Unit 3 Neurobiology and Communication KA 4: Communication and social behaviour

Key Area 4 – Communication and Social Behaviour

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(c)

(a)

(b)

Key Area 4:Communication and

social behaviour

(d)

Learning Outcomes State the name of the experiment which determines infant

attachment State the age when attachment becomes evident Describe the responses of a child who has secure attachment

(description should include the entry and exit of mother and stranger)

Describe the responses of a child who has insecure attachment (description should include the entry and exit of mother and stranger)

Explain why early infant attachment is important Explain the importance of a human’s long period of

dependency on adults Describe the link between parental control as children

develop and the child’s social competence as an adult

Name the 2 types of communication Give examples of non-verbal communication Explain the importance of non-verbal communication State 2 further functions of non-verbal communication State 3 important features of verbal communication Describe the importance of language and the use of symbols

State what is meant by learning Explain how a motor pathway can be established State 2 ways human behaviour may be learned State what is meant by ‘trial and error’ State 3 techniques which can be seen in the trial and error

process State what is meant by:

o Reinforcemento Shapingo Extinction

State what is meant by:o Generalisationo Discrimination

State what is meant by the following and recognise examples of:

o Social facilitationo De-individuationo Internalisationo Identification

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Key Area 4(a) The effect of infant attachmentSocial Animals

Humans are __________ animals with most humans choosing to live as part of a group.

To operate effectively as a group, humans have developed various _______________________ that allow us to _________________ effectively.

Social behaviours involve sending and receiving information using ________ and __________ (E.g. written communication, verbal communication and _____________________).

Using social behaviours begins at ________ and continues throughout life.

Infant Attachment

The emotional tie that binds an infant to its carer is known as _____________________.

At first, the infant shows __________________ attachment (i.e. the infant will be equally comforted by any individual). Attachment to ____________ individuals (e.g. mum and dad) becomes evident between ___________________.

__________ infant attachment is important in laying the foundation for the future formation of ______________ relationships.

The Strange Situation

The strange situation is a research tool used by psychologists to investigate infant attachment.

1. Why is this test set-up?4

Figure 1 Humans have been living in groups for thousands of years

Figure 2 Infant attachment

2. Describes the baby’s response when the mother

a) Leaves the room (first separation)

b) Enters the room

3. Describes the baby’s response when the mother leaves the room for the second time

4. What are the signs of secure attachment?

5. What are the signs of insecure attachment?

6. How are children who are considered to be more securely attached more likely to behave in their first year?

Measures of infant attachment can be examined in ‘the strange situation’ case study as either _______________ or __________________.

Infants that form _____________ attachments:

Explore and play freely with toys when mother is present Show distress when mother leaves Refuse comfort from stranger Goes immediately to mother, when she returns, for comfort and

then calms down and returns to play

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The infant comes across more ___________________________ as they are more likely to ___________________ their immediate environment which in turn results in increased development of_______________________ (brain-based skills we need to carry out any task from the simplest to the most complex.)

Infants that form _____________ attachments:

Hardly explores or plays with toys regardless of who is present Displays indifference or major distress when mother leaves Accepts comfort from stranger Ignores mother or may show signs of anger/resentment and

may try to hit her while seeking comfort – ____________________.

The infant comes across ________ opportunities for learning and are often deprived of normal social contact, affection and cuddling. Insecurely attached infants often suffer long lasting effects.

Socialisation and Learning

Socialisation is the _____________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

Young humans are dependant on adults for a _________ period of development during childhood and adolescence.

This provides ________ for socialisation and learning allowing __________________________ (the ability to successfully interact with others) to develop.

Methods of Control

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As children develop, different _____________________ _____________________ (approaches to parenting) can influence social competence.

The ___________ of a developing child’s social competence is affected by the method of control adopted by their parents.

___________________ control (loving family with clear behavioural expectations) generally results in greater social competence than _________________ (loving but no boundaries set) control.

Key Area 4(b) The Effect of Communication_____________________ is the exchange of information, feelings, ideas and opinions between people. Human society is based on effective communication.

There are 2 types of communication:

_________________________ _________________________

Verbal communication:

Verbal communication is based on the use of _______________ to communicate ideas. Language combines basic sounds into ________________.

It also uses ______________ (e.g. letters or traffic signs) to represent information. The symbols can be organised into categories and hierarchies.

On a day to day basis, using language allows us to communicate our ________________ and successfully

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Figure 3 A loving, supportive family life with clear behavioural expectations increases a child's social competence.

Figure 4 Spoken words and signs/symbols are all examples of verbal communication

__________________ with other members of our group. Long term, language (spoken and written) allows the _________________________________ of information from generation to generation. It allows us to _______________ from previous generations meaning we do not have to rediscover everything for ourselves.

Thus language promotes the acceleration of _______________ and the development of ________________. The ability to make sophisticated use of language is one of the features that sets humans apart from other animals.

Non-verbal Communication

Non-verbal communication is the transfer of information using ___________

_________________. It plays an important part in the _________________

_______________ between individuals as it can signal ______________ and _______________.

Non-verbal communication acts as an ______ to verbal communication.

Examples of non-verbal communication include:

1. _______________ in infants

• _______________________, as it makes babies more appealing and loveable therefore _________________________ between carers and babies.

2. _______________________________________3. _______________________________________4. _______________________________________5. _______________________________________6. _______________________________________

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Key Area 4(c) The Effect of ExperienceLearning is a change in _________________ as a result of _________________. The effect of practice (experience) on motor skills

The ___________ use of a motor skill (e.g. learning to a ride a bike) results in a motor pathway being established.This leads to the formation of “_________________”

_____________ improves motor skillsLack of practice results in the skill becoming ‘___________’

How do humans learn?

1. __________________: Repeating a new skill will help develop it.

2. _____________ (watching) & ______________ (copying): E.g. Watching someone build something and then copying them afterwards.3. __________________________: Mistakes are valuable learning

opportunities!4. ____________________: When behaviour patterns that

have positive consequences for the individual are likely to be repeated.

E.g. Rats learning that when the lever is pressed a reward (food) is given.

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5. ____________________: The rewarding of behaviour that approximates to the desired behaviour.

E.g. Animal trainers teaching dolphins to balance balloons on their snouts.

6. _____________________: When behaviour patterns are not rewarded and so are likely to disappear.

E.g. Rats learning that pressing a lever fails to give food, meaning that they press the lever less and less frequently.

7. ____________________: Ability to respond in the same way to many different but related stimuli.

E.g. A child who has been bitten by a dog, now fears all dogs.

8. _____________________: Ability to distinguish between different but related stimuli and give different responses.

E.g. A child who has been bitten by a dog, now fears only large dogs.

Key Area 4(d) The Effect of Group Behaviour and Social Influence

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_____________________ - Increased performance and achievement in competitive/ audience situations.E.g. An athlete having a much better chance at achieving a ‘personal best’ in a race rather than in training

_____________________ - Anti-social behaviour of some groups which would not be shown by individuals from these groups on their own. It leads to less restraint in appropriate behaviour – herd or ‘mob’ mentality. E.g. Hooded or masked group (so they are less likely to be caught) breaking into shops and stealing goods

_____________________ - Changing of beliefs as a result of persuasion.E.g. Advertisers creating a TV ad in order to sell their product (aftershave, toothpaste, detergent, double glazing)

_____________________ - Changing of beliefs to be like an admired influencing source.E.g. A young person does not smoke because she has seen an advertising campaign showing pictures of famous people that are against it.

END OF KEY AREA 4!

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