equalityhumanrights.com · Web viewFor each intersectional analysis a logistic regression model was applied which included all available equality characteristics and year, then interaction

Equality and Human Rights Commission

Is Britain Fairer? 2018

Technical paper

1

© 2018 Equality and Human Rights CommissionFirst published November 2018ISBN 978-1-84206-776-5

Is Britain Fairer?

Is Britain Fairer? is our statutory report on equality and human rights progress in Great Britain. The report follows on from our second progress report on equality, Is Britain Fairer? (2015), and our initial human rights progress report, the Human Rights Review (2012).

To answer the question Is Britain Fairer? we undertook a large-scale systematic review in consultation with government as well as academic, business and voluntary sector partners. This review used our measurement framework to assess equality and human rights progress across six areas of life relevant to modern Britain.

The reports Is Britain fairer? 2018, Is Scotland fairer? 2018 and Is Wales fairer? 2018 contain the evidence from this review, alongside the analysis referred to by this technical paper. All are available from our website.

Please contact the Research Team for further information about other research reports, or visit our website.

Post: Research Team Equality and Human Rights Commission Arndale HouseThe Arndale CentreManchester M4 3AQ

Email: [email protected]: 0161 829 8500

You can download a copy of this report as a Microsoft Word file from our website .

If you require this publication in an alternative format, please contact the Communications Team to discuss your needs at: [email protected]

2

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/



https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/britain-fairer

https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/publication-download/measurement-framework-equality-and-human-rights

https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/about-us/our-work/human-rights/human-rights-review-2012/key-areas-improvement

https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/about-us/our-work/human-rights/human-rights-review-2012/key-areas-improvement

https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/publication-download/britain-fairer-2015

https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/publication-download/britain-fairer-2015


Is Britain Fairer? Evidence | Technical Paper

Contents

Contents......................................................................................................................3

Tables and figures................................................................................................4

1. Introduction...........................................................................................................6

1.1 The Framework Structure.............................................................................7

2. Analytical Approach..............................................................................................8

2.1 Introduction...................................................................................................8

2.2 Underlying types of data source...................................................................9

2.3 Types of measure.........................................................................................9

2.4 Statistical analysis......................................................................................10

2.5 Statistical tests............................................................................................11

2.6 Geographical analysis.................................................................................12

2.7 Intersectional analysis.................................................................................14

2.8 Worked Example........................................................................................14

3. Equality characteristics.......................................................................................19

3.1 Age.............................................................................................................20

3.2 Disability and Impairment type....................................................................22

3.3 Marriage and civil partnership.....................................................................26

3.4 Race...........................................................................................................27

3.5 Religion or belief.........................................................................................30

3.6 Sex..............................................................................................................34

3.7 Sexual Orientation......................................................................................35

3.8 Socioeconomic group.................................................................................36

3.9 Urban-rural..................................................................................................38

4. References.........................................................................................................40

Equality and Human Rights CommissionPublished: November 2018

3

https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en


5. Contacts..............................................................................................................42

Tables and figures

Table 2.1 Measures selected for Regional and Cross-country analysis..........14Table 2.2 Header information for LST.PVT.1A................................................16Table 2.3 Percentage of over 16s living in households below 60% of the

contemporary median income, after housing costs, broken down by age, for 2013/14 and 2015/16.........................................................17

Table 2.4 Change over time for the percentage of over 16s living in households below 60% of the contemporary median income, after housing costs, broken down by age, between 2013/14 and 2015/16.........................................................................................................18

Table 3.1 Children and young people, mid-year population by age and country, 2010, 2013 and 2016 (thousands)...................................................21

Table 3.2 Adults, mid-year population by age and country, 2010, 2013 and 2016 (thousands)............................................................................23

Table 3.3 Children and young people, household population by disability and age, average of 2014/15 to 2016/17, United Kingdom (millions).....25

Table 3.4 Adults, household population by disability and age, average of 2014/15 to 2016/17, United Kingdom (millions)...............................25

Table 3.5 All ages, disabled household population by impairment type, 2016/17, United Kingdom (millions).................................................26

Table 3.6 Adults, household population by marriage or civil partnership status based on Annual Population Survey data and country, 2010/11, 2013/14 and 2016/17 (thousands)...................................................27

Table 3.7 Children and young people, household population based on Annual Population Survey data by ethnic group and country, 2010/11, 2013/14 and 2016/17 (thousands)...................................................29

Table 3.8 Adults, estimated mid-year population using ONS methodology by ethnic group and country, 2013 and 2016 (thousands)...................31

Table 3.9 Children, household population estimated from Annual Population Survey by religion and country, 2010/11, 2013/14 and 2016/17 (thousands).....................................................................................32

Table 3.10 Adults, household population estimated from Annual Population Survey by religion and country, 2010/11, 2013/14 and 2016/17 (thousands).....................................................................................34

Table 3.11 Children and young people, mid-year population by sex and country, 2010, 2013 and 2016 (thousands)...................................................35


4



Table 3.12 Adults, mid-year population by sex and country, 2010, 2013 and 2016 (thousands)............................................................................36

Table 3.13 Adults, household population by sexual orientation and country, 2013 and 2016 (thousands).............................................................37

Table 3.14 Adults aged 16–64, household population estimated from Annual Population Survey by socioeconomic group and country, 2010/11, 2013/14 and 2016/17 (percentages)...............................................38


5



1. Introduction

We have a statutory responsibility to review and report on the progress of equality and human rights in Britain at least every five years. This review was published as the How fair is Britain? report in 2010, followed by the Human Rights Review in 2012 and the first Is Britain Fairer? in 2015. This technical document provides additional information on the methods used for statistical analysis in Is Britain Fairer? 2018 and is intended to be used side-by-side with that report, its supporting data tables, and our Measurement Framework (MF).

We developed a MF to provide a coherent means of measuring equality and human rights in Britain, and of monitoring change over time. This forms the basis for fulfilment of the Commission’s duty under section 12 of the Equality Act 2006 to monitor progress through the identification of outcomes and indicators. It also provides information to promote international human rights norms, and forms the theoretical and methodological basis for Is Britain Fairer? 2018.

The MF, which covers England, Scotland and Wales, consists of a set of domains, indicators and measures. It is based on four previous Measurement Frameworks, and four major research reports that were commissioned between 2007 and 2010. The four Measurement Frameworks combined in the single MF are: The Equality Measurement Framework, The Children’s Measurement Framework, The Good Relations Measurement Framework and the Human Rights Measurement Framework.

For the Is Britain Fairer? review in 2018, a wide range of evidence has been collected together, which has informed the review. This evidence covers England, Scotland and Wales and each of the protected characteristics under the Equality Act 2010. Statistical analysis has been carried out across the following characteristics: age, disability, marriage and civil partnership, race, religion or belief, sex and sexual orientation (see Section 3 below for further information on these characteristics).

This paper describes that statistical analysis, and details the methods used.


6



https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/britain-fairer/britain-fairer-2018-supporting-data



1.1 The Framework Structure

The Commission’s MF and IBF 2018 are based on six domains (reduced from ten in 2015) which focus directly on those things in life that people agree are important for them to do or to be. These include enjoying an adequate standard of living, being healthy, having good opportunities for education and work, participating in civil society, enjoying legal security, and being free from crime and the fear of crime. This list reflects the international human rights framework; consultation with the general public and with individuals and groups at high risk of discrimination and disadvantage; and Sen’s capability approach (see our Measurement Framework for details).

The six domains are:

EDU. Education

WRK. Work

LST. Living Standards

HLT. Health

JPS. Justice and Personal Security

PCP. Participation

Each domain contains a set of indicators which identify various aspects of measuring equality and human rights in that domain; then most indicators have a set of statistics defined which, along with qualitative data, provide a way of measuring that indicator, and are described as measures.

For example, the first indicator in the justice and personal security domain concerns detention. This has four measures relating to: rates of imprisonment, deaths in detention, children and young people in the youth secure estate, and detentions under the Mental Health Act. Where appropriate, separate sets of measures have been defined for adults, and for children and young people. The MF report explains how and why decisions were made.

Across the MF, there are 18 core indicators and seven supplementary indicators. IBF 2018 presents evidence on all the core indicators from the MF, plus one supplementary indicator (social cohesion and good relations).


7




2. Analytical Approach

2.1 Introduction

As far as possible, this analysis draws on data for the three years, 2010/11, 2013/14 and 2016/17, to show change over time for groups of people who share a protected characteristic: who for the purposes of the statistical analysis are referred to as ‘equality groups’. It also considers differences between those groups, change over time, and country and regional analysis and comparisons.

The years were chosen to cover the period since the 2010 review, ‘How fair is Britain?’, and to describe the period since the 2015 follow up review. The timetable for producing this report and the need to draw on survey microdata meant that most of the data analysis was carried out over the period September 2017 to March 2018. The latest data available at that time generally related to 2016/17, however some more recent administrative data have been included where it was easy to do so.

Where data (disaggregated by protected characteristics) for these years were not available, alternative data were used, while still aiming to cover as much of the period as possible. This means that for some measures the latest data available are for 2015/16, data are only available for alternate years (resulting in a two or four year gap between analysis years), or for ad hoc years across the period.

For each measure, a data table in spreadsheet format is available on our website.

Each data table provides data for Great Britain and/or for England, Scotland and/or Wales separately. Selected data tables also include comparisons between England, Scotland and Wales analyses and for and between English regions.

Each data table is given a code consisting of three capital letters, a decimal point, a further three capital letters, another decimal point, and a number followed by an optional suffix. The meaning of each part of the code is as follows:

the first three letters indicate the domain: EDU = Education, HLT = Health, etc. (see above for the full list)

the second three letters describe the indicator, e.g. for Work (WRK) these are: EMP = Employment, ERN = Earnings, OCS = Occupational Segregation.


8


https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/britain-fairer


the first number indicates the statistical measure number, between 1 and 5, as identified within the MF.

if the measure has been calculated separately for Adults, and Children and young people, the next letter is either A or C respectively.

For example, the data table for the measure of median hourly earnings in the Domain of Work (WRK) and the indicator of Earnings (ERN) is WRK.ERN.1.

Within each data table or spreadsheet, separate tabs are used for: Great Britain, each country, country comparisons and each region (including regional comparison). These tabs can range in number from one (just one country) to 16 (the countries given above, plus comparisons, plus regions). Details are provided on the cover sheet of each data table, along with notes relating to the tables and relevant information on the sources and analysis.

2.2 Underlying types of data source

2.2.1 Survey data

Official surveys provide the majority of survey sources for our analysis. Details for each source are given in the relevant data tables.

Where possible, the analysis was carried out using microdata available through the UK Data Service, with the majority of survey analyses either performed in house or commissioned from a team at Edinburgh Napier University.

2.2.2 Administrative data

A substantial number of measures within IBF2018 draw on administrative rather than survey data. These refer to any data sources collected for administrative reasons related to the functioning of an organisation, function or service. The administrative data used in our analysis were drawn from a wide range of sources, mostly relating to health, participation, and justice.

2.3 Types of measure

Measures included in the framework are specified in different ways, such as percentages, medians, rates and counts.


9



The majority of survey-based measures have binary outcomes (two categories) and are specified as percentages of the relevant population. In most cases this will be all adults (or children) in Britain. In others it will be a subset relevant to the aspect of life being examined, for instance adults in employment (for Work), or those in prison (for Justice and Personal Security). In one case, earnings, the outcome is continuous and the measure is specified as a median.

Wherever possible, measures that draw on administrative sources have been specified as percentages or rates rather than counts, in order to assist comparison between equality groups.

Where the measure is too small to express as a percentage, it is given instead as the rate per 1,000, 10,000, 100,000 or per million.

The exception is hate crime, which as specified as a count. This is because the actual number is of interest, and because no suitable denominator is available to express the measure as a percentage or rate.

2.4 Statistical analysis

Analyses have been carried out for each selected measure in the Measurement Framework, and the results published in spreadsheet format alongside Is Britain fairer? 2018.

As far as possible, a consistent approach has been adopted in the analysis for both survey-based measures and those that draw on administrative data, however the interpretation differs slightly between the two data types.

Where measures are based on survey data, standard errors must take account of errors resulting from basing estimates on a random sample of the population.

For measures that draw on administrative data, the standard errors reflect estimated variability due to random fluctuations, which would particularly affect less common events, that is, those where only small numbers occur each year or within a particular group. The significance tests check whether any differences may be explained by such fluctuations.

Estimates that have relatively large standard errors, equal to 20% or more of the estimate, are shaded in the tables to indicate less precise or more variable estimates.


10



For both survey and administrative-based measures, and taking the case where the measure is a percentage, the tables in the spreadsheet include:

A breakdown for each equality group for which data are available (for example, for different age groups). Details of standard equality groups can be found in Section 3. Where sample sizes and data availability allow, intersectional combinations of equality groups appear below singular equality groups.

Analysis for a baseline year (for example, 2010/11) consisting of: the percentage for each equality group, the estimated standard error and 95% confidence interval for that percentage, the difference between each group and the reference group, standard error of the difference, p-value for a statistical significance test of the difference, and either the unweighted base numbers (for survey sources) or population estimates (for administrative data sources).

Analysis for an intermediate year (for example, 2013/14), as for the baseline year

Analysis for the latest year (for example, 2016/17) as for the baseline year.

Analysis of change over time between the first and third, and second and third years, consisting of: the arithmetic difference between the two years in the percentages for each equality group (expressed in percentage points), the estimated standard error and 95% confidence interval for that difference, p-value for the change over time.

Additional information may include:

Cross-country (e.g., England-Scotland) or cross-region (e.g., London-North East) comparison consisting of: the arithmetic difference between the two countries or regions in percentage points for each equality group, the estimated standard error and 95% confidence interval for that difference, and p-value for the difference.

Change over time analysis of country (e.g., England-Scotland) or regional (e.g., London-North East) differences, also expressed as the arithmetic difference between the change over time for each equality group (in percentage points), the estimated standard error and 95% confidence interval; for that difference, and p-value for the difference in change over time.

2.5 Statistical tests

The precise statistical tests that have been used to evaluate statistically significant differences for each measure depend on the type of the measure involved (percentage, median, rate or count) and the underlying type of the dependent variable involved (binary, continuous or integer).


11



In a few cases, such an analysis has not been possible since microdata are not available. In these cases, a best estimate has been made of standard errors for the comparisons between groups, change over time and difference in change over time, based on published results and these have been used to test for statistically significant results.

Analysis for percentages

Where the outcome is binary and the measure is a percentage, the data have in the majority of cases been analysed using either a logistic regression model or a test of the difference between percentages.

Analysis for medians

Where the outcome is continuous and the measure is a median, for example pay of employees, the analysis is based on a median regression model instead of a logistic regression model.

Analysis for rates

Where the outcome is a rate calculated from a number of events (an integer) and a population estimate, standard errors are estimated assuming a Poisson distribution, and a log-linear regression model is used instead of a logistic regression model, with an offset of the natural log of the population to adjust for differences in population sizes.

Analysis for counts

Where the outcome is simply a number of events (an integer), standard errors are estimated assuming a Poisson distribution and a log-linear regression model is used instead of a logistic regression model

2.6 Geographical analysis

Where the data allow we have produced tables for Great Britain, England, Scotland, and Wales. England may also be broken down into nine regions (formerly Government Office Regions), as follows:

North East

North West


12



Yorkshire and the Humber

East Midlands

West Midlands

Eastern

London

South East

South West

Sample sizes were generally too small to pursue regional analyses for Scotland and Wales. However, some of our tables also include disaggregation into rural and urban categories (see Section 3 for details).

Based on data availability for multiple equality groups, commonality of measure and population across England, Scotland and Wales, and sufficient sample sizes, we have selected fourteen measures for cross-country comparison. Where possible we have selected the same measures for both country (England-Scotland, England-Wales, Scotland-Wales) and regional comparisons (between each region and London). Based on a standard regional variable in the source datasets, the majority of cross-country measures were also suitable for regional comparison

Table 2.1 Measures selected for Regional and Cross-country analysis

Regional

Cross Country

EDU. Education EBN.2HLL.1HLL.2

EBN.2HLL.1HLL.2

WRK. Work EMP.1EMP.3ERN.1

EMP.1EMP.3ERN.1

LST. Living standards PVT.1PVT.2

PVT.1PVT.2

HLT. Health OCM.1MTL.1

OCM.1MTL.1

JPS. Justice and personal security VNT.2

EFF.1VNT.4EFF.1

PPN. Participation PCP.1ACS.2

PCP.1ACS.2


13



2.7 Intersectional analysis

Is Britain fairer? 2018 also includes intersectional analysis to show the distinct experiences of people when multiple categories of social identity interact with each other. More information on our approach to intersectionality can be found in our Measurement Framework (section 3.8). This document describes the intersectional analysis presented in the data tables accompanying Is Britain fairer? 2018.

Intersectional analyses were conducted where data sources provided results for multiple equality groups, where combined sample sizes where large enough for analysis, and where results for one group could be shown to vary with those of another.

For each intersectional analysis a logistic regression model was applied which included all available equality characteristics and year, then interaction terms added one at a time. The latter had been identified from review of other sources as being relevant to the measure in question. Coefficients were estimated with main effects (for instance, age) and an interaction effect (such as, differing socio-economic condition). The joint significance of the interaction term (e.g. for young workers in routine occupations) was then tested using a Wald test. Where interaction terms proved statistically significant then the intersectional analysis was included in our data tables. Where they have been included they are presented with the same columns as our other analyses, including differences from a joint reference group, and subsequent additional significance testing.

Some administrative data sources provided intersectional data as part of their published figures. Where these results could be assessed for significance they have been included in our tables.

2.8 Worked Example

The following example takes one measure and works through the results in the related data table.

The measure LST.PVT.1A is a poverty measure for adults, and is defined as the percentage of over 16s living in households below 60% of the contemporary median income, after housing costs. The data being discussed here are from the Scotland page of the LST.PVT.1A data table, which is available on our website.


14


https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/britain-fairer


In the spreadsheet, the first tab is the notes tab “LST.PVT.1A notes”, which lists tabs 1 to 16, describing the specific measure for Great Britain, England, Scotland and Wales, then for comparisons between England-Scotland, England-Wales and Scotland-Wales and the English regions. This is followed by general notes and then notes specific to this particular measure, such as the source, variable name, measure definition, and survey details. Acknowledgements and reference details are also included.

The following concentrates on Table 3, which contains analysis for Scotland, and the breakdown by age. The methods discussed here are consistent across other countries and equality groups presented in these data tables. The tab begins with the following block of text providing details of the indicator, measure descriptions, and the source, country, base and survey years relevant to the analysis:

Table 2.2 Header information for LST.PVT.1A

Indicator: LST.PVT Poverty

Measure: LST.PVT.1A Percentage living in households below 60% contemporary median income AHC (adults)

Source: Family Resources Survey/Households Below Average Income

Country: Scotland

Base: People aged 16 and over

First date: 2010/11

Second date: 2013/14

Third date: 2015/16

Title: Percentage living in households below 60% contemporary median income AHC (adults)

This is followed by the analysis results in table format. The following tables (Tables 2.3 and 2.4) reproduce part of the spreadsheet for Table 3 in LST.PVT.1A. The rows relating to the age analysis (Table 2.3) have been separated into two sections to fit into this document and will be found side by side in the spreadsheet (without repetition of the row labels).

In each data table, the first three blocks of data refer to the cross-sectional analysis for each of the three years. In Table 2.3, we have only shown 2013/14 and 2015/16. Family Resources Survey data for 2016/17 had not yet been released by the end of our analysis period.


15



The first two columns for each year provide estimates for the measure and standard errors for those estimates. For example, in the 2013/14 survey 25.6% of the age group 16–24 reported that their income was below 60% of median income (after housing costs), and in the 2015/16 survey the figure was 27.0%. The standard errors were 2.4 and 2.5 respectively. If any of the age group results were shaded, it would highlight standard errors greater than 20% of the estimate, which are taken to indicate less precise estimates.

The next two columns show 95% confidence intervals for the estimate, followed by the results of significance tests comparing each age group with the reference age group (45-54). Here, the reference group has been chosen because in 2015-2017 it was the largest age bracket in terms of the British population (see Chapter 3). The reference group for each section is marked in bold, and in each case the Difference column refers back to that group. P-values indicate whether the difference is statistically significant. Two asterisks (**) in the adjacent column indicate that some of these comparisons are statistically significant at the 99% significance level, while one asterisk (*) indicates statistical significance at the 95% significance level.

Table 2.3 Percentage of over 16s living in households below 60% of the contemporary median income, after housing costs, broken down by age, for 2013/14 and 2015/16.

2013/14 % SE

Lower 95%

CI (%)

Upper 95%

CI (%)

Difference (pp) SE

Significance P-value (1)

Unweighted base

All 17.0

0.6 15.9 18.1 - - - 5,017

Age 16-24 25.6 2.4 21.1 30.6 11.5 2.7 0.000 ** 373

Age 25-34 16.9

1.4 14.3 19.9 2.9 1.8 0.116 732

Age 35-44 20.4

1.5 17.6 23.5 6.3 1.9 0.001 ** 800

Age 45-54 14.1

1.2 12.0 16.5 - - - 913

Age 55-64 17.3

1.3 14.9 19.9 3.2 1.7 0.068 878

Age 65-74 10.5

1.1 8.6 12.9 -3.5 1.6 0.030 * 764

Age 75+ 13. 1.5 11.1 16.9 -0.3 1.9 0.854 557


16



7

2015/16 % SE

Lower 95%

CI (%)

Upper 95%

CI (%)

Difference (pp) SE

Significance P-value (1)

Unweighted base

All 18.6

0.7 17.3 19.9 - - - 4,502

Age 16-24 27.0 2.5 22.4 32.0 12.1 2.8 0.000 ** 340

Age 25-34 23.5

2.1 19.5 27.9 8.6 2.5 0.000 ** 608

Age 35-44 19.0

1.6 16.1 22.2 4.1 2.0 0.042 * 677

Age 45-54 14.9

1.3 12.5 17.6 - - - 783

Age 55-64 18.7

1.4 16.1 21.5 3.8 1.9 0.049 * 802

Age 65-74 11.0

1.2 9.0 13.5 -3.8 1.7 0.029 * 755

Age 75+ 16.0

1.6 13.1 19.4 1.1 2.1 0.599 537

Table 2.4, reproduces results from the change over time analysis. The first two columns estimate the change over time, calculated from the previous cross-sectional estimates, for example for the age group 25–34 the change over time is 16.9% minus 23.5%, which equals a difference of 6.5 percentage points. The standard error for this difference is 2.6. The p-value of 0.009 confirms that the change over time for this age group is statistically significant. Repeating this process for each age group shows that it is the only group for which the change over time is significant.

Table 2.4 Change over time for the percentage of over 16s living in households below 60% of the contemporary median income, after housing costs, broken down by age, between 2013/14 and 2015/16.

pp SE

Lower 95%

CI

Upper 95%

CISignificance

P-value

All 1.6 0.9 -0.1 3.3 -


17



Age 16-24 1.4 3.5 -5.4 8.2 0.685

Age 25-34 6.5 2.6 1.5 11.5 0.009 **

Age 35-44 1.4 2.2 -5.7 2.9 0.517

Age 45-54 0.8 1.7 -2.6 4.2 0.652Age 55-64 1.4 1.9 -2.3 5.1 0.459Age 65-74 0.5 1.6 -2.6 3.6 0.755Age 75+ 2.2 2.2 -2.1 6.5 0.312

Note that all the calculations are carried out using unrounded estimates, but shown after rounding.


18



3. Equality characteristics

The characteristics used throughout the data tables are based on seven of the nine protected characteristics listed by the Equality Act 2010: age, disability, marriage and civil partnership, race, religion or belief, sex and sexual orientation. These have been classified as far as possible on a consistent basis and this section identifies our preferred definitions and disaggregation for the relevant characteristics, as well as for socioeconomic group and urban-rural, which are recognised as important additional factors in the enjoyment of human rights. However data sources often differ as to the questions asked and information collected. Common proxies are listed under each characteristic.

Below, each characteristic is defined for the data used, and the preferred choice of reference group is specified for each characteristic to use when making comparisons. This is either an ‘advantaged’ group, such as ‘males’ or ‘White British’ or ‘non-disabled’ people, or qualitatively different, such as ‘no religion’, or the largest group in 2016, such as ’45-54 year olds’ or ‘married’. The reference group is used in the statistical analysis, with comparisons made between each of the other groups and the reference group. (see Chapter 2 for details).

Tables then show population estimates for each group separately for children and young people (aged under 18) and for adults (aged 16 and over). These are disaggregated by our preferred output categories. Population profiles are shown in this chapter where possible for the financial years 2010/11, 2013/14 and 2016/17 (or based on mid-years estimates), and for England, Scotland, Wales and Great Britain.

Three types of estimate are presented in the tables:

Published mid-year population estimates for age and sex

Estimated population estimates for ethnicity, using an experimental methodology developed by ONS to adjust household population estimates to include the non-household population (ONS, 2017a)

Estimated household population estimates for the other characteristics based on a household survey


19



Population estimates are shown in thousands and the figures have been rounded to the nearest 100, i.e. to one decimal place. As a result, the breakdowns may not add to the total shown.

3.1 Age

Age is almost always defined as ‘age last birthday’, although ‘age at start of academic year’ may be used in education sources. Wherever possible age is collected using date of birth.

In outputs, age is reported by age group. In the data tables, those tables for adults generally relate to the 16 and over age group and, where the data are available, those tables for all children and young people cover the age group 0–17, while other tables relate to specific age groups.

Where sample sizes are small, some age groups may be combined, and where a survey only covers a limited age range, this will be reflected in the output categories.

Standard definition: Age at last birthday

Reference groups: Under 5 for children and young people, 45–54 for adults

Table 3.1 Children and young people, mid-year population by age and country, 2010, 2013 and 2016 (thousands)

England Scotland Wales Great Britain

2010Under 5 3,280.5 290.9 175.6 3,747.0

5–10 3,530.4 325.5 196.2 4,052.2

11–15 3,149.9 301.4 183.2 3,634.4

16–17 1,318.6 127.7 78.1 1,524.4

Total: Under 18 11,279.4 1,045.5 633.1 12,958.0 2013Under 5 3,414.1 294.0 178.8 3,887.0

5–10 3,773.0 335.6 204.6 4,313.2

11–15 3,022.1 281.9 171.8 3,475.8

16–17 1,297.2 123.3 75.0 1,495.6

Total: Under 18 11,506.5 1,034.9 630.2 13,171.6 2016Under 5 3,429.0 287.2 173.3 3,889.5


20



England Scotland Wales Great Britain5–10 4,079.4 355.5 218.0 4,652.9

11–15 3,020.6 273.2 165.8 3,459.7

16–17 1,256.2 115.8 70.8 1,442.8

Total: Under 18 11,785.3 1,031.8 627.9 13,444.9

Sources: Office for National Statistics (2018c).


21



Table 3.2 Adults, mid-year population by age and country, 2010, 2013 and 2016 (thousands)


201016–24 6,222.0 623.9 370.4 7,216.4

25–34 7,062.7 658.4 356.1 8,077.2

35–44 7,536.3 743.6 403.5 8,683.4

45–54 7,162.9 777.6 417.0 8,357.4

55–64 6,134.2 658.6 390.8 7,183.6

65–74 4,490.5 478.1 297.1 5,265.6

75 and over 4,073.2 404.1 260.2 4,737.5

Total: 16 and over 42,681.7 4,344.4 2,495.0 49,521.0 201316–24 6,227.7 624.1 373.5 7,225.3

25–34 7,367.4 692.8 370.3 8,430.5

35–44 7,159.1 688.4 372.0 8,219.5

45–54 7,543.3 800.3 430.5 8,774.1

55–64 6,054.0 663.7 380.2 7,097.9

65–74 5,023.6 522.3 329.5 5,875.4

75 and over 4,281.6 424.6 271.1 4,977.3

Total: 16 and over 43,656.6 4,416.1 2,527.2 50,599.9 201616–24 6,137.8 607.2 359.7 7,104.7

25–34 7,561.2 726.0 383.7 8,670.9

35–44 7,092.3 665.4 356.2 8,113.9

45–54 7,756.2 798.9 434.6 8,989.7

55–64 6,308.6 692.4 387.2 7,388.2

65–74 5,413.3 556.5 352.6 6,322.5

75 and over 4,469.5 442.3 282.0 5,193.8

Total: 16 and over 44,739.0 4,488.8 2,556.1 51,783.8


3.2 Disability and Impairment type

In these analyses, the definition of disability and breakdown of impairment types are based on the harmonised principles developed by the Office for National Statistics and the Office for Disability Issues (see GSS, 2018).


22



The measure of disability used is ‘Disability based on long-lasting health conditions and illnesses and activity restriction’ which measures the core population of currently disabled people according to the Equality Act 2010.

This legislation states that:

A person (P) has a disability if

(a) P has a physical or mental impairment, and

(b) The impairment has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on P’s ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities.’ (Equality Act 2010)

The survey questions underpinning the measure are, "This question asks you about any health conditions, illnesses or impairments you may have. Do you have any physical or mental health conditions or illnesses lasting or expected to last for 12 months or more?", with the responses options 'Yes' and 'No', and "Does your condition or illness/do any of your conditions or illnesses reduce your ability to carry out day-to-day activities?", with the response options 'Yes, a lot.', 'Yes, a little' and 'Not at all'.

A person is classified as disabled if they answer ‘Yes’ to the first question and ‘Yes a lot’ or ‘Yes a little’ to the second question.

This measure replaces earlier measures based on questions on limiting long-term illness which were worded in similar, but slightly different, ways and which may have covered different time periods.

From 2011, the new suite of questions began to be adopted by surveys at different times and this may have introduced discontinuities into the series. For example, the Annual Population Survey (APS) adopted these questions in April 2013 and as a result there is a discontinuity in the measurement of disability between the results for 2010/11 and 2013/14, both in the data tables and in Tables 3.3 and 3.4 below.

The questions asked in the 2010/11 APS were: “Do you have any health problems or disabilities that you expect will last for more than a year?” and “Do these health problems or disabilities, when taken singly or together, substantially limit your ability to carry out normal day to day activities? If you are receiving medication or treatment, please consider what the situation would be without the medication or treatment?” The main change has been the removal of the final clause, although other changes in wording may also affect the responses.


23



In education data, Special Educational Needs (SEN) or Additional Support Needs (ASN) may be used as a proxy for disability. Note that not all pupils with such needs would be considered disabled.

Definition: Disabled people are those who report a long-standing physical or mental health condition or illness where daily activities are limited (a little or a lot) as a result

Reference group: Not disabled

Table 3.3 Children and young people, household population by disability and age, average of 2014/15 to 2016/17, United Kingdom (millions)

Disabled Not disabled

0-4 0.1 4.0

5-9 0.3 3.5

10-14 0.3 3.1

15-19 0.4 3.2

Total: Under 20 1.1 13.8

Sources: Department for Work and Pensions (2018).

Table 3.4 Adults, household population by disability and age, average of 2014/15 to 2016/17, United Kingdom (millions)

Disabled Not disabled

15-19 0.4 3.2

20-24 0.5 3.8

25-29 0.5 3.9

30-34 0.5 3.8

35-39 0.6 3.5

40-44 0.8 3.5

45-49 0.9 3.7

50-54 1.0 3.4

55-59 1.2 2.8

60-64 1.1 2.4

65-69 1.3 2.3

70-74 1.1 1.6

75-79 1.0 1.1

80+ 1.7 1.1

Total: 15 and over 12.6 40.1

Sources: Department for Work and Pensions (2018).


24



Impairment type is collected using the following question, following the one above relating to long-standing physical or mental health conditions or illnesses:

Do any of these conditions or illnesses affect you in any of the following areas?

Show card and code all that apply asking the respondent to read out which apply to him\her:

1. Vision (for example blindness or partial sight)

2. Hearing (for example deafness or partial hearing)

3. Mobility (for example walking short distances or climbing stairs)

4. Dexterity (for example lifting and carrying objects, using a keyboard)

5. Learning or understanding or concentrating

6. Memory

7. Mental health

8. Stamina or breathing or fatigue

9. Socially or behaviourally (for example associated with autism, attention deficit disorder or Asperger’s syndrome)

10. Other (please specify)

Definition: Impairment type is the area or areas of functioning affected

Reference group: Not disabled

Table 3.5 All ages, disabled household population by impairment type, 2016/17, United Kingdom (millions)

Disabled

Mobility 7.1

Stamina/breathing/fatigue 5.4

Dexterity 3.9

Mental health 3.4

Memory 2.4

Hearing 2.1

Vision 1.7

Learning 2.0

Social/behavioural 1.1

Other 2.1Sources: Department for Work and Pensions (2018).


25



3.3 Marriage and civil partnership

In Marriage and civil partnership is measured by the harmonised principles published by the Government Statistical Service (GSS, 2018).

With sufficient sample sizes, this allows for the identification of people according to whether they have ever been married or have registered a civil partnership, currently married or in a registered a civil partnership, or have previously been married or in a civil partnership (equivalent to separated, divorced and widowed). Small sample sizes for civil partnerships mean that these groups are often combined with others.

Definition: Legal marital or civil partnership status

Reference group: Married or Married or in a Civil partnership

Table 3.6 Adults, household population by marriage or civil partnership status based on Annual Population Survey data and country, 2010/11, 2013/14 and 2016/17 (thousands)


2010/11Single 13,871.2 1,440.8 795.2 16,107.2

Married 20,992.5 2,084.0 1,222.0 24,298.5

Formerly married 7,183.8 755.5 443.4 8,382.7

Civil partner (current or former)

100.4 5.9 4.3 110.5

Total: 16 and over 42,147.9 4,286.1 2,464.9 48,898.9

2013/14Single 14,461.3 1,515.0 826.4 16,802.7

Married 21,219.3 2,046.6 1,229.4 24,495.2



138.0 6.8 4.2 148.9

Total: 16 and over 43,103.1 4,351.2 2,495.4 49,949.8

2016/17Single 15,109.6 1,566.3 844.6 17,520.5

Married 21,764.3 2,086.2 1,220.9 25,071.5



111.8 7.7 5.2 124.7


26



England Scotland Wales Great BritainTotal: 16 and over 44,144.9 4,400.8 2,520.7 51,066.4

Sources: Office for National Statistics, Social Services Division (2015. 2017a, 2017b)

3.4 Race

Race is measured as an individual’s ethnic group and follows the harmonised principles published by the Government Statistical Service (GSS, 2018). The classification is based on the 2011 Census questions for England and Wales and for Scotland. Prior to 2011, the classification was based on the 2001 Census questions. Note that differences between pre- and post-2011 questions, including the addition of categories for Gypsy or Irish Traveller and Arab and the regrouping of response categories, may have introduced discontinuities.

Up to ten ethnic groups are identified in the analyses: White British, White Irish, White Other, Mixed/Multiple, Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Chinese, Black and Other. The White Other group includes Gypsy or Irish Traveller people, except where it is possible to analyse this separately, while the Black group equates to the main group: ‘Black/African/Caribbean/Black British’, in the harmonised outputs for Great Britain. The Asian/Asian British group is subdivided into: Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Chinese, and the remainder of the group put into ‘Other’, which includes: Other Asian, Arab and Other. See GSS (2018) for details of the full classifications and the possible implications of differences between the answer categories in England and Wales and in Scotland.

In the analyses, the term ‘Ethnic minority (exc. White minorities)’ is used in cases where data have been combined. It includes all groups except for the White groups. The category ‘Ethnic minority (inc. White minorities)’ includes all groups except the White British people.

For some children’s measures, where their own ethnic group is not recorded, the ethnic group of a household representative is used as a proxy.

Definition: Ethnic group

Reference group: White British or White

Table 3.7 Children and young people, household population based on Annual Population Survey data by ethnic group and country, 2010/11, 2013/14 and 2016/17 (thousands)


27




2010/11

White British 8,174.6 882.0 565.3 9,621.9

White Irish, White Other 311.1 67.8 14.2 393.1

Mixed/Multiple 365.3 10.9 11.0 387.2

Indian 277.6 5.6 3.9 287.0

Pakistani 357.5 13.9 4.0 375.5

Bangladeshi 153.7 0.3 6.2 160.3

Chinese 31.1 2.5 0.7 34.3

Black 507.8 2.7 3.1 513.6

Other 371.2 8.5 9.3 389.1

Total: Under 18 10,550.0 994.3 617.7 12,162.0

2013/14

White British 8,470.5 939.8 577.9 9,988.2

White Irish 28.0 2.1 0.4 30.6

White Other 474.5 31.1 10.9 516.6

Mixed/Multiple 485.5 12.4 11.5 509.5

Indian 346.3 7.2 4.1 357.6

Pakistani 456.0 10.1 3.1 469.3

Bangladeshi 184.4 0.2 4.3 188.9

Chinese 55.2 3.1 1.0 59.3

Black 539.9 6.0 5.4 551.3

Other 411.7 7.9 9.2 428.8

Total: Under 18 11,452.3 1,020.0 627.9 13,100.2

2016/17

White British 8,324.3 889.2 558.6 9,772.1

White Irish 24.2 1.8 0.2 26.2

White Other 646.7 42.7 15.3 704.7

Mixed/Multiple 525.2 15.9 14.4 555.6

Indian 365.0 7.1 5.6 377.7

Pakistani 444.0 18.1 4.0 466.1

Bangladeshi 197.3 0.4 6.3 204.0

Chinese 43.8 3.3 1.0 48.1


28




Black 615.2 15.1 6.1 636.5

Other 496.7 16.5 12.2 525.5

Total: Under 18 11,682.6 1,010.2 623.7 13,316.5

Sources: Office for National Statistics, Social Services Division (2015, 2017a, 2017b)


29



Table 3.8 Adults, estimated mid-year population using ONS methodology by ethnic group and country, 2013 and 2016 (thousands)


2013White n/a 4,279.3 n/a 44,844.6

White British 35,631.5 n/a 2,381.4 n/a

White Irish 319.2 n/a n/a n/a

White other 2,172.6 n/a n/a n/a

White Irish, White other n/a n/a 60.6 n/a

Mixed/Multiple 447.6 10.9 14.1 472.6

Indian 1,200.6 25.2 11.9 1,237.8

Pakistani 818.6 29.6 8.1 856.3

Bangladeshi 313.1 2.7 n/a 320.7

Chinese 273.4 13.5 n/a 292.7

Bangladeshi and Chinese n/a n/a # 21.2 n/a

Black 1,269.9 15.5 15.1 1,300.5

Other 1,210.2 39.4 # 14.9 1,274.8

Total: 16 and over 43,656.6 4,416.1 2,527.2 50,599.9

2016White n/a 4,296.4 n/a 45,462.1

White British 35,610.4 n/a 2,378.9 n/a

White Irish 313.6 n/a n/a n/a

White Other 2,791.7 n/a n/a n/a

White Irish, White other n/a n/a 71.9 n/a

Mixed/Multiple 529.9 19.3 11.7 560.9

Indian 1,226.9 25.2 13.3 1,265.6

Pakistani 810.2 45.4 6.8 862.5

Bangladeshi 354.2 1.3 n/a 364.2

Chinese 299.7 20.1 n/a 331.4

Bangladeshi and Chinese n/a n/a # 32.4 n/a

Black 1,434.6 28.8 16.6 1,479.9

Other 1,367.7 52.3 # 24.5 1,457.2

Total: 16 and over 44,739.0 4,488.8 2,556.1 51,783.8

For Wales, Other Asian is included with Bangladeshi and Chinese. Sources: Office for National Statistics, Social Services Division (2015, 2017a, 2017b); Office for National Statistics (2018b); National Records for Scotland (2018).


30



3.5 Religion or belief

Religion is measured using the recommended concept of religious affiliation as specified in the harmonised principles developed by the Government Statistical Service (GSS, 2018).

The harmonised question asks ‘What is your religion?’ which has eight answer categories in England and Wales and ten in Scotland.

Eight categories are included in the outputs: No religion, Christian, Buddhist, Hindu, Jewish, Muslim, Sikh and Other. For Scotland, the different Christian denominations (Church of Scotland, Roman Catholic and Other Christian) are combined into one Christian category.

In the analyses, ‘Religious minorities’ is used to refer to the last six of those groups, that is all except the No religion and Christian groups.

Definition: Religious affiliation

Reference group: No religion

Table 3.9 Children, household population estimated from Annual Population Survey by religion and country, 2010/11, 2013/14 and 2016/17 (thousands)


2010/11No religion 3,103.2 397.3 244.7 3,745.2

Christian 6,705.5 597.2 360.0 7,662.6

Buddhist 31.1 1.8 0.8 33.7

Hindu 160.4 1.7 2.0 164.1

Jewish 51.8 0.4 0.4 52.5

Muslim 968.2 21.9 17.0 1,007.1

Sikh 94.3 1.4 0.2 95.8

Other religion 94.6 8.3 5.3 108.2

Total: Under 18 11,209.1 1,029.9 630.4 12,869.3

2013/14No religion 4,008.4 546.5 309.3 4,864.2

Christian 5,907.1 438.4 294.3 6,639.9

Buddhist 42.7 1.2 1.0 44.9

Hindu 181.9 2.8 2.4 187.0

Jewish 59.7 0.4 0.1 60.2


31



England Scotland Wales Great BritainMuslim 1,073.2 20.3 14.2 1,107.7

Sikh 91.2 2.0 0.6 93.7

Other religion 67.6 7.2 4.8 79.6

Total: Under 18 11,431.8 1,018.7 626.7 13,077.3

2016/17No religion 4,566.3 570.3 330.2 5,466.8

Christian 5,458.6 390.2 261.0 6,109.9

Buddhist 40.3 1.3 0.7 42.3

Hindu 219.2 6.5 3.4 229.1

Jewish 75.5 0.5 0.1 76.1

Muslim 1,121.5 32.2 20.4 1,174.1

Sikh 97.1 0.9 0.1 98.1

Other religion 84.2 7.5 6.6 98.3

Total: Under 18 11,662.7 1,009.5 622.5 13,294.7



32



Table 3.10 Adults, household population estimated from Annual Population Survey by religion and country, 2010/11, 2013/14 and 2016/17 (thousands)


2010/11No religion 8,893.2 1,075.8 691.1 10,660.1

Christian 29,534.6 3,066.1 1,681.9 34,282.6

Buddhist 180.3 10.8 7.7 198.9

Hindu 629.3 12.9 8.0 650.2

Jewish 222.8 5.0 2.2 230.0

Muslim 1,743.1 44.9 27.8 1,815.8

Sikh 310.1 4.2 1.8 316.1

Other religion 501.0 50.0 31.9 582.8

Total: 16 and over

42,014.4 4,269.7 2,452.3 48,736.4

2013/14No religion 12,382.6 1,646.5 872.6 14,901.7

Christian 26,581.4 2,536.3 1,536.3 30,654.0

Buddhist 220.3 13.3 6.3 239.9

Hindu 689.3 11.8 7.0 708.2

Jewish 221.2 5.8 1.6 228.5

Muslim 1,961.6 45.9 26.2 2,033.7

Sikh 299.1 6.4 1.2 306.7

Other religion 648.7 78.7 40.6 767.9

Total: 16 and over

43,004.2 4,344.6 2,491.7 49,840.6

2016/17No religion 14,727.7 1,883.4 1,007.0 17,618.0

Christian 24,990.2 2,301.4 1,389.5 28,681.1

Buddhist 229.8 7.3 9.5 246.6

Hindu 703.3 15.6 8.5 727.4

Jewish 219.3 4.6 1.1 225.0

Muslim 2,094.3 76.7 35.0 2,206.0

Sikh 310.1 1.8 0.6 312.5

Other religion 776.4 96.0 63.2 935.6

Total: 16 and over

44,051.1 4,386.9 2,514.3 50,952.3



33



3.6 Sex

In Sex is measured as a binary disaggregation into male and female.

Sex data are collected either using a household grid to record name, sex, age and relationships between household members or by a direct question asking for an individual’s sex. If the information is volunteered by the respondent or observed by the interviewer, a direct question is not required, as described in the harmonised principles published by the Government Statistical Service (GSS, 2018).

Definition: Sex

Reference group: Male

Table 3.11 Children and young people, mid-year population by sex and country, 2010, 2013 and 2016 (thousands)


2010Male 5,775.4 534.9 324.7 6,635.1

Female 5,504.0 510.6 308.4 6,323.0

Total: Under 18 11,279.4 1,045.5 633.1 12,958.0 2013Male 5,894.8 529.7 323.5 6,747.9

Female 5,611.6 505.3 306.7 6,423.6

Total: Under 18 11,506.5 1,034.9 630.2 13,171.6 2016Male 6,038.8 528.0 322.0 6,888.8

Female 5,746.5 503.8 305.9 6,556.1

Total: Under 18 11,785.3 1,031.8 627.9 13,444.9



34



Table 3.12 Adults, mid-year population by sex and country, 2010, 2013 and 2016 (thousands)


2010Male 20,778.0 2,078.3 1,210.6 24,066.9

Female 21,903.7 2,266.1 1,284.3 25,454.1

Total: 16 and over 42,681.7 4,344.4 2,495.0 49,521.0 2013Male 21,306.1 2,120.6 1,230.5 24,657.3

Female 22,350.5 2,295.5 1,296.7 25,942.7

Total: 16 and over 43,656.6 4,416.1 2,527.2 50,599.9 2016Male 21,907.5 2,159.1 1,248.4 25,315.0

Female 22,831.4 2,329.7 1,307.7 26,468.8

Total: 16 and over 44,739.0 4,488.8 2,556.1 51,783.8


3.7 Sexual Orientation

The harmonised question on sexual orientation based on sexual identity was developed from 2006–09 through the Office for National Statistics’ Sexual Identity Project (see ONS, 2009 for details). This identified sexual identity as a component of sexual orientation that would be a suitable basis for a survey question. Sexual identity is how an individual defines themselves, whereas sexual orientation can be looked on as an umbrella term which also covers sexual behaviour or attraction.

The question, which has now been adopted under the harmonised principles (ONS, 2015f), asks respondents to pick the option from a list that best describes how they think of themselves. The main answer categories are: ‘Heterosexual/straight’, ‘Gay/lesbian’, ‘Bisexual’ and ‘Other’.

Two categories are used in the outputs: ‘Heterosexual/straight’ and ‘Gay/lesbian/Bisexual/Other’, with the latter groups combined because numbers of respondents are often too low to disaggregate further. Note that the question is only asked in person, that is proxy responses are not collected, and various types of non-response are quite high even after exclusion of proxy responses.

Definition: Sexual orientation based on self-defined sexual identity


35



Reference group: Heterosexual/straight

Table 3.13 Adults, household population by sexual orientation and country, 2013 and 2016 (thousands)


2013Heterosexual or straight 40,160 4,158 2,364 46,682

Gay or lesbian 498 42 25 565

Bisexual 214 10 13 237

Other 118 11 8 137

Don’t know or Refuse 2,026 126 84 2,236

Total: 16 and over 43,016 4,3474347 2,494 49,8572016Heterosexual or straight 41,003 4,176 2,399 47,578

Gay or lesbian 540 51 26 617

Bisexual 324 42 18 384

Other 239 14 10 263

Don’t know or Refuse 1,964 114 67 2,145

Total: 16 and over 44,070 4,397 2,520 50,987

Sources: Office for National Statistics (2017b)

3.8 Socioeconomic group

The National Statistics Socio-Economic Classification (NS-SEC) was developed in the 1990s to replace two previous social classifications. The Government Statistical Service includes the classification within its harmonised principles (see GSS, 2018 for details).

The classification is based on employment status and occupation, the latter now measured by the Standard Occupation Classification (SOC) 2010, and has rules for coverage of the whole adult population. Note that the change from SOC 2000 to SOC 2010 may have had some impact on the NS-SEC. Further details of the NS-SEC’s derivation can be found on the Office for National Statistics website (ONS, 2018d).

The eight categories used in the data tables are the eight NS-SEC analytic classes (see below), including ‘Never worked and long-term unemployed’ where available. The categories: Full-time students, Occupations not stated or inadequately


36



described; and Not classifiable for other reasons are excluded from the analyses where possible.

In education data, both eligibility for free school meals and indices of multiple deprivation may be used as proxies for socio-economic group.

Definition: NS-SEC classes

Reference group: Higher managerial, administrative and professional

Table 3.14 Adults aged 16–64, household population estimated from Annual Population Survey by socioeconomic group and country, 2010/11, 2013/14 and 2016/17 (percentages)


2010/11

1. Higher managerial, administrative and professional

4,077.3 351.8 171.4 4,600.6

2. Lower managerial, administrative and professional

7,385.0 719.4 385.7 8,490.2

3. Intermediate 3,329.6 354.4 182.7 3,866.7

4. Small employers and own account workers

2,568.9 214.4 136.6 2,919.9

5. Lower supervisory and technical

2,403.4 286.2 161.0 2,850.5

6. Semi-routine 4,213.9 453.5 268.1 4,935.5

7. Routine 2,876.2 332.6 174.7 3,383.5

8. Never worked and long-term unemployed

7,010.8 705.4 445.6 8,161.8

Total: 16 and over 33,865.0 3,417.8 1,925.8 39,208.6

2013/14


4,276.3 375.0 166.5 4,817.7


7,447.6 724.1 403.0 8,574.7

3. Intermediate 3,891.8 392.2 210.4 4,494.4


2,728.0 197.9 152.6 3,078.6

5. Lower supervisory and 2,085.5 256.0 135.9 2,477.5


37



England Scotland Wales Great Britaintechnical

6. Semi-routine 3,979.2 438.2 249.1 4,666.6

7. Routine 2,870.9 320.9 169.1 3,360.9


6,794.2 711.0 425.5 7,930.8

Total: 16 and over 34,073.5 3,415.3 1,912.2 39,401.0

2016/17


4,629.4 421.3 192.0 5,242.7


7,809.5 738.6 402.2 8,950.3

3. Intermediate 3,900.6 393.8 208.5 4,502.8


2,892.4 215.1 147.9 3,255.4

5. Lower supervisory and technical

2,153.4 235.6 143.5 2,532.5

6. Semi-routine 3,990.1 429.0 246.1 4,665.1

7. Routine 2,843.5 319.6 163.0 3,326.1


6,344.7 660.7 399.3 7,404.7

Total: 16 and over 34,563.6 3,413.5 1,902.4 39,879.6


3.9 Urban-rural

This identifies the type of area in which a person lives and is based on rural urban classifications.

In England and Wales there are ten categories in the full classification which is based on the 2011 Census for England and Wales (ONS, 2018a). In the data tables up to three combined categories are generally shown, these are: Urban, Town and fringe, Village, hamlets and isolated dwellings. Urban areas are built-up areas with 10,000 people or more and the rest are classified as ‘rural’.

The Scottish Government’s Urban Rural classification is updated every two year, most recently based on 2016 Small Area Population Estimates. This has up to eight categories and where available we use three categories: Urban, Small towns and


38



Rural. Here Urban includes settlements of 10,000 or more people, while Small towns have 3,000-9,000 people. In the binary classification, Small towns are included in the Urban category.


39



4. References

Department for Work and Pensions (2018) Family Resources Survey 2016/17 Disability data tables [Accessed 22 October 2018]

Equality Act 2010, Chapter 15 [Accessed: 18 October 2018]

Government Statistical Service (2018) Harmonised principles [Accessed 18 October 2018]

National Records for Scotland (2018) Scotland’s Census 2011 data tables [Accessed: June 2018]

Office for National Statistics (2009) Measuring sexual identity: A guide for researchers. London: Office for National Statistics.

Office for National Statistics (2017a) Research report on population estimates by characteristics.

Office for National Statistics (2017b) Sexual identity, UK: Dataset [Accessed: 18 October 2018]

Office for National Statistics (2018a) 2011 rural/urban classification [Accessed: 18 October 2018]

Office for National Statistics (2018b) 2011 Census data [Accessed: June 2018]

Office for National Statistics (2018c) Estimates of the population for the UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland: Mid-2001 to mid-2017 detailed time series [Accessed: 18 October 2018].

Office for National Statistics (2018d) The National Statistics Socio-economic classification (NS-SEC) [Accessed: 18 October 2018]

Office for National Statistics, Social Survey Division. (2015). Annual Population Survey, April 2010 - March 2011. [data collection]. 3rd Edition. UK Data Service. SN: 6896 [Accessed July 2017]


40


http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-6896-3



https://www.ons.gov.uk/methodology/classificationsandstandards/otherclassifications/thenationalstatisticssocioeconomicclassificationnssecrebasedonsoc2010

https://www.ons.gov.uk/methodology/classificationsandstandards/otherclassifications/thenationalstatisticssocioeconomicclassificationnssecrebasedonsoc2010

https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland



https://www.ons.gov.uk/census/2011census/2011censusdata

https://www.ons.gov.uk/methodology/geography/geographicalproducts/ruralurbanclassifications/2011ruralurbanclassification

https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/sexuality/datasets/sexualidentityuk

https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/methodologies/researchreportonpopulationestimatesbycharacteristics

https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/methodologies/researchreportonpopulationestimatesbycharacteristics

https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/

https://gss.civilservice.gov.uk/guidances/harmonisation/0-harmonised-principles/

http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/contents

https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/family-resources-survey-financial-year-201617

https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/family-resources-survey-financial-year-201617


Office for National Statistics, Social Survey Division. (2017a). Annual Population Survey, April 2013 - March 2014 [data collection] 5th Edition, UK Data Service, SN: 7521 [Accessed July 2017]

Office for National Statistics. Social Survey Division. (2017b). Annual Population Survey, April 2016 - March 2017, [data collection], [original data producer(s)], UK Data Service, SN: 8197 [Accessed July 2017]


41









5. Contacts

This publication and related equality and human rights resources are available from our website.

Questions and comments regarding this publication may be addressed to: [email protected]. We welcome your feedback.

Alternative formats

For information on accessing a Commission publication in an alternative format, please contact: [email protected] .

EASS

For advice, information or guidance on equality, discrimination or human rights issues, please contact the Equality Advisory and Support Service, a free and independent service.

Telephone 0808 800 0082

Textphone 0808 800 0084

Hours 09:00 to 19:00 (Monday to Friday)

10:00 to 14:00 (Saturday)

Post FREEPOST EASS HELPLINE FPN6521

© 2018 Equality and Human Rights Commission

Published November 2018


42


http://www.equalityadvisoryservice.com/




Documents

equalityhumanrights.com · Web viewFor each intersectional analysis a logistic regression model was applied which included all available equality characteristics and year, then interaction