahdi Akef in this post.
During the presidency of Mursi, Mohammed Badi had a significant
influence on the adoption of personnel decisions in the country's leadership.
On July 3, 2013, Egyptian President Mursi was overthrown in a military
coup. The new authorities banned Badi and his deputy from traveling anywhere,
and later he was arrested.
During the clashes in Cairo on August 16, 2013, the son of Badi-Ammar was
killed.
In April 2014 Badi was sentenced to death, but the death penalty was
replaced by life imprisonment94.
In connection with the isolation of Badi in detention centers, Mahmoud
Ezzat was appointed acting head of the Muslim Brotherhood.
Badi takes a tough anti-Israeli stance. Thus, in July 2012, during his weekly
sermon, Badi said that the Israelis are "rapists" in Jerusalem and called on all
Muslims to "jihad" against Israel.
In October 2012, Badi said that "Jews dominate the earth, spreading
corruption and shedding the blood of Muslims" and demanded that the Arab world
abandon negotiations with Israel. In his opinion, Israel does not recognize
international law and understands only the "language of power".
Muhammad Mursi - a member of the leadership of the Muslim
Brotherhood, who until 2013 held the office of President of the Arab Republic of
Egypt.
He was born in August 1951.
In 1975 he received a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering in the
University of Cairo, and in 1978 a master's degree in engineering.
Mursi joined the Muslim Brotherhood while studying for a doctorate at the
University of Southern California95.
94 Badie sentenced to life in prison over blocking road. [Electronic resource] Access mode: http://thecairopost.youm7.com/news/117447/news/badie-sentenced-to-life-in-prison-over-blocking-road Date of circulation: 11/12/2017.
95 Mursi’s children were born in California and are citizens of the United States.
After receiving his doctorate in 1982, he taught as an assistant professor at
the University of Northridge, California until 1985. Then he returned to Egypt to
continue his teaching activities.
The political growth of Mursi in the ranks of the Muslim Brotherhood began
in the early 2000s. During the same period, he was a member of the Egyptian
parliament and headed the parliamentary faction of the Muslim Brotherhood in it.
Mursi was arrested in 2006, as well as in the days of the January 2011
uprising, after which the leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood appointed Mursi
chairman of the newly formed "Freedom and Justice Party".
In April 2012, he was selected as a presidential candidate from the Muslim
Brotherhood. In the second round of the presidential elections, Mursi won, having
received the support of 51.73% of voters.
Khayrat Al-Shater is the first deputy (assistant) leader of the Muslim
Brotherhood.
Hayrat Al-Shater was born on May 4, 1950.
He received a bachelor's degree in construction, and a master's degree in
construction management.
He entered the ranks of the Muslim Brotherhood in 1974 and quickly
became one of the influential members of the organization. Being a businessman,
he took part in financing the organization, and as a result, had the opportunity to
influence the adoption of managerial decisions.
In the early 1990s, he was arrested and kept in prison until 1993. From 1995
to 2000, he served a sentence for his participation in the activities of the Muslim
Brotherhood.
Since 2004, Al-Shater was the second deputy head of the organization -
Mahdi Akef and played an important role in the negotiations with the Egyptian
authorities on the participation of the Muslim Brotherhood in the 2005
parliamentary elections.
In 2007, Al-Shater was again arrested and sentenced to seven years for
terrorism and money laundering for terrorist purposes.
In March 2011, after the overthrow of the regime of Hosni Mubarak, Al-
Shater was released.
After the January uprising in 2011, Al-Shater became one of the most
influential members of the Muslim Brotherhood.
They tried to nominate Al-Shater as a candidate from the "Muslim
Brotherhood" in the 2012 presidential election, however, the criminal record was
prevented by the conviction.
Mahmoud Gozlan is an influential member of the Muslim Brotherhood, a
member of the Grand Council.
Gozlan is a member of the leadership of the brotherhood and served as
secretary of the group until his arrest in February 2002.
Gozlan is considered one of the most radical leaders of the Muslim
Brotherhood because of his uncompromising attitude toward Israel.
Mahmoud Ezzat is the deputy head of the Muslim Brotherhood, was a key
figure in the coordination of activities between the management of the ITO and its
affiliated "Party of Freedom and Justice".
Ezzat was born August 13, 1944 by profession - a doctor. He holds a
doctorate in medicine and is vice-president of the Islamic Medical Association.
In 1998 he graduated from the Institute of Islamic Studies.
In the leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood since 1981.
Has a reputation as a consistent and staunch fighter for the Islamic values.
He was repeatedly arrested and imprisoned96.
96 Mahmoud Ezzat named Muslim Brotherhood's new leader Access mode: http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2013/08/21/Mahmoud-Ezzat-named-Muslim-Brotherhood-s- new-leader.html Date of circulation: 11/12/2017.
Mahmoud Hussein is a secretary and member of the "Great Council" of the
Muslim Brotherhood.
Mahmoud Hussein was born on July 16, 1947 in Jaffa. In 1984 he graduated
from the University of Iowa (USA).
Hussein became an active member of the Muslim Brotherhood in the late
1970s. while studying at the graduate school of the University of Iowa. During this
period, he met with other future leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood - Mohammed
Mursi and Mohammed Ali Bishr, as well as the leader of Hamas, Musa Abu
Marzouk.
Returning to Egypt, he became a professor of mechanical engineering at the
University of Assiut.
Hussein was repeatedly arrested. Served imprisonment between 1995 and
1998.
9.6. The most famous terrorist actions
In February 1982, the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood organized an armed
rebellion in the cities of Khama and Homs with demands for the resignation of H.
Assad and the dissolution of the Baath Party.
"The Muslim Brotherhood" organized the assassination of Egyptian
President Anwar Sadat in 1981 during the parade in honor of the anniversary of the
1973 Arab-Israeli war. As a result of a successful assassination attempt on the
Egyptian president, 7 people were killed, including A. Sadat himself, 28 people
were injured.
The most resonant terrorist act of the Muslim Brotherhood was the so-called
"massacre in Luxor" in 1997, which resulted in the death of 58 foreign tourists and
17 injured97.
97 The act of terrorism in Luxor 10.06.2015 - available details [Electronic resource] Access mode: http://en.egyptian.today/events/463-34-51-00.html Date of circulation: 12.12.2017.
SECTION 10. INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS-EXTREMISTIC ASSOCIATION "JAMAAT TABLIERS"
The international Sunni religious missionary organization focused on the
propagation of radical Islam, intolerance of other religious movements and a
comprehensive Islamization of society.
In accordance with the Decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian
Federation of May 7, 2009 No. GKPI09-525, the international religious association
Tablighi Jamaat was recognized as extremist and prohibited on the territory of the
Russian Federation.
10.1. The history of the association
International Religious-Extremist Association (hereinafter referred to as the
IREA) Tablighi Jamaat was established in 1927 in the Mevat area, near the city of
Delhi (India)98. The founder and ideologist of the said association is the theologian
of the deobandic trend of Islam Muhammad Ilyas Kandehlevi (1885-1944)99.
M.I. Kandehlevi believed that many Muslims are only formally Muslims,
since they do not read the Koran and do not go to the mosque. The main slogan of
the union was proclaimed the instruction of Sunni Muslims for the path of "true"
Islam.
98 Jamiat-e-Tablig, Tablighi Jamaat, Jamaat-at-Tablig, Da'wat-ut-Tabligh, Harakati TJ members, Szemoni Tabligot, Jamat-i-Tabligh, Group of Doomsday Warning.
99 The Deobandian direction of Islam originated in the 19th century. in India (Deobandi city). The followers of the Deobandian spiritual academy are characterized by radicalism, intolerance of other religious currents (including Shiism), as well as fanatical proselytism.
Fig. 11. Symbols of the international religious extremist association "Tablighi Jamaat"
Tablighi Jamaat ("TJ") stands out among other Islamist structures the idea
that a religious mission ("daava") is accessible to every Muslim, and not to a
narrow circle of cleric scholars.
According to Kandehlevi, traveling missionaries - TJ members - must preach
Islam100. After teaching the basics of the Qur'an, they were united in small groups
(jamaats) and sent for sermons to the urban and rural areas. This method proved
effective, and in the 1940s. the movement of the TJ members spread throughout
India. In 1944, shortly before the death of Ilyas Muhammad, a son, Muhammad
Yusuf, was appointed in his place, who made a lot of efforts for the growth of the
movement.
After the partition of British India, numerous supporters of the movement
appeared in Pakistan and Bangladesh. In the 1960s. "TJ" began to receive
substantial financial support from the World Muslim League, sponsored by Saudi
Arabia. In 1978, the World Muslim League financed the construction of the "TJ"
mosque in Dewsbury (Great Britain), which eventually became the European
center of the movement and its headquarters on the continent101.
Gradually the Tablighi Jamaat association acquired an international
character. At present, representatives of TJ work in 150 countries, and the 100 "Tabligh" means "to transmit", "deliver" (Islamic call).101 Alexiev A. Tablighi Jamaat Jihads Stealthy Legions // Middle East Quarterly. 2005.
Vol.12, No. 1. http: //www.meforum.org/686/tablighi-jamaat-jihads-stealthy-legions.
organization's headquarters operate in 120 countries. Members of the association
operate in all mosques and Islamic centers of Western Europe.
You can talk about the specific specialization of some regional offices. Thus,
the planning and coordination office is located in the Mecca mosque in India, and
the training and education center is located in Tanji, the Republic of Bangladesh102.
10.2. The purpose and objectives of the association
The aim of the "TJ" is to spread the "true" values of "pure" Islam for the
introduction of sharia norms into public life and the construction of the caliphate.
The objectives of the association:
- propaganda of the Islamic faith;
- religious and ideological treatment of supporters with an orientation to
unite all Muslims and their influence on political processes;
- the seizure of political power and the transformation of socio-political
institutions according to the canons of the Islamic theocratic state (caliphate).
The analysis of the IREA activity makes it possible to distinguish three main
stages of achieving the tasks facing the TJ members.
At the first stage - the maximum number of supporters is involved in the
activities of the association, new cells are formed, and religious literature is
distributed.
At the second stage, it is planned to create favorable conditions for further
actions to destabilize the socio-political situation in the host country.
During the implementation of the third stage, with the support of an
ideologically "processed" population, it is planned to move to active actions of
civil disobedience and organization of mass riots in order to split the society and
forcibly seize power.
10.3. Organization and tactics of the IREA activity.102 Decision on the List of Organizations Recognized as Terrorist and Extremist in the
Member States of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (Moscow, December 9, 2010).
The head of the "TJ" is the amir, who is elected for life, to which the heads
of the regional structural departments are subordinate. To solve the most important
issues, councils of elders (shura) are convened.
"TJ" positions itself as an organization of preachers of Islam. Gathering in
groups (jamaats) for 10 - 12 people in Asian states and for 3 - 5 people in other
countries, members of the association are sent to various regions of the world,
where they preach their ideology. Missionaries are trained in courses of varying
duration - from 3, 10, 20 and 40 days to 4 months. Each member of "TJ" should
give 3 days a month and 40 days a year of this missionary activity103.
Members of the association try not to overload the person with excessive
knowledge about Islam, they start talking about the importance of daily prayer and
the need for everyone to adhere to Islamic traditions. If a person shows an interest
in knowledge of Islam, his beliefs are consolidated104.
In each group there is a leader (amir), a preacher and a guide responsible for
the life of the jamaat. The cells maintain a strict discipline and strict submission to
the leader.
"TJ" includes a number of organizations, such as Tabligh and Daava, Daava,
Daavat-e Islami, Jamaat-i Tablig, Jamiat-Tablig, Jamaat ul Tablig, Jamaat-e Islami
Tablig and others. Representatives of these structures avoid contact with the media
and do not publish materials about their activities, members of the association or
its financial and logistical support105.
The ideology of "TJ" is closely related to the Deobandian doctrine of Islam,
which is distinguished by radicalism and intolerance towards other forms of
doctrine, including Shiism and based on the belief that Islam should supplant all
other religions.
103 Balji B. "Jamaat at-Tablig" and the revival of religious relations of Central Asia with the Indian subcontinent // Russia and the Muslim world. 2015. № 7. P. 57.
104 Egorov E.N. Movement "Tablighi Jamaat": ideology and specificity of activity // Islamology. 2016. № 3. P. 10.
105 In connection with the lack of detailed reliable information about the leaders and ideologues of the IREA, this section is not presented in the directory.
The religious doctrine of the "TJ" includes the following components:
1. attitude to protect "true" values and norms of early Islam;
2. denial of any innovations ("bidha") in the field of dogma and Islamic law,
which have no direct justification in the Qur'an and hadith;
3. upholding the principle of monotheism ("tawhid");
4. introduction of Shariah norms into the life of society and the state;
5. overthrow of secular regimes in Muslim countries;
6. creation of a single world Islamic state - "caliphate";
7. conduct of "jihad" against all "infidels", including Muslims - followers of
other Islamic branches and schools;
8. use of terror and other violent methods to achieve the set goals.
It is important to note that there is a significant similarity in the ideology and
structural structure of the ITO Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami and the "Tablighi Jamaat"
IREA. Both organizations are very numerous and declare their commitment to
Sunnism. However, Tablighi Jamaat, unlike Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami, unites
Muslims not as the immediate task, but as a natural process of Islamization of the
world. Thus, Tablighi Jamaat does not put in the near term more specific tasks to
create a unified political structure of Muslims. The strategy of spreading and
introducing the ideology of this association in other countries, including Russia, is
the conflict-free functioning "in a new place" with political and state structures,
law enforcement agencies, representatives of other religions (confessions).
Unlike the emissaries of Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami, who are actively involved
in the social and political processes of the host country, representatives of Tablighi
Jamaat act latently. At the same time, it can be predicted that under certain
conditions, for example, when a significant number of supporters of the association
are reached, TJ cells are actively involved in socio-political and other processes, as
it has repeatedly happened in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and other countries.
On the territory of the Russian Federation since the early 1990s law
enforcement agencies noted the episodic appearance of emissaries IREA "TJ".
Since 1997, their activities in our country have become purposeful. The preachers
of the movement concentrated their efforts on replacing the traditional Islam of the
Hanafi madhhab for deobandic interpretation of Islam, recruiting new followers for
further approval of their influence on Russian Muslims, collecting diverse
information about the domestic political situation in Russia and monitoring the
sensitivity of Russian Muslims to the ideas of TJ.
In the mid-2000s, the "TJ" missionaries were already organized by al-Qaida
leaders to Russia to spread religious extremist ideology. Active organizational and
propaganda activities of "TJ" in the territory of the Russian Federation deserved
the high appreciation of Osama bin Laden.
A feature of the functioning of the movement in question is the provision of
assistance to terrorist organizations. At the same time, radical-minded individuals -
the supporters of the "TJ" join the ranks of terrorist organizations and bandit
formations. Thus, supporters of TJ have repeatedly seized weapons, improvised
explosive devices and other means of destruction.
Participants of foreign missionary groups, as a rule, are a month and a half in
Pakistan, where the recruitment of groups. After the completion of the trip, they
return to Pakistan for a report on the preaching work done.
At present, TJ cells are already established and functioning in many states.
The tasks of cell members include organization of "preaching" activities at the
place of permanent and temporary residence, comprehensive provision of
emissaries and mission groups coming from abroad to conduct Daavat ("call-up"),
as well as mass distribution and production of audio and video - and printed
materials "TJ".
The social composition of the supporters of the "TJ" is not uniform. The
organization includes persons with criminal history who are not engaged in certain
work activities or who are temporarily unemployed, as well as representatives of
various professions - entrepreneurs, athletes, teachers, doctors, workers,
employees, etc.
Russian supporters of the TJ, as a rule, did not conceal their belonging to
unification. However, after the adoption by the Supreme Court of the Russian
Federation of Decision No. GKPI09-525 of 7 May 2009 on the recognition of the
international religious association Tablighi Jamaat as extremist and its prohibition
on the territory of the Russian Federation, the tabloids operating in Russia
increased the measures of conspiracy106. So, for example, the words "TJ members",
"TJ membersts jamaat", "dagwat" ("dagwat" was replaced by the notion "ziarat",
for example "making a trip with the purpose of visiting relatives and relatives,
friends") were excluded from use.
The main forms and methods of the activities of the "TJ" are:
1. dissemination of religious literature, which forms the ideological basis of
the association;
2. use of methods of severe psychological impact on the members of cells
"TJ";
3. speculative use of Islamic dogma, the cultivation of the idea of the
necessity of conducting a "jihad" aimed at combating "infidels";
4. sending IREA recruits to Pakistan for further in-depth religious and
ideological processing, as well as receiving combat training and accompanying
involvement in terrorist activities.
10.4. Interaction with terrorist structures
Members of the TJ form a resource base and recruit militants for the benefit of
such ITO as the Muslim Brotherhood, Al Daawa, Lashkar-i-Taiba, Al-Qaida and
the Taliban107.
According to experts, a significant part of Islamic extremists are
representatives of the "TJ". Many people from the CARs before leaving for the
106 Decisions to recognize the international religious association Tablighi Jamaat as extremist and ban activities were also adopted in the Republic of Uzbekistan (2004), the Republic of Tajikistan (2006) and the Republic of Kazakhstan (2013)
107 Burton F., Stewart S. Tablighi Jamaat: An Indirect line to terrorism // Stratfor: Global Intelligence. 2008. 23 January; Alexiev Alex. Tablighi Jamaat: Jihads Stealthy Legions // Middle East Quarterly. 2005. Vol.12, No. 1. 12. p.3-11.
regions of terrorist activity to take part in the fighting on the side of the ITO were
engaged in conducting the "Islamic call" in the ranks of the "TJ members".
The organization has an extensive database of combatants on the side of the
logistics in Afghanistan, Algeria, Kashmir, Bosnia, Kosovo. In the fall of 1999, TJ
deployed a recruiting center in Karachi, Pakistan, to send volunteers (local citizens
and Afghan refugees) to participate in military operations in the North Caucasus as
part of illegal armed groups. For the same purpose, a branch of TJ was operating in
Bosnia and Herzegovina108.
"TJ" is active in North Africa, where it became one of four groups that took
part in the creation of the extremist "Islamic Salvation Front." The Moroccan
authorities accused the movement of the fact that radicals from Al-Salafiya al-
Jihadiya in their leaflets urged their members to join legal Islamic organizations,
such as TJ, in order to hide and at the same time influence the policies of such
organizations109.
10.5. The most famous terrorist actions
Members of TJ were accused of involvement in the commission of terrorist
acts in Great Britain, France, Spain, Uzbekistan and India, harboring terrorists and
assisting them in the movement110.
Supporters of TJ were associated with the terrorist cells Portland Seven
(2002) and The Six from Buffalo (2002) in the United States, participants in a
conspiracy to blow up aircraft over the Atlantic (2006), terrorist attacks in London
on July 7 2005, attempts to blow up cars on June 29, 2007 in London and a
terrorist attack on June 30, 2007 at the airport in Glasgow111.
108 Decision on the List of Organizations Recognized as Terrorist and Extremist in the Member States of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (Moscow, December 9, 2010).
109 Alexiev A. Tablighi Jamaat Jihads Stealthy Legions // Middle East Quarterly. 2005. Vol.12, No. 1. p. 3-11.
110 Decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of May 7, 2009 No. GKPI09-525 "On recognition of the international religious association Tablighi Jamaat as extremist and prohibition of its activities on the territory of the Russian Federation."
111 Burton F., Stewart S. Tablighi Jamaat: An Indirect line to terrorism // Stratfor: Global Intelligence. 2008. 23 January
CONCLUSION
Recent years have been characterized by an increasing trend of extremist
manifestations, the formation of stable centers of terrorist threat in regions with a
complex socio-political situation (the Balkans, the Middle East, North Africa, the
Afghan-Pakistani zone, etc.). Terrorist activity acquired features of an international
character and created a serious threat to international stability. Large-scale terrorist
acts, regularly committed in the Middle East, in Europe, the United States and
Russia, indicate further escalation of the terrorist threat emanating from
international terrorist organizations.
Structural links of terrorist organizations, accomplices networks and
sympathizers of terrorists categories of citizens are in all regions and in most states
of the world. This is due to the objectively existing intra-state contradictions
between the interests of various groups of the population, the presence of inter-
ethnic and inter-confessional conflicts, and the attempts of certain foreign states
(their alliances) to artificially inspire and support terrorist activity, create hotbeds
of tension in strategically important regions of the world for changing unwanted
political regimes, pressure on political leadership, the implementation of targeted
interference in internal affairs and restrictions on the sovereignty of states.
Despite the popularity in a certain social environment, attempts to use
slogans of social justice and the struggle for human rights, any terrorist
organization, no matter how "attractive" ideas it is not covered up with, is doomed.
No terrorist structures will ever be able to fully replace the state, which today, even
taking into account the shortcomings of the state system, important social and
economic problems and corruption, is the most optimal institution for organizing
public life.
The fatal error of terrorist groups of any orientation lies in their
unpreparedness (inability) to accept the basic postulate of the modern civilized
social system, which is that the only promising option for state and social
transformations is the constitutional way of reforming political and legal
institutions through parliamentary procedures, legal promotion of public initiatives,
a referendum process and the renewal of state power during the free, democratic
and transparent elections.
The structures examined in the directory are recognized as terrorist and
extremist not by all international organizations and leading states. This
circumstance is due to the peculiarities of socio-political, ethno-confessional
conjuncture of individual states, tactical attitudes of leading political forces,
"double" standards in antiterrorist policy and interstate relations.
The existing disunity of the actions of the world community is skillfully
used by the leaders of the ITO, allowing them to preserve the possibility of
ideological provision, financial and resource recharge of their activities,
maneuvering mercenaries - terrorists on the scale of individual states and regions.
The absence of a united front in the fight against the ITO, the hidden support of
individual states by terrorist groups (extremist associations) and attempts to use
them in their own geopolitical interests make it very difficult to fight against
international terrorism.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
International legal acts:
1. International Convention for the Suppression of Taking Hostages (New York, December 17, 1979) (ratified by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of May 5, 1987 No. 6941-XI) // Collection of International Treaties of the USSR. M., 1989. Issue. XLIII. 99.
2. Declaration on Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism (approved by the UN General Assembly Resolution 49/60 of December 9, 1994) // Collection "Current International Law". T. 3.
3. International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings (New York, December 15, 1997) (ratified by Federal Law No. 19-FZ of February 13, 2001) // SZ RF. 2001. No. 35. Art. 3513.
4. International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism (New York, 9 December 1999) (ratified by Federal Law No. 88-FZ of 10 July 2002) // SZ RF. 2003. № 12. Art. 1059.
5. European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism (Strasbourg, 27 January 1977) (ratified by Federal Law No. 121-FZ of August 7, 2000) // SZ RF. 2003. № 3. Art. 202.
6. Treaty on Cooperation of the Member States of the Commonwealth of Independent States in Combating Terrorism (Minsk, June 4, 1999) (ratified by Federal Law No. 176-FZ of December 28, 2004) // SZ RF. 2006. № 22. Art. 2291.
7. Protocol on Amendments to the European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism (Strasbourg, 15 May 2003) (ratified by Federal Law No. 123-FZ of 27 July 2006).
8. The Shanghai Convention on Combating Terrorism, Separatism and Extremism (Shanghai, June 15, 2001) (ratified by the Federal Law of January 10, 2003 No. 3-FZ) // SZ RF. 2003. № 41. Art. 3947.
9. Protocol on the approval of the Regulation on the organization and conduct of joint antiterrorist measures in the territories of the member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States (Chisinau, October 7, 2002) (ratified by Federal Law No. 15-FZ of April 2, 2004) // Bulletin of International contracts. 2004. No. 10.
10. Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism (Warsaw, May 16, 2005) (ratified by Federal Law No. 56-FZ of April 20, 2006) // Bulletin of International Treaties. 2009. No. 9.
11. Council of Europe Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds from Crime and on the Financing of Terrorism
(Warsaw, 16 May 2005) (ratified by Federal Law No. 183-FZ of July 26, 2017) // Ros. gas. 2017. July 31st.
National legal acts:
12. Federal Law of July 25, 2002 No. 114-FZ "On Counteracting Extremist Activity" // Ros. gas. 2002. 30 July.
13. Federal Law of March 6, 2006 No. 35-FZ "On Counteracting Terrorism" / / Ros. gas. 2006. The 10th of March.
14. The Law of Azerbaijan Republic of June 18, 1999, No. 687-IQ "On Combating Terrorism" // SPS "Soyuzpravominform - Legislation of CIS Countries"
15. Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan No. 27-VQ of December 4, 2015 "On Combating Religious Extremism" / / SPS "Soyuzpravominform - Legislation of the CIS Countries"
16. Law of the Republic of Armenia of April 19, 2005 No. ЗР-79 "On Combating Terrorism" // SPS "Soyuzpravominform - legislation of the CIS countries".
17. Law of the Republic of Belarus of January 4, 2007 No. 203-3 "On Countering Extremism" // SPS "Soyuzpravominform - legislation of the CIS countries".
18. Law of the Republic of Belarus of January 3, 2002 No. 203-3 "On Combating Terrorism" // SPS "Soyuzpravominform - legislation of the CIS countries".
19. Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan of February 18, 2005 No. 31-III of the SAM "On Countering Extremism" // SPS "Soyuzpravominform - Legislation of the CIS Countries".
20. Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 476-I of July 13, 1999 "On Counteracting Terrorism" // SPS "Soyuzpravominform - legislation of the CIS countries".
21. Law of the Kyrgyz Republic No. 150 of August 17, 2005 "On Counteracting Extremist Activities" // SPS "Soyuzpravinform - Legislation of the CIS Countries".
22. Law of the Kyrgyz Republic of November 8, 2006 No. 178 "On Counteracting Terrorism" // SPS "Soyuzpravominform - legislation of the CIS countries".
23. Law of the Republic of Moldova of February 21, 2003 No. 54-XV "On Counteracting Extremist Activity" // SPS "Soyuzpravominform - Legislation of the CIS Countries".
24. Law of the Republic of Moldova of 12 October 2001 No. 539-XV "On Combating Terrorism" // SPS "Soyuzpravominform - legislation of the CIS countries".
25. Law of the Republic of Tajikistan of December 8, 2003, No. 69 "On Combating Extremism" // SPS "Soyuzpravominform - legislation of the CIS
countries".26. Law of the Republic of Tajikistan of November 16, 1999 No. 846 "On
Combating Terrorism" // SPS "Soyuzpravominform - legislation of the CIS countries".
Judicial practice:
27. Decision of the Supreme Court of the Kyrgyz Republic of May 14, 2003 "On recognition of Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami as an extremist organization and prohibition of its activities on the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic." // ATP "Garant".
28. Decision of the European Court of Human Rights in the case of Kasymakhunov and Saybaltalov v. Russia (Strasbourg, March 14, 2013). // Bulletin of the European Court of Human Rights. The Russian edition. 2014. № 2.
29. Decision of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan of March 15, 2005 "On recognition of the organization" Jamaat of the Mujahideen of Central Asia "as a terrorist and prohibition of its activities in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan." // ATP "Garant".
30. Decision of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Tajikistan of 30 March 2006 on the recognition of the international religious association Tablighi Jamaat as a terrorist organization and the prohibition of its activities on the territory of the Republic of Tajikistan. // ATP "Garant".
31. Decision of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Tajikistan of March 11, 2008 "On recognition of Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami as an extremist organization" // ATP "Garant".
32. Decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 14 February 2003 on the recognition of Hizb-ut-Tahrir al-Islami as a terrorist organization and the prohibition of its activities on the territory of the Russian Federation. // ATP "Garant".
33. Decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of June 2, 2006 No. GKPI06-531 "On Recognizing the Organizations of Jund Al-Sham and Islamic Jihad-Jamaat Mujahideen as Terrorist and Banning Their Activity on the Territory of the Russian Federation." // ATP "Garant".
34. Decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of May 7, 2009 No. GKPI09-525 "On recognition of the international religious association Tablighi Jamaat as extremist and prohibition of its activities on the territory of the Russian Federation." // ATP "Garant".
35. Decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2014 No. AKPI P. 14-1424 "On Recognition of International Organizations as Terrorist and Prohibition of Their Activity on the Territory of the Russian Federation". // ATP "Garant".
36. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of June 28, 2011 No. 11 "On Judicial Practice in Criminal Cases on Crimes of an Extremist Direction" // Ros. gas. 2011. 4th of July.
37. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of February 9, 2012 No. 1 "On Some Issues of Judicial Practice in Criminal Cases on Crimes of a Terrorist Attitude" // Ros. gas. 2012. On 17 February.
38. Decision of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of November 3, 2016 No. 41 "On Amendments to Decisions of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of February 9, 2012 No. 1" On Certain Issues of Judicial Practice in Criminal Cases on Crimes of a Terrorist Attitude "and dated 28 June 2011 No. 11 "On Judicial Practice in Criminal Cases on Crimes of an Extremist Direction" // Ros. gas. 2016. 16 November.
References:
39. Abdullaev A.A. "Unviable" social movements in transit states: Central Asian Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami / Modern Eurasian Studies. 2016. № 3. P. 50-66.
40. Aleksiev A. "Tablighi Jamaat": the invisible legion of jihad // Russia and the Muslim world. 2006. № 8. P. 187-192.
41. Arzumanyan R.V. Irregular conflicts. Middle East: terrorist groups "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant" and "Islamic Front": goals, objectives, forms and methods of action in Syria and Iraq. / R.V. Arzumanyan, A.A. Hakobyan. Moscow: ANO TSOiP, 2014. P. 90.
42. Aseevsky A. Who organizes and directs international terrorism. Moscow: Publishing House of Political Literature, 1982. P. 112.
43. Akhmadullin A.S. Counteraction to religious political extremism / Legitimacy. 2011. № 11. P. 40-43.
44. Balji B. "Jamaat at-Tablig" and the revival of religious relations of Central Asia with the Indian subcontinent // Russia and the Muslim world. 2015. № 7. P. 45-65.
45. Beisenov B.K. Islamic Party "Hizb-ut-Tahrir" // Science, new technologies and innovations. 2009. № 3. P. 334-336.
46. Botobekov U.T. Religious-extremist party "Hizb at-Tahrir al-Islami" in Kyrgyzstan // Science, new technologies and innovations. 2009. № 7. P. 213-216.
47. Brass A. Mystery and the tragedy of Osama bin Laden. At the dawn of the establishment of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. M., 2015. 584 p.
48. Vlasov V.V. Terror as a component of the policy of the Islamic state / V.V. Vlasov, O.I. Gaponov // Territory of Science. 2016. Vol. 2.
49. Volodina N.V. The activities of the "Islamic State" ("IG") as a threat to the constitutional security of Russia / / Russian investigator. 2015. № 3. S. 45.
50. East between the West and Russia / Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Moscow: IG RAS, 2015. P. 232.
51. Gereykhanov G.P. Unity and diversity of Islam: political and legal features of Muslim society. Moscow: Border Academy of the Federal Security Service of Russia, 2016. P. 304.
52. Thunderstorm from the East. How will the world respond to the
challenge of IGIL? M .: Eksmo, 2016. P. 320.53. Damaskin O.V., Krasinsky V.V. Modern terrorism: state and
opposition. Moscow: Border Academy of the Federal Security Service of Russia, 2017. P. 215.
54. Egorov E.N. Islamic radicalism in Central Asia: Hizb ut-Tahrir and the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan / Central Russian Herald of Social Sciences. 2014. № 3. P. 188-193.
55. Egorov E.N. Movement "Tablighi Jamaat": ideology and methods of activity on the example of Kyrgyzstan / Political expertise: POLITEX. 2015. T. 11. № 1. P. 151-167.
56. Egorov E.N. Movement "Tablighi Jamaat": ideology and specificity of activity // Islamology. 2016. № 3. P. 5-16.
57. Zumuruev F.S. ISIS and the crisis of statehood in the Middle East // Bulletin of MGIMO. 2015. Vol. 5.
58. ISIS. The army of Satan. Kazan: Khuzur, 2016. P. 40.59. ISIS. An ominous shadow of the Caliphate. Moscow: Algorithm,
2015. P. 224.60. ISIS as a threat to international security. Moscow: RISI, 2015. P. 188.61. Ilyutochkin A.S. "Hizb ut-Tahrir Indonesia": supporters of the
caliphate threaten the future of the republic. Part 1 // www.iimes.ru/?p=34907.62. Ilyutochkin A.S. "Hizb ut-Tahrir Indonesia": supporters of the
caliphate threaten the future of the republic. Part 2 // www.iimes.ru/?p= 34922.63. Islamic terrorism. Moscow: Center for Strategic Security, 2003. P.
528.64. Kerimov A.D., Krasinsky V.V. On the neutralization of security threats
associated with the penetration of members of international terrorist organizations into the territory of the Russian Federation and the involvement of Russian citizens in terrorist activities abroad. // Constitutional and municipal law. 2016. № 6. P. 49-56.
65. Kozukulov TA, Khamdamova D.Kh. A brief analysis of the impact of Tablighi Jamaat on the socio-political life of Kyrgyzstan / Problems of modern science and education. 2016. No. 10 (52). P. 183-186.
66. The commission I.N. The movement "Tablighi Jamaat": Theory and Practice of Radicalism / Problems of the National Strategy. 2011. № 1. P. 45-65.
67. Krasinsky V.V. Salafism as the ideological nucleus of Islamist radical structures // Modern Law. 2015. No. 1. P. 129-133.
68. Krasinsky V.V., Abalov I.Yu. Assessment of future terrorist threats // Modern law. 2015. № 9. P. 143-148. DOI https://doi.org/10.18411/g-2017-759
69. Krasinsky V.V., Mashko V.V. Problematic issues of forecasting the activities of international terrorist organizations (on the example of the international terrorist organization "Islamic State") // Right and Education. 2016. № 3. DOI https://doi.org/10.18411/g-2017-992
70. Krasinski V.V., Mashko V.V. International terrorist organization "Islamic State": history, contemporaneity , future. M .: Infra-M, 2017. P. 108 DOI www.dx.doi.org/10.12737/monography_58edd04b5a9c70.03011442
71. Kudeylev V.V. Al Qaeda and the war in Iraq. Moscow: Middle East Institute, 2009.
72. International terrorism. The struggle for geopolitical domination. Moscow: Eksmo, 2007. P. 528.
73. Melkov S.A. The Islamic factor and the military policy of Russia. M., 2001.
74. Merkuriev V.V., Gladkov I.V., Sokolov D.A. The activities of international terrorist and extremist organizations as a source of threat to Russia's national security // Bulletin of the Academy of the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation. 2011. № 4 (24). P. 48-55.
75. Moiseyev S.V. Islamic religious extremism as a factor of instability in modern Russia / Altai legal bulletin. 2013. № 2. P. 4-7.
76. Murzakhalilov K.S. On some aspects of the activities of the Tablighi Jaamat movement in Kyrgyzstan // Bulletin of KSUCTA. 2014. No. 1. P. 106-112.
77. Musin M., El Murid. Syria, Libya, further everywhere. Moscow: Knizhnyi mir, 2013. P. 240.
78. Mukhametov R.M. The phenomenon of the "Islamic state" // Russia in global politics. 2014. № 5.
79. Nikolaev E.A. New religious Islamic movements in Central Asia and Russia // Bulletin of the Buryat Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2011. № 4. P. 225-234.
80. Polyakov K.I. The Arab East and Russia: the problem of Islamic fundamentalism. M .: URSS, 2001.
81. Polyakov K.I. Arab countries and Islam in Russia. - M .: Institute for the Study of Israel and the Middle East, 2001.
82. Popov D., Starostin. Radical Islamism in the Urals // Russia and the Muslim World. 2016. № 7. P. 28-32.
83. Prokopenko I. Terrorism from the Caucasus to Syria. Moscow: Eksmo, 2016. P. 512.
84. Rabbimov K. "Hizb ut-Tahrir" - the flagship of the anti-democratic campaign of Islamism // Russia and the Muslim world. 2004. № 12. P. 78-89.
85. Ranchinsky V.P. "Hizb at-Tahrir" (Liberation Party): creation and ideology at the stage of formation // Bulletin of Bryansk State University. 2017. No. 1 (31). P. 77-85.
86. Russia - Central Asia: Politics and Islam at the end of the XVIII - beginning of the XXI century. Moscow: Publishing House of Moscow University, 2013. P. 480.
87. Sagdiev H.E. "Hizb at-Tahrir al-Islamiya" and "Ahl al-Sunnah wa-l-Jamaah": principles and theological differences // Paradigmata poznani. 2014. No. 3. P. 34-41.
88. SatanovskiyE.YA.Russia and the Middle East. A cauldron with troubles. M., 2012. P. 71.
89. Satanovskiy E.Ya. Qatar's hand: the coalition against the Islamic state is in no hurry with the ground operation // Military Industrial Courier. 2015. № 9.
90. Safiullina - Al Ansi P."Hizb ut-Tahrir" in the Republic of Tatarstan:
the transformation of doctrinal discourse and behavioral level // Russia and the Muslim world. 2014. No. 12. P. 30-42.
91. Sinaev R.R. Taliban (religious and political portrait). M .: Institute of the Middle East, 2002.
92. Soloviev E.G. Evolution of terrorist structures in the context of globalization. Moscow: Moscow State University, 2005.
93. Directory of Islamic terrorist groups. Part 1 // http www.fssb.su/islam-terror/islam-terror-gangs/3365-islamskie-terroristicheskie-gruppirovki.html
94. Reference book of Islamic terrorist groups. Part 2 // http www.fssb.su/islam-terror/islam-terror-gangs/3399-islamskie-terroristicheskie-gruppirovki.html
95. Sukhov A.V. The role of "Hizb ut-Tahrir" in the radicalization of Islam in Kyrgyzstan in the post-Soviet period // State and municipal government. Scientific notes SKAGS. 2006. № 3-4. P. 176-184.
96. Syzranov A.V. On the activities of Hizb ut-Tahrir in the Volga region // Bulletin of the Astrakhan State Technical University. 2015. № 2 (60). P. 102-107.
97. Typology of conflicts: "new wars" and the situation in the Middle East: a collection. Moscow: IMEMO RAN, 2013. P. 95.
98. Fedorov A.V. National and global security. M .: Human Rights, 2002. 99. Fundamentalism. Moscow: Kraft +, 2003. P. 189.100. Khanbabaev K.M. Religious and political extremism. Makhachkala,
2009.101. Sharkovsky A. All the facets of the "Islamic state" // Independent
Military Review. 2015. № 17.102. Shirokorad A.B. The battle for Syria. From Babylon to ISIS. Moscow:
Veche, 2016. P. 384.103. Shcheglovin Y.B. Reflections on the "Islamic state". Moscow: Institute
of the Middle East, 2016. P. 216.104. El Murid. ISIS. The birth of darkness. M., 2015. P. 288.105. El Murid. ISIS. "The Islamic State" and Russia. Is the collision
inevitable? M., 2016. P. 256.106. Yashlavsky A. The Ideology of Salafi Jihadism as a Totalitarian
Project // Russia and the Muslim World. 2013. No. 9 (255). P. 152-166.
Foreign and translated literature:
107. Al-Qardawi Y. Islamic revival in the light of permissible divergence and condemned schism. Translation from English. R. Kuliyeva. Kiev: Ansar Foundation, 2011. 160 p.
108. Al-Qardawi U. Time in the life of a Muslim. Translation from English. T. Goncharova. Kiev: Ansar Foundation, 2012. 72 p.
109. Ahmed Rashid. Taliban: Islam, Oil and the New Great Game in Central Asia. 2008. 304 p.
110. Al-Ikhwan. 2011 Essential Guide to the Muslim Brotherhood. 2011. 537 p.
111. Alexiev A. Tablighi Jamaat Jihads Stealthy Legions // Middle East Quarterly. 2005. Vol.12, No. 1. 3-11 p.
112. Atwan Abdel Bari. The Secret History of al-Qaeda / SAQI, 2008. 292 p.
113. Bruno Schirra. ISIS - Der globale Dschihad: Wie der "Islamische Staat" den Terror nach Europa trägt. 2015. 336 p.
114. Byman Daniel. Deadly Connections: States that Sponsor Terrorism. 2007. 388 p.
115. Burton F., Stewart S. Tablighi Jamaat: An Indirect line to terrorism // Stratfor: Global Intelligence. 2008. 23 January.
116. Cartalucci T. Subverting Syria. How CIA Contra Gangs and NGOs Manufacture, Mislabel and Market Mass Murder. 2012. 111 p.
117. Chaliand Gerard, Blin Arnaud. The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to al Qa'ida. 2008. 488 p.
118. Charles Lister. Profiling Jabhat al-Nusra / The Brookings Institution. 2016. 9 p.
119. Chaudet D. Hizb ut-Tahrir: An Islamist Threat to Central Asia? // Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. Vol. 26. № 1. 2006.
120. Der Islamische Staat '- Eine globale Bedrohung [Electronic resource] Accessmode: https: // www.verfassungsschutz.de/de/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/ presse/pm-20160502-symposium-2016. Date of circulation: 02/23/2017.
121. Edwin Bakker. Forecasting Terrorism The Need for More Systematic Approach // Journal of Strategic Security. Vol. 5. No 4. 2012. 69-84 p.
122. Emile Hokayem. Syria's Uprising and the Fracturing of the Levant. 2013.216 p.
123. Farouki S. A Fundamental Quest: Hizb ut-Tahrir and the Search for the Islamic Caliphate.
L .: Grey Seal, 1996. 124. GaborieauTransnational Islamic Movements: Tablighi Jamaat in Politics // ISIM Newsletter 3, July, 1999. Leiden: ISIM, 1999.
125. Gaborieau M. South Asian Muslim Diasporas and Transnational Movements: Tablighi Jamaat and Jamaat-I Islami // South African Historical Journal . 2009. Vol. 61. Issue 1. 8-20 p.
126. Gabriel Mark A. Islam and Terrorism (Revised and Updated Edition): The Truth About ISIS, the Middle East and Islamic Jihad. 2015. 240 p.
127. Gus Martin. Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives 128. Gunaratna R. Inside Al Kaeda. Global network of terror. - NY
Columbia univ. press, 2002.129. Ibn Warraq. The Islam in Islamic Terrorism: The Importance of
Beliefs, Ideas, and Ideology. 2017. 396 p.130. Kathleen J. McInnis. Coalition Contributions to Countering the Islamic
State / Congressional Research Service. 2016.
131. Liebl V. The Caliphate // Middle Eastern Studies. 2009. Vol. 45. Issue 3. 373-391 p.
132. Martin A. Miller. The foundations of modern terrorism. 2012. 306 p.133. Masud M. Travellers in Faith: Studies of the Tablighi Jamaat as a
Transnational Islamic Movement for Faith Renewal. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2000.
134. Michael Morell. The Great War of Our Time: The CIA's Fight Against Terrorism--From al Qa'ida to ISIS. 2015. 384 p.
135. Reese Erlich. Inside Syria: The Backstory of Their Civil War and What the World Can Expect. 2014. 336 p.
136. Reetz D. The «Faith Bureaucracy» of the Tablighi Jamaat: An Insight into their Self Organization (Intizam) // Beckerlegge G. Colonialism, Modernity and Religious Identities: Religious Reform Movements in South Asia. Oxford University Press, 2008.
137. Rubin Barry, Rubin Judith Colp. Chronologies of Modern Terrorism. 2015. 405 p.
138. Silinsky M. Afghanistan's Most Lethal Insurgents. 2014. 263 p.139. Spindlove Jeremy R., Simonsen Clifford E. Terrorism Today: The Past,
The Players, The Future. 2017. 576 p.140. Stern Jessica, Berger JM ISIS: The State of Terror. 2016. 432 p.141. Suarez Thomas. State of Terror: How Terrorism Created Modern Israel.
2016. 418 p.142. Tobias von Lossow. The Rebirth of Water as a Weapon: The ISIS in
Syria and Iraq // The International Spectator. 2016. №1 / 3. 82-99 p.143. Varvelli Arturo. Jihadist Hotbeds. Understanding Local Radicalization
Processes. Milano, 2016. 170 p.144. White Jonathan R. Terrorism and Homeland Security. 2016. 469 p.145. Warrick Joby. Black Flags: The Rise of ISIS. 2015. 368 p.146. Weiss Michael, Hassan Hassan. ISIS: Inside the Army of Terror. NY,
2015, 177 p.147. Zahid Farhan, Khan Muhammad Ismail. Prospects for the Islamic State
in Pakistan // Current Trends in Islamist Ideology, 2016. Volume 20. 65-80 p.
APPENDIX 1. The dictionary of the basic concepts
Aqeed (Arabic "persuasion") is Islamic doctrine.Amal (Arab "work, work") is a combat operation.Amir (emir) (Arabic "ruler") is a leader, commander, ruler.Bayat (Arab "agreement") is an oath to the Caliph.Beit ul-mal is the box office of the Muslims.Bida is an innovation in the field of dogma and Islamic law, which has no justification in the Quran and the Sunnah.Wakf is a charity.Dar al-Islam (Arab "abode of obedience") is a territory governed by Muslims based on Sharia.Dar al-Harb (Arab "abode of war") is the territory of war with the infidels.Jamaat (Arabic "society, community") is a community, society, group.Jahil is a barbarian, a savage.Jihad (Arabic "effort") is 1) The Holy War; 2) any action aimed at supporting Islam.Iman is a faith.Istishhadiya is self-sacrifice in the path of jihad.Katiba is a fighting detachment.Kafirs (the Arab "unbeliever") are unfaithful.Kufr (Arab "disbelief") is a disbelief.Maghrib (Arab "west") are the states of North Africa, located west of Egypt (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Mauritania).Macruh is not desirable.Muaskar is a training camp for training terrorists.Mubah is not allowed.Mujahid (mujahid) is a man who is at war for the sake of Islam.Mumin (the Arab "believer, orthodox") is a believer.The Munafiks are hypocrites (so the prophet Mohammed called his adversaries).Murtadas are the renegades from Islam, apostates.Muhajirs are Muslims who, for the sake of saving faith, move to other countries.Mushriks are pagans.Mushrif is the leader of one or several Hizb-i groups.Murid (the Arab "disciple") is a follower.Rafid (rafidit) (Arabic "rejecting") is the nickname of the Shiites.Ribat has two main meanings: 1) protection of the borders of Islamic lands, service at outposts; 2) the constant realization of righteous deeds.Saraf is a collector and money foreman in the alternative money transfer system "hawala".Tagut is a false deification, worship apart from Allah.Takfir is a charge of unbelief.Tawhid (Arabic: "monotheism") is monotheism.Farz is a must.
Fatwa (fatwa) (Arabic "opinion") is a theological and legal decision.Fitna (the Arabian "troubled") is a turmoil, chaos.Khavala (hundi, chop) is an illegal alternative system of remittances that are not controlled by fiscal and credit and financial organizations, used to quickly transfer money to the necessary regions of the world. This system is actively used for the secret financing of international terrorist organizations. Hulk is a group (cell) of Hizb-ut-Tahrir al-Islami.Hizbiy (Hizbi) is a supporter of Hizb-ut-Tahrir al-Islami.Halal is permitted.Haram is forbidden.Shabb is a member of Hizb-ut-Tahrir al-Islami.Shabab is the "Hizbi" community.Sham (Arab. "Syria") is the region of the Middle East, consisting of the territories of modern Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan and Palestine.Shaheed is a martyr who died in jihad.Shirk (Arabic "paganism") is a misinterpretation of the Muslim religion.Shikr is polytheism.Shura is a council for resolving cases permitted by Sharia.
APPENDIX 2.
The name "Al-Qaeda"
ISIS JAN IMU "Taliban" HT UIJ "Jund Al-Sham"
"Muslim Brotherhood"
"Tablighi Jamaat"
Symbolism
Founded in 1988 2006 2011 1996 1994 1952 2002 2004 1928 1927
Leader Az-Zawahiri
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
Al-Giulani Usman Ghazi Mawlawi Khaybatullah Akhundzada
Ata Abu al-Rushta
Abu Yusuf Sharki
Mahmoud Ezzat
Headquarters
APZ, BBCAA
APZ, MENA, Southeast Asia
Syria APZ APV Lebanon APZ Lebanon Qatar, KSA
Pakistan, India
Purpose World Caliphate
World Caliphate
Creation of the Islamic Emirate in Syria
Creation of the Sharia State in Asia
Creation of the Sharia State in APL
World Caliphate
Create a Sharia state in Central Asian
World Caliphate
World Caliphate
World Caliphate
Tactics Tactics' Thousand bites. "
Careful planning.
Use of suicide bombers (including children), UAVs with explosives
Raid tactics; positional defense in settlements. Mass executions of
Tactics of guerrilla warfare.
The combination of guerrilla warfare and DTA.
Active recruitment of supporters. Systematic penetration
The implementation of DTA in conjunction with the
Conducting of targeted DTA in relation to diplomatic and other
Combination of methods of legal political struggle
Formation of a network of conspirative cells. Aiding and
Multiple simultaneous DTA.
Mass formation of "sleeping" cells. Individual jihad with unconventional means of terror. Mass executions of the hostages.
the hostages. into the authorities, the media, law enforcement agencies.
active promotion of jihadist ideas in the CAR countries.
official representations of foreign countries.
with DTA. recruiting supporters in the ranks of the ITO.
Sponsored by KSA Qatar, Turkey
KSA, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Jordan
KSA, Turkey, Pakistan
Pakistan KSA, Jordan, Pakistan, Turkey, Lebanon
Pakistan KSA, Qatar, Jordan
KSA
Relations with special services
Support of special services of Pakistan
(ISI), Iraq, Iran ( IRGC).
Support for US intelligence, Turkey (MIT),
the General Intelligence Service KSA, MIT Turkey, Israeli military intelligence, Qatar's
support of Pakistan intelligence services (ISI) before entering into the structure of "IG"
Support Pakistan's secret service
(ISI)
support Pakistan's intelligence agencies and Iranian
support of special services the UK and the US
Support of Pakistan's special services
(ISI)
Allies (affiliated structures) of
Al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula; "Al-Qaeda"
"Jemaah Islamiya"; "The Abu Sayaf Group";
"The Islamic Front"; "The army of
Al-Qaida;
The Taliban, HT; "Muslim
"Tehreek Taliban-i-Pakistan"; "Islamic
"Tablighi Jamaat"; "Muslim Brotherhood"
"Taliban"; Al-Qaida
Al-Qaeda in the Mesopotami
"Hamas";
"Ahrar al-Sham";
"Al-Qaeda";
The Taliban;
"Brothers-
in the countries of the Islamic Maghreb "; "Al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent";
"Al-Qaeda in Palestine";
"Al-Qaida in Somalia";
"Tehreek Taliban-and-Pakistan";
"Lashkar-and-Taiba"
"Boko Haram." Coordination of the terrorist activities of the IG with the cells of Al-Qaeda in Libya and Algeria.
conquest";
Jund Al-Sham; "Sukur ash-Sham", etc.
Brotherhood" State of Waziristan"
"Grouping of Haqqani"
a;
JAN
"Liva at-Tawhid";
"Front of Islamic Action";
"Federation of Islamic Communities of Europe";
"The Party of Freedom and Justice"
Muslims";
Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami
