Name: ___________________________ Section: “Literature”English Period: ____

A Christmas CarolBy Charles Dickens

Table of Contents:

1

Page(s) Description

2-5 The Life and Times of Charles Dickens

6 Literary Elements and Devices for This Unit

7-15 Act I Resources

16-23 Act II Resources

24 Symbolism

25 Theme

26 Plot

The Time Period of Charles DickensSocial Class Structure in ________________ England (Mid 1800’s to the turn of the century):

Upper Class (Wealthy) The top class was known as the Upper Class or ________________________. It included the _____________ and nobility, which had great power and wealth. This class consisted of about _________ percent of the population, but owned the

majority of the land. It included: the royal family, lords, the clergy, great officers of state, and those above

the degree of baronet. These people were ____________ into nobility, privileged, and avoided taxes.

Middle Class (Bourgeoisie) The middle class consisted of the ___________________________. It was made up of factory owners, bankers, shopkeepers, merchants, lawyers,

engineers, businessmen, traders, and other professionals. These people could sometimes be extremely rich, but in normal circumstances

they were not___________________ , and they especially resented this. There was a very large ________ between the middle class and the lower class.

Lower Working Class (Skilled and Unskilled) This class is also referred to as the ___________________________ class. The working class (skilled laborers) were above the unskilled class but not by much. The lower class contained men, women, and ___________________ performing many

types of labor, including factory workers, seamstresses, sweepers, miners, and others. Like the middle class, the lower class also had to endure a large burden of __________. This third class consisted of about _____ percent of the population but only owned

_________ than ______ percent of the land. The working class unskilled laborers contained many men, women, and children with no

particular ________________. These people typically did ______________________ that did not last long. Many unskilled laborers were a step away from being __________________ and occasionally spent

time on the streets.

Under Class The Under Class is also known as “____________________” (those who were

not working and were receiving public charity). This was considered a submerged "under class" and was sometimes referred to

as the "sunken people" who lived in ____________________. The under class were more susceptible to exploitation and were therefore

taken advantage of. These people often starved to ______________ on the streets or died from

malnutrition or disease.

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The Industrial Revolution During the 1800’s the __________________________________ spread

throughout Britain. The use of steam-powered machines, led to a massive increase in the

number of _________________, particularly in textile factories or mills.

From Country to City As the number of factories grew, people from the countryside began to move

into the towns looking for better paid _________________. Cities were filled to overflowing, and __________________ was particularly bad. People crowded into already crowded houses. Rooms were _________________

to whole families or perhaps several families. If there were no rooms to rent, people stayed in lodging houses.

Child Labor Children worked in ___________________carrying large buckets of coal around on their

backs, or they worked sitting down in the mine alone to open the door for a coal cart passing through.

Many factory workers were children. They worked ___________ hours and were often treated _____________ by the supervisors or overseers.

In match factories, children were employed to dip matches into a chemical called phosphorous. This phosphorous could cause their teeth to rot and some died from the effect of breathing it into their lungs.

The mill owners often took in orphans to their workhouses, they __________ at the mill and were worked as hard as possible.

They spent most of their working hours at the machines with little time for _________________ or exercise. Even part of Sunday was spent cleaning machines.

There were some serious ___________________; some children were scalped when their hair was caught in the machine, hands were crushed, and some children were killed when they went to sleep and fell into the machine.

When young boys first started working as chimney sweeps between _________ and ________ years old, they suffered many cuts, grazes and bruises on their knees, elbows, and thighs. However, after months of suffering, their skin became hardened.

Street Kids Hordes of dirty, ragged children roamed the streets with no regular money

and no home to go to. The children of the streets were often ______________with no one to care for them.

They stole or picked pockets to buy food and slept in _____________________ or doorways. Some street children did jobs to earn money.

They could work as crossing-sweepers, sweeping a way through the mud and horse dung of the main paths to make way for ladies and gentlemen. Others sold lace, flowers, matches, or muffins out in the ___________________.

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The Life of Charles Dickens

The Life of Charles Dickens Charles Dickens was born on ___________________________________. His father, John Dickens, was a clerk at the Navy Pay Office. His father continuously lived beyond his means and was _______________________

for debt in 1824. When Dickens was _____, he was pulled out of school to work in a boot-blacking

factory to support the family. He glued the labels onto the bottles of boot black for six shillings a day. Today, One Shilling would equal ______ pennies, so in one month of factory work, Dickens made an estimated 144 Pence which would equal ________ today!

Dickens Begins to Write Dickens said that his time _________________ and living alone in a boarding house traumatized him

for the rest of his life. Dickens eventually returned to school at Wellington House Academy in __________________. Dickens began submitting material to the British Press where he was paid a ___________ a line.

Connection: He was similar to a reporter for a newspaper today. Dickens' career as a writer of fiction started in _________ when his short stories and essays appeared

in periodicals. Dickens proved to be a prolific writer writing ______novels, plays, short stories, and essays. Some of his more famous works include:

Oliver Twist 1837 Nicholas Nickelby 1838 A Christmas Carol 1843David Copperfield 1849 A Tale of Two Cities 1859 Great Expectations 1860

Personal Life Dickens married Catherine Hogart in __________. Catherine’s _______________, Mary, moved into their house, and it was suspected that Dickens was in

love with her. Mary died in 1837, and a heartbroken Dickens requested to ______________________ next to her. Mary has appeared in his books, but usually as a good-hearted character. Dickens had ______ children with Catherine, but they separated in 1858. In the 1850s, Dickens spent much time traveling and campaigning against

many of the ____________________ of his time. In addition he gave talks and readings, wrote pamphlets, plays, and letters.

From 1860 until the time of his death, Dickens lived at Gadshill Place, near Rochester, Kent.

He died at Gadshill on _____________________________. Dickens died before he finished his last work called The Mystery of Edwin Drood. The novel was left ____________________, and the ending remains ___________________.

More about Charles Dickens4

Directions: Answer the following questions as you watch the video clip about Charles Dickens. They go in order!

1. How old was Charles Dickens’ mother when he was born? ________________

2. Why was the Leather Bottle (pub) important to Dickens? __________________________________________________

3. What importance did Gad’s Hill Place, a house that Dickens adored as a boy, have in Dickens’ life? ________________

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4. East Gate House is featured in which two works by Dickens?

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5. How were the docks important in Dickens’ novels?_______________________________________________________

6. How long was Dickens’ father imprisoned because of debt? _______________________________________________

7. How did the death of Dickens’ grandmother help his family? _______________________________________________

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8. Dickens fell in love at age 17. What happened four years later?_____________________________________________

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9. What paper did Dickens write for? ____________________________________________________________

10. Dickens met Catherine. By what year were they engaged to be married? _______________

11. What novel did Dickens begin after Pickwick was finished? _____________________________________________

12. Why did Dickens miss one month of an installment of his writings? _________________________________________

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13. How many children did Dickens have? _________

14. What happened with Dickens’ marriage? _____________________________________________________________

15. On how many occasions did Dickens perform before the queen? _______________

16. Why is Dickens’ enthusiasm for acting not surprising? ___________________________________________________

17. How many visits did Dickens make to the United States? _______________

18. Why was Dickens disappointed with the United States? __________________________________________________

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19. In 1855, where did Dickens settle down? ______________________________________________________________

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20. What was Dickens’ death considered (because he was held in such high regard by so many people)? _____________

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Literary Elements and Devices for This Unit

Characterization The process by which the writer reveals the personality of a character. Characterization is revealed through direct characterization and indirect characterization.

Direct Characterization Tells the audience what the personality of the character is. Example: “The patient boy and quiet girl were both well-mannered and did not disobey their mother.” Explanation: The author is directly telling the audience the personality of these two children. The boy is “patient” and the girl is “quiet.”

Indirect Characterization Shows things that reveal the personality of a character. There are five different methods of indirect characterization: speech, thoughts, effect on others, actions, looks (STEAL)

Setting The general locale, historical time, and social circumstances in which the action of a fictional or dramatic work occurs; the setting of an episode or scene within a work is the particular physical location in which it takes place.

Theme The message about life that comes out of a story. Theme can either be stated or unstated in a story.

Symbolism Something concrete that stands for something abstract. A symbol may be a person, place, thing, or action. It may stand for an idea, belief, feeling, or attitude. A symbol keeps its own meaning while also standing for something else.

Foreshadowing The use of clues early in a story to give hints about events that will happen later.

Dynamic Character The character changes, grows, or learns something by the end of the story.

Static Character The character experiences no major change in the story.

Situational irony An outcome contrary to what was or might have been expected.

Flashback Insertion of an earlier event into the normal chronological sequences of a narrative.

Plot The order structure, or sequences, of causal events in a story (exposition, inciting incident, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution, denouement)

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Name: __________________________________ Section: Literature

English Period: ____

ACT I Vocabulary 1. counting house – noun – office for keeping financial records and writing business letters

2. solemnized – verb – honored and remembered

3. comforter – noun – long, woolen scarf

4. Humbug – noun – Nonsense! Foolishness!

5. implore(d) – verb – ask or beg earnestly or sincerely

6. morose – adjective – gloomy, ill-tempered

7. Bedlam – noun – hospital in London for the mentally ill

8. liberality – noun – generosity

9. destitute – adjective – complete poverty

10. loony – adjective – extremely foolish or silly; crazy; insane

11. specter – noun – ghost

12. deliquesce – verb – melt away

13. gruel – noun – thin broth, almost like watered-down oatmeal

14. misanthrope – noun – person who hates or distrusts mankind

15. void – adjective, noun, verb – total emptiness

16. miserly – adjective – living meagerly in order to hoard money; greedy

17. horrid – adjective – dreadful; disagreeable; offensive

18. ponderous – adjective – very heavy; bulky

19. benevolence – noun – kindness

20. scrim – noun – semitransparent curtain used on stage for lighting effects

21. rapt – noun – giving complete attention; totally focused on something

22. apprentice – noun – someone who receives financial support, training and instruction in return for work

23. pound – noun – common type of money in England

24. dowerless – adjective – without the property or wealth that is brought to marriage by a woman to her husband

25. don –verb – to put on a hat

26. doff – verb – to take off a hat

27. askew – adjective – crooked; not straight

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Name: __________________________________ Section: Literature

English Period: ____

SETTING

Setting Describe when and where the story takes place.

Time Period

Place/Surroundings

Historical Context

Briefly describe what you know about the country at this time.

Time of Year

Why is the setting important in the play?

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Name: __________________________________ Section: Literature

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English Period: ____ Due Date: ___________

ACT I Questions Directions: Using your play, answer the following questions. Make sure you fully answer each question. This packet will serve as your review packet for the test.

SCENE 1 QUESTIONS:

1. Who is Marley?

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2. In the very beginning of the play, why is Marley upset with Scrooge?

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3. What key background information about Scrooge is provided in scene one?

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SCENE 2 QUESTIONS:

4. How does Scrooge treat his clerk, Bob Cratchit?

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5. Why does Scrooge’s nephew come to see him?

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6. How does Scrooge feel about Christmastime?

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7. When did Marley die?

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8. Why do the portly man and the thin man visit Scrooge?

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9. What can you infer that Cratchit give to the two men?

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10. What does your answer to question number nine reveal about Cratchit’s character?

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SCENE 3 QUESTIONS:

11. What foreshadows the fact that Scrooge will have an unusual evening?

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12. How does Marley reappear to Scrooge?

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13. How does Scrooge react when he sees Marley again?

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14. Why does Marley continue to walk the earth?

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15. What do the chains that Marley’s ghost must wear symbolize?

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16. Why is Marley visiting Scrooge? (What is his purpose?)

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17. Why doesn’t Scrooge want Marley to leave?

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SCENE 4 QUESTIONS:

18. Based on how Scrooge acts, does he believe that the next ghost will come? Explain your response!

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19. Why does the Ghost of Christmas Past say that he is visiting Scrooge?

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SCENE 5 QUESTIONS:

20. Scrooge visits his old boarding school. What does Scrooge see there that upsets him?

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21. What does this make him think of from the night before? 11

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22. Who is Fan?

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23. What type of person is Fan? Describe her character traits and explain how she fits these traits.

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24. From the scenes that Christmas Past shows the reader, what can you infer about Scrooge’s childhood?

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25. Next, the spirit and Scrooge move on to a warehouse. Who does Scrooge work for?

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26. Who is Dick Wilkins?

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27. How is Fezziwig a different boss than Scrooge?

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28. How does Scrooge say that he will treat his employees? Does he live up to it? Explain.

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29. Next, Scrooge is taken to a scene with him and his fiancé. What reason does she give Scrooge for leaving him?

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30. What does this scene with the young woman reveal about how Scrooge changed as he got older?

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31. How does the flashback of Scrooge’s fiancé breaking off their engagement help develop the plot?

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ACT I QUOTE SIGNIFICANCE

Directions: Read each quote and explain its significance (why the quote is important).

32. "'Business! . . . Mankind was my business. The common welfare was my business; charity, mercy, forbearance, and benevolence were all my business. The dealings of my trade were but a drop of water in the comprehensive ocean of my business!'"

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33. “’If I could work my will, every idiot who goes about with Merry Christmas on his lips, should be boiled with his own pudding, and buried with a stake of holly through his heart. He should!’”

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34. “’I cannot in any way afford to lose my days. Securities come due, promissory notes, interest on investments: these are things that happen in the daylight!’”

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35. Past – “Your lip is trembling, Mr. Scrooge. And what is that upon your cheek?” Scrooge – “Upon my check? Nothing… a blemish on the skin from the eating of overmuch grease… nothing… [Suddenly] King Spirit of Christmas Past, lead me where you will, but quickly! To be stagnant in this place is, for me, unbearable!”

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36. What does Fred mean when he says, ‘“There are many things from which I derive good, by which I have not profited. Christmas is a time when men and women open their shut-up hearts freely, and think of people below them as if they really were fellow-passengers to the grave, and not another race of creatures bound on other journeys?”’

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ACT I CHARACTERIZATION 14

Directions: Identify a character trait that best represents Scrooge in Act I. Then, find a piece of text from the play to support this character trait using each of the following methods of characterization for Scrooge. Write the quote, character’s name, and page number in the chart below. (See the typed example in the chart.)

How would you describe Scrooge at the beginning of the play?

Cite a piece of text to support your answer! Scene Page #

How would you describe Scrooge at the end of Act I?

Cite a piece of text to support your answer! Scene Page #

Name: __________________________________ Section: Literature

English Period: ____ 15

ACT II Vocabulary 1. astonish – verb – to amaze

2. Horn of Plenty – noun – a horn overflowing with fruits, flowers and grain, standing for wealth and abundance

3. mill (as in- to mill about the streets) – verb – to walk around aimlessly or randomly

4. incense – noun – any of various substances that produce a pleasant odor when burned

5. compulsion – noun – a driving, irresistible force; something you feel you have to do

6. severe – adjective – harsh; extremely bad or serious

7. meager – adjective – of poor quality; small in amount

8. threadbare – adjective – worn; shabby

9. lute – noun – a stringed instrument like a guitar

10. a proper loon – noun – a silly person

11. audible – adjective – loud enough to be heard

12. gnarled – adjective – knotty and twisted

13. calico –adjective – a coarse, cheap cloth

14. in Time’s penultimate nick (saying)– just at the last possible moment; in the nick of time

15. poulterer – noun – a British word for a store that sells chickens, turkeys and geese

16. dispel – verb – to scatter and drive away; make to vanish

17. farthing – noun – a British coin of small value

18. smoking bishop – noun – a hot, sweet orange-flavored drink made with wine, sugar and oranges

19. reveler – noun – someone who is enjoying a noisy party or celebration

20. wizened – adjective – withered; shriveled; dried up

21. undulate – verb – to move in a smooth, wave-like motion; waver back and forth

Name: __________________________________ Section: Literature

English Period: ____ Due Date: ___________

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ACT II Questions Directions: Using your play, answer the following questions. Make sure you fully answer each question. This packet will serve as your review packet for the test.

SCENE 1 QUESTIONS:

1. Who are the “brothers” of the Ghost of Christmas Present, and why hasn’t Scrooge “walked forth” with them?

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2. What is the significance of this quote? “ ‘Spirit, conduct me where you will. I went forth last night on compulsion and learnt a lesson which is working now. Tonight, if you have aught to teach me, let me profit by it.’” __________________________________________________________________________________________________

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3. How is Scrooge’s attitude toward this ghost different than the attitude he had with Marley at first and the Ghost of Christmas Past?

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SCENE 2 QUESTIONS:

4. What does the Ghost of Christmas Present symbolically sprinkle from his torch?

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On whom does he sprinkle that and why do they need it the most?

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SCENE 3 QUESTIONS:

5. What Scrooge’s reaction when Christmas Present shows him the Cratchit home and Bob’s many children?

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6. What is the significance of this quote? “If these shadows remain unaltered by the future, none other of my race will find him here.”

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7. Present says to Scrooge: “ ‘ If he be liked to die, he had better do it and decrease the surplus population.”’ How does hearing his own words about “surplus population” echoed by the Ghost of Christmas Present affect Scrooge?

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8. How does Scrooge’s reaction to the Ghost of Christmas Present’s prediction for Tiny Tim further develop the plot?

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9. What is Mrs. Cratchit’s response to Bob’s toast to Scrooge? Why do you think she acts this way, and do you agree or disagree with her reaction? __________________________________________________________________________________________________

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10. What is the significance of this quote? " ‘They don’t sing very well, do they? But, nonetheless, they do sing….. think of that Scrooge. Fifteen shillings a week and they do sing…’”

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11. What is an example of foreshadowing in this scene or scene IV?

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SCENE 4 QUESTIONS:

12. What is it you think Scrooge would say to Fred and his wife if he were audible (able to be heard)? Why?

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13. Why does the Ghost of Christmas Present warn Scrooge of the dolls Ignorance and Want?

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14. Explain why the Ghost of Christmas Present’s response to Scrooge’s question about “refuge or resource” for Ignorance and Want is significant. *Hint: think back to the beginning of the play!

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15. What does Scrooge’s eagerness, despite his fear, to learn from the Ghost of Christmas Yet-to- Come (Future) show how Scrooge is changing?

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16. Who are the businessmen talking about? How did you come to this conclusion?

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17. “’Spirit, why did you show me this? Why do you show me businessmen from my streets as they take the death of Jacob Marley. That is a thing past. You are future!’”

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Based on the previous excerpt, what can you infer about Scrooge as he begins his journey with Future?

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18. What did the men and women admit to doing, and what was their reasoning behind it?

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19. Situational irony can be defined as “An outcome contrary to what was or might have been expected.”

What was ironic about Scrooge’s reaction to the conversation among Old Joe, First Man, First Woman, and Mrs. Dilber when they were discussing the dead man’s belongings?

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20. Explain the significance of this quote: “'If he wanted to keep 'em after he was dead, a wicked old screw. . . why wasn't he natural in his lifetime? If he had been, he'd have had somebody to look after him when he was struck with Death, instead of lying gasping out his last there, alone by himself.' "

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21. Why does Scrooge begin screaming and fall down crying at the end of scene four?

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22. What has happened to Tiny Tim? What clues helped you come to this conclusion?

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23. Why is it important for Scrooge to know if this is how the future “will be, or MAY be”?

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24. Explain the significance of this quote: "'I will honor Christmas in my heart and try to keep it all the year. I will live in the Past, Present, and the Future. The Spirits of all three shall strive within me. I will not shut out the lessons that they teach. Oh, tell me I may sponge away the writing on this stone!'”

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SCENE 5 QUESTIONS:

25. Why does Scrooge say he feels like a baby at the end of Act II?

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26. Explain Marley’s statement about one act of kindness leading to another and another. What does he mean?

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27. Why doesn’t Scrooge want the Cratchit family to know who bought the turkey?

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28. Based on his chat with the portly man from the previous night, how can you tell that Scrooge has changed?

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29. Why do you think Scrooge keeps losing the courage to knock on Fred’s door?

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30. Because Cratchit does not know about Scrooge’s change in attitude, what might he be expecting Scrooge to do or say when he shows up late the day after Christmas?

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31. How does Scrooge live up to the promise that he made to Christmas Future in the final scene?

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Name: __________________________________ Section: Literature

English Period: ____ Due Date: ___________

ACT II CHARActerization

Directions: Find one strong example from the text of each of the following methods of characterization for Scrooge in ACT II. You must quote the text word for word and use quotation marks.

Quote Character Page #

Direct Characterization (Directly stated by the narrator)

Indirect- Speech

Indirect-Thoughts of the Character

Indirect-Effect on Others

Indirect-Actions

Indirect-Looks

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Name: __________________________________ Section: Literature

English Period: ____ Due Date: ___________

Symbolism

Symbol Meaning--Explain what each symbol represented in your own words.Scrooge

Bob Cratchit

Fire (Bob warms himself, fireplace when Marley’s ghost comes, fire from Christmas Present)

Marley’s Chains

Ghost of Christmas Past1. 1. Light upon his head

2. Cap he holds

3. Body

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Ghost of Christmas Present(throne)

Ghost of Christmas Yet-to-Come (Future)

Girl Want

What do you know about Victorian England?

Boy Ignorance

What do you know about Victorian England?

Name: __________________________________ Section: Literature24

English Period: ____ Due Date: ___________

THEME

Theme Evidence from the text to support your theme; include the Act, Scene, and page number from the text!

1.

2.

3.

Name: __________________________________ Section: Literature

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English Period: ____ Due Date: ___________

PLOTExposition

Inciting Incident

Rising Action

Climax

Falling Action

Resolution

Denouement

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