ICT OLYMPIAD NOTESLOGO

LOGO-Logic Oriented Graphic Oriented is a programming language developed by Seymour Pappert and his colleagues.KTurtle software is similar to LOGO. LOGO screen and parts- Observe the screen

1.Graphic screen- where turtle draws shapes.2.Command input box- where commands are typed.3.Commander window- Commands get arranged here in order as they are typed.PROCESS- User types commands in input box and executes it by clicking execute button and output is shown in graphics window at the same time.Turtle - Special cursor on screen that draws shapes.

It is triangular in logo and turtle shaped in KTurtle. Upper part of turtle is called head and rear part is called tail. Lines are drawn at head side.

Primitives or commands – Instructions given to the turtle.Procedures – A collection of commands. A procedure or a subprogram must start with the word ‘to’.to procedurenamesteps of your procedure hereendto squarerepeat 4 [fd 100 rt 90]end

Basic Commands: Forward (FD) e.g. FD 200 [moves 200 steps] Back (BK) e.g. BK 100 [goes back 100] Right turn (RT) e.g. RT 90 [turtle turns right through a 90 degree angle] Left turn (LT) e.g. LT 45 [turtle turns left through a 45 degree angle] PenUp (PU) turtle moves without drawing a line. PenDown (PD) used after PU command when we want turtle to draw. HideTurtle (HT) turtle hides from the screen. ShowTurtle (ST) used after HT to show turtle. Penerase (PE) pen acts like an eraser.

penpaint (PPT) to convert peneraser to pen again. CS (clear screen) CT (clear text) it clears commands from commander window. home -turtle moves to center of screen and draws a line while moving. center -turtle moves to center of screen. setpencolor [255 0 0] color of pen becomes red. setfloodcolor [0 255 0] flood color sets to green. fill fills flood color at cursor’s position. setscreencolor [0 0 255] background screen color becomes blue. setpensize [3 3] changes the size of pen print sum 5 6 answer comes 11

Commands for basic 2-D shapes Square Repeat 4 [fd 200 rt 90] Circle Repeat 360 [fd 1 rt 1] Triangle Repeat 3 [fd 300 rt 120]

TUX PAINT Observe the screen

Developed by Bill Kendrick in 2002. Now available in more than 85 languages.COMPONENTS OF MAIN SCREEN-1. Toolbar- on left. Learn the names of all tools with icons recognition.

2. Drawing canvas- central white portion.3. Selector – containing brushes on right side.4. Color box- bottom side5. Help area- area below color box. It displays messages related to user’s actions.

TOOLS- Paint tool for free hand drawing, line tool for straight lines, stamp tool for readymade stickers and magic tool with brick effect, blur, calligraphy, blind magic, drip magic and various other effects. Open tool shows saved drawings and ‘slides’button to run drawings in form of slide show.Speed can be adjusted. Stamp tool provides options to change the size of stamp,mirror image and inverted down option.

MS PAINT- file extensions- .png .gif .bmp .tiff .jpegHow MS Paint Can Be Used to Edit an ImageStarting MS Paint To start the Paint program:

Click on start All programs Accessories Paint

At the very top, we have the title bar written untitled – Paint. Once you save your file, the name untitled will be replaced by the name you are going to assign your drawing.

Menu Bar It consists of the following menus:

1. File menu – this is for creating a new file, saving, printing, setting as desktop background, etc.2. Edit menu – For undoing, redoing, copying, pasting, etc.3. View menu – For displaying toolbox, colour box, status bar, text toolbar, zooming and viewing bitmap.4. Image – This menu is used for flipping, stretching, inverting colours among others.5. Colours – You can use this menu for editing colours.6. Help menu – This provides comprehensive help about the paint program.

SCRATCH

Educational software easy to use and learn creates interactive stories, games,animations block based programming

Parts-1. Any object in scratch is called Sprite. eg.a man in picture.2.Toolbar contains duplicate,delete,grow sprite and shrink sprite options .Observe icons carefully.3. Stage is the area where animations run or sprites perform.4. New sprite buttons : Paint new sprite,Choose from folder and surprise sprite helps to get a new sprite on stage.5. Coding is done in Script Area.6.The blocks in blocks palette change based on 8 control blocks(Motion,looks,control,pen,variables,sensing,sound,operators) above it .7.Green flag runs animation and RED button stops it.

PROCESS – Step 1 : As the screen opens, get a sprite from new sprite buttons.Step 2: Use toolbar to grow or shrink sprite if needed.Step 3 : drag blocks from blocks palette to script area and do coding.

FILE FORMATS SUPPORTED: JPG,BMP,PNG,GIFScratch projects are uploaded on scratch website www.scratch.edu

Script – to type scriptSound- to set sound . IT CHANGES TO BACKGROUND WHEN STAGE IS SELECTED. Costumes – to change dress of sprite or have an alternate appearance of sprite,may be changing standing posture.

ENOUGH scratch FOR CLASS 5,6Details for class7,8

• Hat blocks-11

Hat blocks are the blocks that begin any script.

• Stack blocks-77

Stack blocks are the blocks that perform the main commands.eg. Move 10 steps

• Boolean blocks-13

Boolean blocks are the conditions — they are either true or false.

• Reporter blocks-37

Reporter blocks are the values. Reporter blocks can hold numbers and strings.eg.pick random

• C blocks-5

These blocks loop the blocks within the Cs or check if a condition is true. Eg. repeat

• Cap blocks-2

Cap blocks are the blocks that end scripts. Eg. Stop all

Above window shows CURRENT SPRITE INFO.Sprite name can be changed.Exact position x,y of sprite is shown.Direction 180 is down, -90 is left, 0 is up , 90 is right.This time sprite is locked.An unlocked sprite can be dragged in presentation mode.

Stage is 480 units wide and 360 units long. The middle coordinate x,y(0,0) in the centre. Three views of scratch screen are available (icons above green flag and red button).1.smaller stage 2.larger stage 3.presentation mode

Languages icon -Symbol to the left of save icon.

HOW TO CREATE AND EDIT COSTUME- PAINT,IMPORT,CAMERA

Click white stage and you will get BACKGROUND TAB where we can import nature,indoors,outdoors and sports as a background to stage.

A project cannot be uploaded if it is over 10MB.Click Compress Sound and Images box to reduce file size.

CATEGORIES OF BLOCKS- Motion block(16) contains the blocks that control the movement of a sprite.Control block(16) contains blocks to control a script.Looks block(17) help for appearance of sprites.Pen block(11)helps sprite to write.Sensing block(17)sense the mouse,keyboard and other sprites on stage.Variable blocks are used for a value eg.score of a game.Operators blocks(17) contain arithmetic( + - * / ), relational (> < = ) and boolean operte ators ( AND,OR,NOT)

HTML AND GAMING

Hypertext Markup Language is used to create websites. Extension .html or .htm

HTML programs are typed in text editor eg.Notepad,Word for windows and Gedit for Linux and saved with extension.Then a web browser is used to view the output of HTML programs.

Tags used in HTML are simple commands eg. <html> start tag </html> end tag

Tags are of two types- 1. Empty tags that do not end. eg. <br> <hr>

2. Container tags start and end. Eg. <html> </html> Properties of tags are called attributes .

VARIOUS TAGS

<html> Every HTML document starts with it.

<head> it is included just to have title of program.

<Title> title appears on the top of web page

<Body bgcolor = “red” text=”green”> Attributes are bgcolor,text Values are red,green

<P align=”left”> to start a new paragraph align is attribute value can be right,center,justify

<H1> heading tag it can be h1(largest size) or h2 orh3 till h6(smallest size)

<Br> to insert blank lines similar to enter key

<Hr align= “left” color= “red” size= “50%” width= “100%”> draws a horizontal line

Comment tag for user’s help

<Font size= “3” color= “blue” face= “Calibri” > size can be 1 to 7

<Center> brings text to center of web page

<Ul type= “circle”> unordered list types of bullets can be disc,square

<Ol start= “5” type= “I”> ordered list types can be a,A,i,1

<Li> list item. 5 times it will be used if 5 items in a list.

<Table border= “5” cellspacing = “5” cellpadding = “10” bgcolor = “yellow”>

Cell spacing is the space between cell borders and cell padding is distance between content within a cell

And cell borders.

<Tr> table row

<Td> table data

<Th> table heading or column names

<Img src= “desert.jpg”> attributes are align,border,height,width

<A href = “family.html”> click here </a> this is linking tag

Open office and MS officeImpress software is used to create presentation , similar to MS Powerpoint. Extension .odp(open document presentation) .ppt for power point. Click open office icon,select presentation to open impress.To insert a new slide , go to insert slideMain components1.Slide pane - It shows thumb nails of all slides. If it is invisible, go to view menu slide pane.2. Task pane or side bar - contains important icons like slide transition, custom animation, layouts, master pages, gallery etc. If it is invisible, go to view menu task pane

Layouts show different types of slides eg.title only, blank slide, title and content etc. Master pages help to give background design to all slides Gallery contains pictures based on various themes like transport,people,environment etc.

Go to tools gallery. Slide transition gives effects when a slide changes during slide show.go to slide show slide transition Custom animation effects move a picture or text in a slide five tabs are entrance,emphasis,exit ,motion

paths,misc effects. Go to slide show custom animationPRESENTATIONS VIEWS 1. Normal view to create and edit a presentation.2. Slide sorter to arrange slides in sequence.3. Slide show or F54. Outline view contains only text of all slides.5. Notes view helps to add notes for speaker. Audience cannot see it.6. Handout view for printouts of slides.General Program Shortcuts

Ctrl+N: Create a new presentation. Ctrl+O: Open an existing presentation. Ctrl+S: Save a presentation. F12 or Alt+F2: Open the Save As dialog box. Ctrl+W or Ctrl+F4: Close a presentation. Ctrl+Q: Save and close a presentation. Ctrl+Z: Undo an action. Ctrl+Y: Redo an action.

The Standard Toolbar is located at the top of the PowerPoint window, below the menu bar. It has buttons for common tasks such as saving, printing, checking spelling, and inserting charts and tables.

The Formatting Toolbar is located just below the standard tOOLBARoolbar. Most of its buttons are for formatting text.Use these buttons to change the font type or size, make text bold or italic, indent text, and

insert bullets.

The Drawing Toolbar is located at the bottom of the PowerPoint window. It has tools for drawing shapes, adding lines and curves, and inserting text boxes and WordArt.

Openoffice Calc –similar to MS Excel divided in rows and columns

OpenOffice.org Calc 3 Rows 1,048,576 Columns 1024 Sheets 256

OpenOffice.org Calc 2Rows 65,536 Columns 256 Sheets 256

Cell – intersection of row and column Column header - A,B,C etc(column names)

Row header - 1,2,3 etc(row numbers) Cell address - A1,B5,C10 etc

There are three default sheets, sheet1, sheet 2, sheet3 in a work book or Calc file. Data types in Calc are Date and time, Numbers (2,3,4,5 etc),text ( combination of alphabets, special

symbols, numbers),formulas and functions.BASIC Formulas

=3+5 =5-3 =10*10 multiplication =4^2 power =8/6 division =A1+A2+A3 =sum(A1:B5) =max(A1:B5) maximum =min(A1:B5) minimum =count(A1:B5) counts how many values =avg(A1:B5) average

Formatting cells include giving borders, font color, background color, text alignment etc.

Openoffice Writer is similar to MS Word used for typing.Printing documents

For more control over printing, use File > Print to display the Print dialog.

The Print dialog box

On the Print dialog, you can choose:

Which printer to use (if more than one are installed on your system) and the properties of the printer—for example, orientation (portrait or landscape), which paper tray to use, and what paper size to print on. The properties available depend on the selected printer; consult the printer’s documentation for details.

What pages to print, how many copies to print, and in what order to print them. o Use dashes to specify page ranges and commas or semicolons to separate ranges; for example: 1, 5,

11–14, 34–40. o Selection is the highlighted part of a page or pages.

What items to print. Click the Options button to display the Printer Options dialog

MAIL MERGE -the automatic addition of names and addresses from a database to letters and envelopes in order to facilitate sending mail, especially advertising, to many addresses.

The mail merging process generally requires the following steps:

1. Creating a Main Document or the Template.2. Creating a Data Source.3. Defining the Merge Fields in the main document.4. Merging the Data with the main document.5. Saving/Exporting

GIMP

GIMP is a free open source image editing software. GIMP is an acronym for GNU Image Manipulation

Program. The first version of the GIMP 0.54 was written by Peter Mattis and Spencer Kimball in 1996.

Later GIMP 1.0 was released in 1998 The latest stable version GIMP 2.8 was released in 2012. To start gimp Select start>all programs>GIMP 2 When we open GIMP for the first time ,it opens in multi-

window mode. Screen is movable and size can be changed in multi window mode. Go to windows single window to fix the screens.

We work on images here.Various tools are SELECTION TOOLS, PAINT TOOLS, COLOR TOOLS, TRANSFORM TOOLS AND OTHER TOOLS.

These are selection tools. EVERY TOOL HAS TOOL OPTIONS.eg. Tool options of paintbrush tool:-

1. Rectange select tool selects rectangular portion of image.2. Ellipse select selects ellipse shaped portion.3. Free form selects as you draw freehand.4. Fuzzy color selects continuous portions of a selected color.5. Select by color tool selects non continuous portions also.6. Intelligent scissors select with sharp edges.

Filters are artistic or photographic effects in background to make picture attractive. Eg.Sparkle effect, glass tile effect,Gaussian blur,supernova filter etc.

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

Types of computers 1. MICRO COMPUTERS - Desktop computers, laptops, personal digital assistant (PDA), tablets & smartphones are all types of microcomputers.

2.Minicomputers are used by small businesses & firms. Minicomputers are also called as “Midrange Computers”. These are small machines and can be accommodated on a disk with not as processing and data storage capabilities as super-computers & Mainframes. These computers are not designed for a single user.

3. Mainframe computers - Many large firms & government organizations use Mainframes to run their business operations. The Mainframe computers can be accommodated in large air-conditioned rooms because of its size., Mainframes can also process & store large amount of data. Banks educational institutions & insurance companies use mainframe computers to store data about their customers, students & insurance policy holders.

4.Super-computers are the fastest computers with large data storage capacity. These computers are used for research and exploration purposes, like NASA uses supercomputers for launching space shuttles, controlling them and for space exploration purpose.

GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS

1940 – 1956: First Generation – Vacuum Tubes. These early computers used vacuum tubes as circuitry and magnetic drums for memory. ... 1956 – 1963: Second Generation – Transistors. ... 1964 – 1971: Third Generation – Integrated Circuits. ...

1972 – 2010: Fourth Generation – Microprocessors

Present and beyond FIFTH generation Artificial intelligence

Booting process is the time taken when we switch on the computer and when desktop appears on the screen.

Peripheral devices are the devices attached to a computer. Eg.printer,scanner, joystick etc.

RAM-RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY

ROM-READ ONLY MEMORY

10 Examples of Output Devices

Monitor. Printer. Audio Speakers. Headphones. Projector. GPS. Sound Card. Video Card

Computer - Input Devices Computer - Input Devices

Keyboard .Mouse. Joy Stick. Light pen.Track Ball. Scanner. Graphic Tablet. Microphone

WEB BROWSER AND NETWORKING

1.Website is a collection of web pages.It starts with www.

2.Internet is the physical connection between the computers of the world.

3. www or world wide web is a feature of internet due to which whole information is stored on web server.

4. To make your website available to whole world, we pay to accompany to free domain space on server.

5.Web browser eg. Google chrome that connects us to internet.

PROTOCOLS –rules followed over internet are called protocols.

TCP-Transmission control protocol

IP-interent protocol

FTP-file protocol

HTTP- hyper text transfer protocol

Networking devices- Networking devices may include gateways, routers, network bridges, modems, wireless access points, networking cables, line drivers, switches, hubs, and repeaters.

E-commerce is online shopping.

Vital Information Resources Under Seize –VIRUS

Search Engines- Yahoo search, Bing!

ENJOY LEARNING! ALL THE BEST!