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INTRODUCTIONMultiple-Choice Questions

1. How does the Preamble to the Constitution begin?

a. “We the People…”b. “We hold these truths to be self-evident…”c. “When in the Course of human events…”d. “In Order to form a more perfect Union…”

Page Reference: 4

2. What was the most common initial reason for settlement in North America by the first colonists?

a. family reunification b. religious freedomc. flight from diseases rampaging through Europed. commerce

Page Reference: 5

3. In a direct democracy, decisions are made collectively by citizens using __________.

a. indirect democracyb. majority rulec. enlightened representativesd. trustee representatives

Page Reference: 7

4. The ancient Greeks considered representative government to be __________.

a. nearly perfectb. a natural rightc. aristocraticd. undemocratic

Page Reference: 8

5. Indirect democracy uses which of the following?

© Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

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a. plebiscites b. unanimityc. representationd. “mob rule”

Page Reference: 8

6. What are republics?

a. representative democraciesb. direct democraciesc. a hallmark of direct democracyd. forms of government frequently found in totalitarian regimes

Page Reference: 8

7. In an oligarchy, rule is by which of the following?

a. the many in their self-interestb. a few people in their self-interestc. one person in the best interest of societyd. the many in the best interest of society

Page Reference: 7

8. Which function of government stated in the Preamble is consistent with the notion of having government-provided police protection?

a. establishing justiceb. securing the blessings of libertyc. promoting the general welfared. ensuring domestic tranquility

Page Reference: 8

9. Which of the following expanded Americans’ conceptions of personal liberty?

a. indirect democracyb. the Fourteenth Amendmentc. the American Dreamd. political ideology

Page Reference: 9


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10. The idea that governments draw legitimacy and power from the governed is referred to as which of the following?

a. majority ruleb. direct democracyc. capitalismd. popular consent

Page Reference: 10

11. Which of the following is the doctrine that society should be governed by certain ethical principles that are part of nature and can be understood by reason?

a. ethical lawb. contract lawc. natural lawd. Newton’s law

Page Reference: 10

12. The Framers agreed that the new nation had to be founded on notions of which of the following?

a. economic equalityb. aristocracyc. racial equalityd. religious freedom

Page Reference: 10

13. How many citizens did the Constitution initially mandate that each member of the House of Representatives should represent?

a. 30,000b. 60,000c. 100,000d. 130,000

Page Reference: 11

14. In general, which of the following is true about the U.S. population?

a. It is mostly under the age of thirty.


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b. It is getting older.c. It is becoming more homogeneous.d. It is becoming more Christian.

Page Reference: 12, 14

15. What percentage of Americans are immigrants?

a. 0.7 percentb. 3 percentc. 9 percentd. 15 percent

Page Reference: 12

16. Which accurately compares Southerners to Northerners?

a. Northerners are more religious.b. Northerners are more likely to favor states’ rights.c. Southerners are more in favor of civil rights.d. Southerners are more likely to favor downsizing the federal government.

Page Reference: 14

17. Approximately what percentage of children live in a household with both parents?

a. 40 percentb. 50 percentc. 60 percentd. 70 percent

Page Reference: 15

18. Based on the average age of the state’s population, which issue would you expect to be least important to voters in Florida, which has the oldest state population in the U.S.?

a. Social Securityb. Medicare c. public education d. prescription drug costs

Page Reference: 14


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19. Which of the following public policies would social conservatives be most likely to support?

a. decreasing defense spendingb. prohibiting any references to God or religion on money or government buildingsc. restricting abortionsd. regulating the banking and financial sectors

Page Reference: 17

20. Members of which of the following groups are most likely to be social conservatives?

a. evangelical Protestantsb. African Americansc. the elderlyd. single mothers

Page Reference: 17

21. Which of the following is a true statement about liberals?

a. They believe individuals should look to churches and other social service organizations for assistance.b. They are more likely to vote Republican than Democratic.c. They generally favor government intervention to promote equality.d. They seek to end costly welfare programs.

Page Reference: 17

22. Which of the following is a true statement about moderates?

a. They created the Tea Party movement.b. They comprise over half of the U.S. population.c. They largely support an overhaul of the welfare system.d. They believe that a centrist approach to politics is best.

Page Reference: 19

23. Over time, Americans’ expectations of government have generally __________.

a. increased


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b. decreased c. been related to national defensed. been related to foreign policy

Page Reference: 19 – 20

24. Americans’ confidence in government institutions in the United States has __________.

a. remained stagnant over timeb. generally increasedc. generally decreasedd. fluctuated considerably depending on who is in office

Page Reference: 20

25. Americans generally have the lowest levels of confidence in which of the following institutions?

a. the pressb. business and industryc. the executive branchd. Congress

Page Reference: 20

26. Which of the following was expected of the federal government 200 years ago?

a. regulating businessb. providing national defensec. providing poverty reliefd. inspecting food

Page Reference: 19

The Constitution Multiple-Choice Questions


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27. At the Constitutional Convention, the delegates agreed that slaves would be counted as __________ of a person for determining population for representation in the House of Representatives.

a. one-third b. three-fifthsc. two-thirdsd. four-fifths

Page Reference: 38

2. __________ is an economic theory designed to increase a nation’s wealth through the development of commercial industry and a favorable balance of trade.

a. Nationalismb. Socialismc. Mercantilismd. Commercialism

Page Reference: 27

3. In what year was the Declaration of Independence signed?

a. 1776b. 1787c. 1797d. 1801

Page Reference: 30

4. How many constitutions has the United States had in its history?

a. one b. two c. threed. four


5. The U.S. Constitution was adopted in response to the weaknesses of which document?

a. Shays’s Rebellionb. the Constitution of the United Kingdomc. the Declaration of Independence


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d. the Articles of Confederation


6. The colonists rebelled against the imposition by the British government of which of the following?

a. taxesb. a military draftc. curfewsd. religious laws

Page Reference: 27

7. Who was the author of the Declaration of Independence?

a. James Madisonb. Benjamin Franklinc. Thomas Jeffersond. John Adams

Page Reference: 30

8. Which of the following debated and drafted the Declaration of Independence?

a. the First Continental Congressb. the Second Continental Congressc. the Committees of Correspondenced. the Constitutional Convention


9. Which clause provides that the Constitution shall be the supreme law of the land?

a. full faith and creditb. supremacyc. primacyd. due process

Page Reference: 45

10. Which of the following people generally favored a stronger national government and supported the proposed U.S. Constitution?


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a. Daniel Shaysb. Federalistsc. Anti-Federalistsd. Constitutionalists


11. How many amendments comprise the Bill of Rights?

a. tenb. thirteenc. twentyd. twenty-seven

Page Reference: 45

12. In what year was the U.S. Constitution ratified?

a. 1776b. 1797c. 1791d. 1788

Page Reference: 48

13. Which of the following is a branch of the U.S. government?

a. Congressb. Supreme Courtc. presidencyd. legislative

Page Reference: 41

14. Which constitutional amendment allowed voting for citizens who were eighteen or older?

a. Nineteenth b. Twentiethc. Twenty-Sixthd. Twenty-Seventh

Page Reference: 26


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15. Which of the following philosophers greatly influenced the colonists’ views on the role of government?

a. Daniel Shaysb. John Lockec. John Boehnerd. Gramm Rudman

Page Reference: 30

16. Which of the following imposed a tax on paper items such as cards and books?

a. Crown Actb. Paper Actc. Stamp Actd. Tax Act

Page Reference: 27

17. How many of the thirteen colonies voted for independence?

a. nine b. tenc. twelve d. thirteen

Page Reference: 30

18. In what year was the Bill of Rights added to the Constitution?

a. 1776b. 1782c. 1791d. 1828

Page Reference: 45

19. Article I, section 8 of the Constitution contains __________ powers.

a. Congress’s enumeratedb. the executivec. the judiciald. the states’


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Page Reference: 44

20. During the Constitutional Convention, which states generally opposed an unelected federal judiciary?

a. small statesb. large statesc. southern statesd. northern states

Page Reference: 44

21. __________ was a protest by Massachusetts farmers to stop foreclosures by state courts.

a. The Committee of Correspondenceb. The Federalist Papersc. Mercantilismd. Shays’s Rebellion

Page Reference: 34

22. The Constitution required consent from __________ for ratification.

a. a majority of the statesb. nine statesc. twelve statesd. all thirteen states

Page Reference: 43

23. Many of the Founders believed that government legitimacy is derived from __________, which holds that governments exist based on the consent of the governed.

a. an implied rightb. a social contractc. a divine rightd. presidential appointment

Page Reference: 30


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24. What type of legislature did the United States have under the Articles of Confederation?

a. one with membership based on a state’s population b. appointedc. bicameral d. unicameral

Page Reference: 43

25. Under the Constitution, the president is elected by which of the following?

a. King Caucusb. People’s Plebiscite c. Electoral Colleged. direct popular election

Page Reference: 39

26. What is the principle that each branch of the federal government has some ability to oversee and influence actions by other branches of government?

a. weights and measuresb. checks and balancesc. oversight and influenced. privileges and immunities’

Page Reference: 41

27. Which of the following specifies the procedure for amending the Constitution?

a. Article Ib. Article IIIc. Article Vd. Article VI

Page Reference: 45

28. The First Continental Congress was called partially in response to which of the following?

a. concerns about the Articles of Confederationb. Shays’s Rebellion


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c. the Coercive Actsd. the Three-Fifths Compromise

Page Reference: 29

29. The executive branch is in charge of which of the following?

a. passing federal lawsb. declaring warc. interpreting federal lawsd. enforcing court orders

Page Reference: 41

30. The “Intolerable Acts” was the colonists’ name for the __________ Acts of 1774.

a. Stampb. Teac. Coercived. Mercantile

Page Reference: 29

31. In the United States, the national government derives its power from which of the following?

a. statesb. courtsc. laws d. the people

Page Reference: 41

32. Which of the following most directly protects individuals’ civil liberties?

a. Second Treatise of Civil Governmentb. The Federalist Papersc. the Bill of Rightsd. the Declaration of Independence

Page Reference: 49

33. What was the subject of the Great Compromise?


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a. the legality of slaveryb. the form of the legislative branchc. the number of Supreme Court justicesd. the form of the executive branch


34. __________ was/were most likely to support a strong state government and a weak national government.

a. James Madisonb. John Jayc. The Federalistsd. The Anti-Federalists


35. What does the Ninth Amendment say?

a. The states have all of the powers not granted to the federal government. b. The people have all of the powers not granted to the federal government.c. The Constitution’s enumerated rights are not inclusive.d. Those accused of a crime have certain rights designed to prevent the government from abusing individual liberties.

Page Reference: 47

36. The publication of which of the following galvanized the colonists’ belief that reconciliation with Great Britain was impossible?

a. Common Senseb. Revolutionc. Federalist No. 10d. Our American Cousin

Page Reference: 30

37. Which of the following was a problem under the Articles of Confederation?

a. The national government was too strong compared to the states.b. Amendments were too easy to ratify.


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c. Congress imposed excessive taxes.d. Citizens lacked a national identity.

Page Reference: 33

38. What did supporters of the New Jersey Plan want to do to the Articles of Confederation?

a. repeal themb. strengthen them c. weaken them d. keep them the way they were

Page Reference: 35

39. Prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment, how were senators selected?

a. by direct electionb. by the presidentc. by state governorsd. by state legislatures

Page Reference: 38

40. Which of the following is a reason for the separation of powers?

a. to ensure the power of the executiveb. to promote justicec. to prevent tyranny by any one branchd. to create gridlock in government

Page Reference: 41

41. Which of the following was part of both the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution?

a. a congressb. the presidencyc. the federal judiciaryd. the effective collection of taxes by the federal government

Page Reference: 43

42. Which of the following can be found in Article I?


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a. Electoral Collegeb. procedure for presidential impeachmentc. necessary and proper claused. supremacy clause

Page Reference: 44

43. Which government entity has the power to settle disputes between the states?

a. Senateb. House of Representativesc. Department of Stated. Supreme Court

Page Reference: 44

44. Which of the following were most likely to oppose the proposed Constitution?

a. lawyersb. merchantsc. small farmersd. plantation owners

Page Reference: 47

45. Which of the following can be used to help determine the intent of the Framers?

a. the Equal Rights Amendmentb. The Federalist Papersc. checks and balancesd. Full Faith and Credit


46. What was the greatest fear of the Anti-Federalists during the Constitutional Convention and subsequent debate?

a. that a weak national government would undermine the survival of the United Statesb. that a strong national government would infringe on the rights of the statesc. that a powerful judiciary would restrict freedom of religion


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d. that powerful state governments would infringe on individual liberties

Page Reference: 47

47. Which of the following is a method of ratifying constitutional amendments?

a. by a majority of voting-age citizensb. by a majority of state governorsc. by three-fourths of the state legislaturesd. by three-fourths of the state governors

Page Reference: 49

48. __________ was/were used by colonists to keep each other abreast of developments with the British and helped to ferment public opposition to Britain.

a. The Federalist Papersb. The Second Continental Congressc. The Committees of Correspondenced. Common Sense

Page Reference: 29

The Federal System1. In the late 1980s, what caused the Rehnquist Court to start to

restrict Congress’s ability to regulate various areas of the economy?a. a constitutional amendment giving the president primary authority to craft a budgetb. changes in the composition of the Supreme Courtc. legislation increasing the size of the Supreme Courtd. the Dred Scott v. Sanford decision

Page Reference: 76

2. Prior to the ratification of the Constitution, the United States was governed by the Articles of __________.

a. Confederationb. Declaration


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c. Federalismd. Independence

Page Reference: 58

3. In a(n) __________ system, local and regional governments derive authority from the national government.

a. unitaryb. bicameralc. confederald. federal

Page Reference: 58

4. What two types of powers does Congress have under Article I, section 8 of the U.S. Constitution?

a. enumerated; impliedb. enumerated; suggestedc. implied; explicitd. suggested; explicit

Page Reference: 59

5. The United States was the __________ nation to adopt a federal system of government.

a. firstb. secondc. thirdd. tenth

Page Reference: 58

6. Under the system created by the Framers, the national and state governments share power and derive all authority from __________.

a. the Bill of Rightsb. the Constitutionc. the peopled. the president

Page Reference: 58


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7. Article VI of the U.S. Constitution establishes that federal law is __________ in conflicts between federal and state law.

a. illustrativeb. inferiorc. secondaryd. supreme

Page Reference: 59

8. The __________ Amendment says that those powers not given to the federal government and not prohibited to the states by the Constitution are reserved for the states and the people.

a. Eighthb. Tenthc. Eleventhd. Fourteenth

Page Reference: 60

9. __________ powers are shared by the federal and state governments.

a. Concurrentb. Confederalc. Enumeratedd. Unified

Page Reference: 61

10. Which clause in the Constitution ensures that judicial decrees and contracts made in one state will be binding and enforceable in another?

a. commerceb. full faith and credit c. due processd. equal protection

Page Reference: 62

11. Dillon’s Rule states that all local government must be authorized by which of the following?


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a. the federal governmentb. both the federal and state governmentsc. the state governmentd. the people

Page Reference: 63

12. In the 1980s and 1990s, the Republican Party led the __________ revolution, which demanded that the national government return administrative authority to state governments.

a. contractb. devolutionc. evolutiond. silent


13. What was the first major Supreme Court decision to define the relationship between the federal and state governments?

a. Barron v. Baltimoreb. Dred Scott v. Sandfordc. Gibbons v. Ogdend. McCulloch v. Maryland

Page Reference: 64

14. __________ is the proclaimed right of a state to declare a federal law void.

a. Legislative vetob. Nullificationc. Referendumd. Reformation

Page Reference: 67

15. In Gibbons v. Ogden, the Supreme Court __________.

a. broadly interpreted the national government’s power to regulate interstate commerce b. broadly interpreted the president’s power to wage warc. narrowly interpreted Congress’s power to make law and collect taxes


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d. narrowly interpreted Congress’s power to oversee the executive branch

Page Reference: 64, 66

16. The Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 attempts to prevent Congress from __________.

a. creating expensive federal mandates and requiring the states to pay the costb. increasing taxes to pay for unpopular programsc. using money from the Social Security Trust Fund for general revenue purposesd. fully funding state-level mandates


17. Which amendment gave Congress the power to levy and collect taxes on incomes without apportioning them among the states?

a. Seventeenthb. Sixteenthc. Fourteenthd. Tenth

Page Reference: 69

18. In McCulloch v. Maryland, which clause of the U.S. Constitution did the Supreme Court interpret as preventing Maryland from taxing the national bank?

a. commerceb. supremacyc. due processd. equal protection

Page Reference: 64

19. __________ grants typically allocate federal dollars for a specific purpose based on a state’s population.

a. Blockb. Categoricalc. Commerced. Federal


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Page Reference: 73

20. The Supreme Court’s Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) decision narrowed the scope of the federal government’s power by determining that __________.

a. state laws were supreme over conflicting national lawsb. states had inherent power to nullify federal lawsc. Congress could not regulate interstate commerced. Congress lacked the authority to ban slavery in the territories

Page Reference: 67

21. Which of the following best describes progressive federalism?

a. pragmaticb. rigidc. rapidd. egalitarian


22. What are reserved powers?

a. powers specifically delegated to the national government by the Constitutionb. powers specifically delegated to state governments by the Constitutionc. powers that belong to the national government because they are not specifically delegated to the state governments by the Constitutiond. powers that belong to the states because they are not specifically delegated to the national government by the Constitution

Page Reference: 60

23. In which of the following policy areas did President Obama take the clearest lead?

a. climate changeb. health care reformc. immigrationd. tax cuts


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Page Reference: 78

24. Before the ratification of the Constitution, the United States was organized as a(n) __________.

a. confederationb. monarchyc. oligarchyd. conglomerate

Page Reference: 58

25. Same-sex marriage advocates argue that the __________ clause of the Constitution means that legally sanctioned same-sex marriages performed in one state should automatically be recognized by other states.

a. commerce b. supremacyc. full faith and creditd. equal protection

Page Reference: 62

26. What was the dominant model of federalism starting with the New Deal?

a. cooperativeb. dualc. progressived. unified


27. Which type of federalism is characterized by a system of separate but equally powerful state and national governments?

a. combinedb. cooperativec. duald. progressive

Page Reference: 66


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28. One benefit of the federal system is the ability of the states to operate as __________ for new ideas.

a. classroomsb. laboratoriesc. courtsd. cradles

Page Reference: 78

29. Which of the following is an example of a reserved power of the states?

a. establishing a post officeb. coining moneyc. imposing the death penaltyd. conducting foreign relations

Page Reference: 60

30. In U.S. v. Lopez, the Supreme Court ruled that the __________ clause did not give Congress the constitutional authority to regulate guns near a school.

a. reserved powers b. commercec. militiad. supremacy

Page Reference: 76

31. Which of the following clauses requires states to return criminals to states where they have been convicted or are to stand trial?

a. extraditionb. commercec. privileges and immunities d. full faith and credit

Page Reference: 62

32. The Seventeenth Amendment gave the people the power to elect which of the following?


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a. state executivesb. local officialsc. the presidentd. senators

Page Reference: 69

33. Barron v. Baltimore held that __________ is/are bound by the Bill of Rights.

a. only the statesb. only the federal governmentc. both the states and the federal governmentd. neither the states nor the federal government

Page Reference: 66

34. Which of the following is an enumerated power of the national government?

a. creation of a national bankb. regulating guns near schoolsc. marriage and divorced. conducting foreign policy

Page Reference: 59

35. New Federalism most favors which type of government grant?

a. block grantsb. unfunded mandates c. categorical grantsd. programmatic requests

Page Reference: 73

36. Which of the following best exemplifies the devolution revolution?

a. New Deal legislationb. Violence Against Women Act c. Temporary Assistance for Needy Familiesd. Troubled Asset Recovery Program

Page Reference: 73


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37. The No Child Left Behind Act is an example of a(n) __________.

a. block grantb. business grantc. categorical grantd. unfunded mandate

Page Reference: 74

38. The concept of nullification was quashed by which of the following?

a. the colonial erab. the Revolutionary Warc. the Great Depression d. Reconstruction

Page Reference: 67

39. Which of the following is a concurrent power?

a. control over the money supplyb. to regulate commerce within a statec. international trade policyd. power to tax

Page Reference: 61

40. The power of both the state and federal governments to levy taxes is an example of __________ federalism.

a. layer-cakeb. marble-cakec. pineapple-upside-down-caked. cupcake

Page Reference: 69

41. The New Deal best exemplifies which type of federalism?

a. dualb. layer-cakec. competitived. cooperative


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Page Reference: 72

42. Which of the following is a power specifically denied the states by the Constitution?

a. conducting electionsb. establishing local governmentsc. passing bills of attainderd. providing for public health, safety, and morals

Page Reference: 61

43. The “Contract with America” was a proposed program of governmental reform supported by many __________.

a. Democratsb. Republicansc. African Americansd. Latinos

Page Reference: 74

44. Which of the following is an implied power of the federal government?

a. admitting new statesb. coining moneyc. creating banksd. establishing federal courts

Page Reference: 64

45. Which of the following is the best definition of federalism?

a. A constitutional arrangement by which power is equally distributed between a central government and state governments.b. A constitutional arrangement by which sovereign states create a limited central government.c. A loose association of states constitutionally created by a strong central government.d. A loose association of states with mutually recognized compacts but no central government.

Page Reference: 64


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46. Which is an example of an unfunded mandate?

a. Congress passes a law requiring all states to adopt a sex offender registry system. b. The Environmental Protection Agency sends money to Louisiana to help with cleanup from the gulf oil spill.c. The Nevada legislature passes a law requiring all public school teachers to spend 20 hours per week preparing students for the state achievement test.d. The Supreme Court upholds a federal law requiring all citizens to wear a seatbelt while operating a motor vehicle.


47. What was the dominant form of federalism prior to the New Deal?

a. dualb. combinedc. competitived. cooperative


48. Proponents of the “devolution revolution” argue that __________.

a. the authority of the military should be expandedb. the authority of state governments should be expandedc. the authority of the federal government should be expandedd. the authority of Congress should be expanded

Page Reference: 71

49. Which of the following is an example of a categorical grant?

a. Funds provided by Congress to the states for education in general.b. Funds provided by Congress to the states for substance abuse prevention.c. Funds provided by Congress to the states for transportation infrastructure.d. Funds provided by Congress to the states to enhance science instruction in a low-income area.

Page Reference: 73


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50. Which of the following did Dred Scott v. Sanford address?

a. educationb. health carec. slaveryd. voting

Page Reference: 67

Civil RightsThe Bill of Rights is made up of the first __________ amendments to the

U.S. Constitution.

a. threeb. fivec. sevend. ten

Page Reference: 85

2. Which clause prevents the national government from sanctioning an official religion?

a. establishmentb. free exercisec. full faith and creditd. equal protection

Page Reference: 88

3. Which rule bars the use of illegally seized evidence at trial?

a. double jeopardyb. right to payc. prior restraintd. exclusionary

Page Reference: 101

4. Which U.S. Supreme Court case found that a woman’s right to have an abortion is protected by the implied constitutional right to privacy?


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a. Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Caseyb. Lawrence v. Texasc. Miranda v. Arizonad. Roe v. Wade

Page Reference: 108

5. In Roth v. U.S., the U.S. Supreme Court held that material must be utterly without social importance in order to be considered __________.

a. pornographicb. obscenec. hate speechd. libel

Page Reference: 95

6. Selective incorporation makes the protections in the Bill of Rights applicable to the states through which of the following amendments?

a. Fourthb. Fifthc. Tenthd. Fourteenth

Page Reference: 86

7. __________ make an act punishable as a crime even if the act was legal when it was committed. These are prohibited by Article I of the Constitution.

a. Writs of habeas corpusb. Bills of attainderc. Ex post facto lawsd. Prior restraints

Page Reference: 99

8. A defamatory, false written statement is __________; the same statement spoken aloud is __________.

a. perjury; slanderb. slander; libelc. illegal; legal


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d. libel; slander

Page Reference: 95

9. Which amendment protects the right to bear arms?

a. Secondb. Thirdc. Fourthd. Fifth

Page Reference: 97

10. The Fourth Amendment of the Constitution protects against unreasonable __________.

a. litigationb. limits on free speechc. searchesd. prior restraint

Page Reference: 99

11. What does the Sixth Amendment guarantee to those accused of a crime?

a. assistance of counselb. the right to parolec. reasonable baild. a written indictment

Page Reference: 102

12. Today, the United States is the only western country to use which of the following to punish crime?

a. victim impact statementsb. juriesc. recidivism d. the death penalty

Page Reference: 104

13. What did Abington School District v. Schempp find to be unconstitutional?


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a. state-mandated Bible readingb. forced sterilizationc. discrimination against homosexualsd. imprisonment without a trial

Page Reference: 88

14. The free exercise clause guarantees that the national government will not interfere with which of the following?

a. educationb. religion c. businessd. speech

Page Reference: 88

15. Profanity, obscenity, and threats may constitute which of the following?

a. content neutralityb. prior restraintsc. fighting wordsd. censorship

Page Reference: 95

16. Which of the constitutional amendments was the first to be incorporated and applied to the states?

a. Fourthb. Fifthc. Firstd. Second

Page Reference: 87

17. Which of the following generally is unconstitutional in school?

a. hate speechb. learning about religionc. free speechd. mandatory prayer

Page Reference: 88


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18. According to Justice Blackmun, a woman has an absolute right to __________.

a. an abortion during her first trimesterb. home and hearthc. work without fear of discriminationd. an abortion at any time during her pregnancy

Page Reference: 108

19. In 2004, the Supreme Court ruled that detainees have a right to which of the following?

a. the assistance of counselb. equal protectionc. habeas corpusd. a bill of attainder

Page Reference: 111

20. The doctrine of prior restraint says that the government cannot prevent speech or publication __________.

a. that is critical of the government b. that is illegal c. after the factd. before the fact

Page Reference: 91

21. In Near v. Minnesota, the Supreme Court further developed which of the following?

a. exclusionary ruleb. due process clausec. incorporation doctrined. free exercise clause

Page Reference: 86

22. Which test examines the constitutionality of religious establishment issues?

a. Orange


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b. Lemonc. Free Exercised. Prior Restraint

Page Reference: 88

23. Miranda rights require that the police inform suspects of which of the following rights?

a. a phone callb. due processc. a jury triald. counsel

Page Reference: 101

24. The USA PATRIOT Act enhances the government’s ability to do which of the following?

a. examine private recordsb. take personal propertyc. imprison citizens without triald. indict foreign enemies

Page Reference: 110

25. Which Supreme Court case is most closely associated with the exclusionary rule?

a. Parker v. Gideonb. New York Times Co. v. Sullivanc. Mapp v. Ohiod. Wolf v. Colorado

Page Reference: 101

26. The Supreme Court has ruled that states can limit abortions if the regulations do not pose which of the following?

a. a bar to equal protectionb substantial inconveniencec. a prior restraintd. an undue burden

Page Reference: 109


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27. The Supreme Court briefly outlawed which of the following in the 1970s by asserting that it was being imposed in an arbitrary manner?

a. capital punishmentb. the exclusionary rulec. access to court-appointed counseld. symbolic speech protection

Page Reference: 105

28. What kind of speech is by its very utterance intended to inflict injury or incite an immediate breach of peace?

a. hate speechb. symbolic speechc. obscenityd. fighting words

Page Reference: 95

29. What type of due process protects citizens from arbitrary or unjust state or federal laws?

a. proceduralb. constitutionalc. substantived. prospective

Page Reference: 85

30. The Supreme Court has used selective incorporation to __________ the authority of states.

a. protectb. limitc. expandd. define

Page Reference: 86

31. The Sixth Amendment sets out basic requirements for which type of due process?

a. civil


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b. substantivec. criminald. procedural

Page Reference: 102

32. New York Times Co. v. Sullivan held that there must be proof of which of the following in order to find libel against a public figure?

a. property lossb. actual malicec. an audienced. a written record

Page Reference: 95

33. In which case did the Supreme Court first recognize the exclusionary rule, which bars the use of illegally seized evidence at trial?

a. Weeks v. U.S.b. Gideon v. Wainwrightc. Furman v. Georgiad. Griswold v. Connecticut

Page Reference: 101

34. Which Supreme Court case upheld the National Firearms Act, which imposed taxes on some kinds of weapons?

a. U.S. v. Millerb. Gideon v. Wainwrightc. Miranda v. Arizonad. Mapp v. Ohio

Page Reference: 97

35. The USA PATRIOT Act allows the government to collect __________.

a. documents sent via the mailb. blood and saliva samplesc. the addressing information of citizens’ communications


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d. audio recordings of all private residences that receive public utilities

Page Reference: 110

36. The “right to remain silent” is a citizen’s protection against which of the following?

a. governmental intrusionb. search and seizurec. self-incrimination d. a biased jury

Page Reference: 100

37. If a police officer has a reasonable belief that someone is committing or about to commit a crime, that officer can stop the suspect __________.

a. only if that person gives consentb. only if the officer plans to arrest that personc. without getting a warrantd. only if there are three witnesses

Page Reference: 100

38. The double jeopardy clause prevents an individual who is acquitted of a crime from which of the following?

a. seeking the assistance of an attorney b. being tried again for the same crimec. going freed. asserting innocence

Page Reference: 100

39. Which of the following is an example of procedural due process?

a. the right to bear armsb. the right to a speedy trialc. the right to free speechd. the right to practice religion

Page Reference: 102


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40. In 2014, what did the Supreme Court decide about the use of prayers to open government meetings?

a. Such meetings can start with a prayer that does not favor one particular faith.b. Such meetings can start with a prayer as long as it is led by a lay person.c. Such meetings can start with a prayer even if it clearly favors one faith.d. Such meetings cannot start with a prayer.


41. Which of the following created the right to privacy?

a. the judiciaryb. the bureaucracyc. the presidentd. the legislature

Page Reference: 106

42. In Barron v. Baltimore, the Supreme Court held that the Bill of Rights limits __________, not __________, activity.

a. federal; stateb. state; federalc. commercial; noncommerciald. noncommercial; commercial

Page Reference: 85

43. Inciting a fight by using threats and profanity could be considered __________, which is not a protected type of speech.

a. hate speechb. fighting wordsc. obscenityd. libel

Page Reference: 95

44. Convicted criminals cannot have their sentences increased when a new law calls for tougher penalties due to a prohibition against __________.


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a. habeas corpusb. ex post facto lawsc. bills of attainderd. writs of certiorari

Page Reference: 99

45. Which of the following is responsible for determining whether enough evidence exists to go to trial?

a. trial courtb. defense attorneyc. prosecutord. grand jury

Page Reference: 100

46. Substantive due process means that states have a legal burden to prove that their laws __________.

a. are a valid exercise of powerb. improve the general well-beingc. do not inhibit or advance a particular religiond. are consistent with behavioral norms

Page Reference: 85

47. What is the likely effect of the Supreme Court’s ruling in Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores?

a. The government will be able to read emails sent to foreign IP addresses.b. It will be more difficult for women to access contraception.c. Prisoners of war will no longer be detained at Guantanamo Bay.d. Students will no longer be able to defer student loan payments while in graduate school.

Page Reference: 109

48. In Gitlow v. New York, the Supreme Court decided that __________.

a. hate speech is not a constitutionally protected form of speechb. symbolic speech is not afforded the same protection as verbal speech


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c. states must comply with the Constitution’s free speech guaranteed. obscenity is determined by applying traditional, national standards

Page Reference: 86

49. Which of the following best explains the rationale for the selective incorporation of freedom of assembly?

a. It is included in the Bill of Rights.b. The framers intended for the state and federal governments to respect this right.c. It is a fundamental freedom essential to order, liberty, and justice.d. It is one of the implicit rights reserved to the people by the Tenth Amendment.

Page Reference: 87

50. Which of the following rights has the Supreme Court found to be one of the penumbras of unstated liberties linked to explicitly stated rights?

a. right to marryb. right to travelc. right to voted. right to privacy

Page Reference: 106

51. Which of the following would most likely be considered obscene under the Roth test?

a. child pornographyb. nude imagesc. pornographyd. profane language


52. The Alien and Sedition Acts likely violated the Constitution’s prohibitions against __________.

a. undemocratic speech


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b. prior restraintc. seditious speechd. hate speech

Page Reference: 91

53. During World War I, the Supreme Court upheld the Espionage Act by ruling that Congress has a right to restrict speech that __________.

a. is critical of the governmentb. creates a clear and present dangerc. qualifies as hate speechd. is symbolic

Page Reference: 92

54. The Military Commission Act of 2006 was ruled unconstitutional because it violated detainees’ rights to __________.

a. an appealb. habeas corpusc. bills of attainderd. motions for summary judgment

Page Reference: 111

The Thirteenth Amendment bans slavery. When was it passed?

a. when the South seceded from the Unionb. during the Civil Warc. immediately after the Civil Ward. during the civil rights movement

Page Reference: 121

2. The Fourteenth Amendment attempted to guarantee which of the following to former slaves?

a. forty acres of farmland and a muleb. free university educationc. economic equality with whitesd. citizenship rights

Page Reference: 121


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3. The provision of the Fourteenth Amendment that prohibits any state from denying “any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws” is known as the __________ clause.

a. due processb. privileges and immunities c. grandfatherd. equal protection

Page Reference: 121

4. The Fifteenth Amendment guarantees citizens the right to vote regardless of __________.

a. raceb. genderc. aged. involvement in insurrection

Page Reference: 122

5. What was the objective of the women’s suffrage movement?

a. broad gender equality b. the right to own propertyc. equal pay for equal workd. the right to vote

Page Reference: 119

6. The Lilly Ledbetter Act is designed to __________.

a. protect women’s access to university athleticsb. prevent racial housing discriminationc. protect same-sex marriage rightsd. prevent gender-based pay discrimination

Page Reference: 141

7. Which of these does the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ban?

a. poll taxes and grandfather clausesb. discrimination in public accommodations


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c. integration in public transportationd. nonviolent direct action

Page Reference: 134

8. What was the primary focus at the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention for activists like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott?

a. the prohibition of alcoholb. women’s rightsc. rights for former slavesd. ending the Civil War

Page Reference: 119

9. What did Jim Crow laws mandate?

a. voting rightsb. racial segregationc. poll taxesd. grandfather clauses

Page Reference: 121

10. Which of the following led President Abraham Lincoln to describe the author as “the little woman who started the big war”?

a. Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystiqueb. Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s The Seneca Falls Conventionc. Lucretia Mott’s The World Anti-Slavery Societyd. Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Page Reference: 120

11. What precipitated the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

a. the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I Have A Dream” speechb. the Greensboro, North Carolina, lunch counter sit-inc. the arrest of Rosa Parks in Montgomery, Alabamad. the assassination of the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr.

Page Reference: 130


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12. Women were guaranteed the right to vote by __________.

a. Korematsu v. U.S.b. the 1965 Voting Rights Act c. the Nineteenth Amendmentd. the 1964 Civil Rights Act

Page Reference: 126

13. What were Black Codes?

a. housing segregation lawsb. laws that denied rights to African Americansc. laws requiring a poll tax or literacy test to voted. unwritten norms of discrimination in the South

Page Reference: 121

14. In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978), the Supreme Court determined that __________ were unconstitutional.

a. poll taxesb. grandfather clausesc. all forms of affirmative actiond. racial quotas

Page Reference: 150

15. Rosa Parks was arrested for challenging which of the following?

a. integrationb. grandfather clausesc. Jim Crow lawsd. slavery

Page Reference: 130

16. Which of the following books helped inspire abolitionists?

a. Grapes of Wrathb. Uncle Tom’s Cabinc. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee


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d. Enough Is Enough

Page Reference: 132

17. What did the Supreme Court determine was unconstitutional in Brown v. Board of Education?

a. school integrationb. poll taxesc. school segregation d. unequal school funding

Page Reference: 128

18. The Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. insisted that civil disobedience aimed at ending discrimination in the South should be conducted __________.

a. in accordance with the lawb. nonviolentlyc. secretlyd. anonymously

Page Reference: 131

19. What provision of the Fourteenth Amendment served as a cornerstone of the Supreme Court’s decision in Brown v. Board of Education?

a. the all men are created equal clauseb. the equal protection clausec. the privileges and immunities claused. the grandfather clause

Page Reference: 128

20. To what extent were the civil rights of African Americans protected during the decades following Reconstruction?

a. Their civil rights increased in the immediate aftermath of Reconstruction and have continued to increase steadily ever since.b. The civil rights of southern African Americans were considerably greater than their northern counterparts.


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c. It was two decades after Reconstruction before African Americans had civil rights that were comparable to those of whites.d. Attempts to protect the civil rights of African Americans after Reconstruction were largely unsuccessful for decades.

Page Reference: 124 – 125, 129 – 140

21. What did the Supreme Court decide in Korematsu v. U.S. (1944) regarding the internment of American citizens of Japanese ancestry living in the United States?

a. It was permissible because the United States was at war with Japan.b. It was unconstitutional, and Japanese Americans must be duly compensated.c. It did not pass the strict scrutiny test, and the internment was promptly terminated.d. It was unconstitutional, but it was too late to do anything about it.

Page Reference: 146

22. What strategy did the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People use most effectively to challenge segregated law school admissions?

a. boycottsb. protestsc. litigationd. nonviolent direct action

Page Reference: 127

23. What was the basis for the Supreme Court’s decision in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) that upheld the constitutionality of a state law requiring segregated railroad facilities?

a. Former slaves are not entitled to full citizenship rights because they did not immigrate to the United States willingly.b. Former slaves are not entitled to full citizenship rights because they were considered property under the law.c. The Constitution does not prohibit segregation; it only mandates equal protection under the law.


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d. Railroad transportation involves interstate commerce, which is regulated by Congress; there is no provision in federal law that prohibits segregation.

Page Reference: 127

24. The Supreme Court’s decision in Lawrence v. Texas (2003) primarily enhanced the civil rights of __________.

a. African Americansb. American Indiansc. gays and lesbiansd. disabled Americans

Page Reference: 147

25. Black Codes were passed by many of the former Confederate states in order to __________.

a. segregate blacks and whitesb. deny newly freed slaves legal rights, such as voting and sitting on juriesc. keep newly freed slaves from being hired for work, so they would have to remain slavesd. deny newly freed slaves the right to attend church

Page Reference: 121

26. What was the Supreme Court’s rationale in the Civil Rights Cases (1883) for why Congress could not prohibit discrimination in public accommodations?

a. Congress cannot regulate public accommodations because they involve interstate commerce.b. Congress can only regulate government discrimination, not discrimination by private individuals.c. Congress cannot prohibit discrimination because doing so violates the First Amendment right to freedom of speech.d. Congress cannot prohibit discrimination because there was insufficient evidence that discrimination exists.

Page Reference: 123

27. What is the source of de facto discrimination?


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a. practiceb. lawc. the Constitutiond. affirmative action

Page Reference: 134

28. Which of the following is an accurate statement about the “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” policy?

a. It prohibited all soldiers from discussing their sexual activities.b. It prevented gays and lesbians from serving in the military.c. It required gay and lesbian soldiers to keep quiet about their sexual orientation.d. It prevented the military from discharging gay and lesbian soldiers.

Page Reference: 147

29. In the 1970s, which of the following critiques were given by opponents of the Equal Rights Amendment?

a. It would affirm Roe v. Wade, make women eligible for the draft, and put women at financial risk.b. The Declaration of Independence says men are created equal; it does not say anything about women.c. Equality of results is more important than equality of actions.d. It would revoke Muller v. Oregon, make women vulnerable to exploitation, and leave children without care.

Page Reference: 136

30. The NAACP is most likely to fight to reduce which of the following?

a. racismb. affirmative actionc. sexismd. sodomy

Page Reference: 119


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31. Under the Supreme Court’s review standards, a law that classifies people according to __________ will be given strict scrutiny by the Supreme Court to determine its constitutionality.

a. raceb. agec. disabilityd. gender

Page Reference: 138

32. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was designed to overturn which of the following?

a. integrationb. Jim Crow lawsc. nonviolent direct actiond. Reconstruction

Page Reference: 133

33. Which of the following dissuaded some states from ratifying the Equal Rights Amendment?

a. Roe v. Wadeb. the National Organization for Womenc. The Feminine Mystiqued. the strict scrutiny standard

Page Reference: 136

34. What was the main purpose for the March on Washington?

a. to urge Congress to adopt an antidiscrimination legislative agendab. to urge the Supreme Court to overturn the separate-but-equal doctrinec. to urge John F. Kennedy to repudiate the actions of the freedom ridersd. to urge Congress to eliminate de facto segregation

Page Reference: 133


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35. If a group of people were systematically discriminated against in the past, which of the following would constitute an affirmative action policy designed as a remedy to help the members of this group overcome this legacy of discrimination?

a. a hiring policy that favors those with relatives working in governmentb. a college admissions policy that gives preferential treatment to members of the groupc. a color-blind job application process to give members of this group an equal chanced. requiring that all job applicants have at least two years of prior experience


36. Which of the following accommodations would an employer most likely need to implement in order to be in compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act?

a. hiring a disabled person instead of an equally qualified person without a disabilityb. providing better medical insurance for employees who have a disabilityc. lowering expectations for the quality of work performed by employees with disabilitiesd. installing a ramp and other physical accommodations for someone who uses a wheelchair


37. According to the Supreme Court’s decisions in the Civil Rights Cases (1883), in which of the following areas could Congress prohibit discrimination against African Americans?

a. theatersb. hotelsc. post offices d. private homes

Page Reference: 123

38. For which of the following would the Supreme Court most likely apply an intermediate standard of review to determine whether


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the policy is an unconstitutional violation of the equal protection clause?

a. having a different minimum age for men to marry than for women to marry b. prohibiting those over 70 years old from working in law enforcementc. prohibiting gays and lesbians from serving in the militaryd. requiring government contractors to have a racially diverse workforce

Page Reference: 139

39. Of the following people, who could serve in the military under the “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” policy?

a. all gays and lesbiansb. closeted gays and lesbiansc. only those who were celibated. only those who were straight

Page Reference: 147

40. Which of the following strategies for expanding civil rights would the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. have been most likely to support?

a. sabotaging the electricity supply to the homes of segregationist leadersb. intimidating elderly whites to discourage them from supporting Jim Crow lawsc. boycotting stores that enforced segregationist policiesd. boycotting elections to underscore the problem of African American disenfranchisement


41. Which of the following is an example of de jure discrimination?

a. Jim Crow lawsb. the tendency for churches to be racially homogeneousc. the small number of African American senatorsd. Title IX legislation

Page Reference: 134


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42. Which of the following affirmative action programs would be a clear violation of the Supreme Court’s decision in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)?

a. considering race as a factor in university admissions decisionsb. considering how an applicant would contribute to the diversity of the universityc. setting aside a certain percentage of admissions slots for African American students d. admitting some minority applicants with lower academic achievement than some rejected white applicants

Page Reference: 150

43. Which of the following laws would be the most likely to draw strict scrutiny from the Supreme Court when determining its constitutionality?

a. Male and female student athletes cannot compete on the same basketball team at the university level.b. Businesses cannot discriminate against gays and lesbians in hiring and promotion decisions.c. Those without a college degree are not eligible for upper-level civil service jobs.d. Government contracts must be awarded to a contractor who is a racial minority whenever at least 10 percent of the bidders are minority-owned businesses.

Page Reference: 138

44. Which of the following situations would most likely be a violation of Title IX?

a. an election jurisdiction that does not provide bilingual ballots when there is a large bilingual communityb. a legal prohibition on hiring women for positions that are known to be hazardous to women’s reproductive healthc. a college that spends significantly more on sports programs for men than for womend. an employer who systematically pays women less than men for doing comparable work

Page Reference: 141


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45. If you thought you were getting an inferior public education because of your ethnicity, which part of the Constitution would you rely on most heavily to justify your case?

a. the Equal Rights Amendment b. the Thirteenth Amendmentc. the Fourteenth Amendmentd. the Nineteenth Amendment

Page Reference: 121

46. If you were a poor, illiterate, white, Southern farmer, which of the following would help ensure your ability to vote after the Civil War?

a. poll taxesb. literacy testsc. boycottsd. grandfather clauses

Page Reference: 124

47. Which of the following best describes the issues at stake in Dred Scott v. Sandford?

a. the constitutionality of the Missouri Compromise and whether slaves were U.S. citizensb. whether Missouri could remain part of the Union and whether women could bring suits in federal courtc. the constitutionality of the Emancipation Proclamation and whether slaves were U.S. citizensd. whether women were U.S. citizens who should be allowed to vote and whether slavery in Missouri was legal

Page Reference: 120

48. How has the Equal Rights Amendment affected women’s civil rights?

a. It has ensured that men and women are treated equally in the workplace.b. It has ensured that the courts evaluate gender discrimination using the strict scrutiny test.c. It has eliminated gender discrimination in the military.d. It has had little effect because it was not formally adopted.


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Page Reference: 136

49. What is the status of affirmative action in college admissions after the Supreme Court decisions in the two cases involving the University of Michigan, Gratz v. Bollinger (2003) and Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)?

a. Affirmative action policies are generally permissible, but they cannot involve race-based quotas or numerical point systems.b. Affirmative action policies are assumed to be unconstitutional unless the university can demonstrate the need to promote racial tolerance.c. Affirmative action policies must ensure that all racial and ethnic groups are represented in accordance with the population of the nation as a whole.d. All forms of affirmative action are unconstitutional because they unfairly favor some people over others based on the color of their skin.

Page Reference: 151

50. Why did southern states enact poll taxes?

a. to raise revenue for the governmentb. to ensure that only people who really want to vote would do soc. to get around the Fifteenth Amendmentd. to enfranchise former slaves

Page Reference: 123

51. How are the Fourteenth Amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 similar?

a. They both were enacted quickly and easily.b. They both passed the strict scrutiny test administered by the Supreme Court.c. They both sought equal rights for African Americans.d. They both sought equal rights for women.

Page Reference: 121, 133 – 134

52. How do the rational basis and the intermediate standard of review differ?


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a. The rational basis standard requires an important governmental objective for classification; the intermediate standard requires the classification to be necessary.b. The rational basis standard applies only to racial classifications; the intermediate standard applies to gender and sexual orientation classifications.c. Those who dislike a law will have an easier time getting it overturned if the Supreme Court applies the intermediate standard instead of the rational basis test.d. It is easier for the government to demonstrate that there is a rational basis for a law than to meet the requirements of the intermediate standard.


53. What was the Supreme Court’s justification for overturning the separate-but-equal doctrine?

a. The Supreme Court did not have all of the facts when it adopted the separate-but-equal doctrine.b. The separate-but-equal doctrine was never intended to apply to people.c. The quality of life for African Americans in the South had deteriorated considerably since the adoption of the separate-but-equal doctrine.d. Segregated schools stigmatize minority children.

Page Reference: 127

54. Which of the following arguments would most likely be made by an opponent of affirmative action policies?

a. Unaddressed past discrimination causes perpetual inequality.b. Discrimination is a natural part of the human experience.c. Affirmative action discriminates on the basis of race.d. Diversity helps Americans better understand each other.

Page Reference: 151

55. Why was the Civil Rights Act of 1875 unsuccessful?

a. Congress did not have the authority to enact legislation in the South during the Civil War.b. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was only concerned with discrimination in government employment.


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c. The Supreme Court said that private citizens could choose not to provide public accommodations on account of race.d. The Supreme Court said that governments could choose not to provide public accommodations on account of race.

Page Reference: 123

True-False Questions

27. Indigenous peoples had been living in North America for more than 30,000 years before the arrival of the first European colonists.

Page Reference: 4

28. Monarchy is a type of government that Aristotle considered rule by “tyranny.”

Page Reference: 6

29. Many colonists were uncomfortable with the term democracy because it conjured up fears of the people and mob rule.

Page Reference: 8

30. Conservatives tend to want the government to respond quickly to societal changes.

Page Reference: 17

31. Over the years, our attitudes about personal liberty have remained unchanged.

Page Reference: 9

32. The elderly often vote against programs favored by younger voters; younger voters often vote against programs favored by the elderly.


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Page Reference: 14

33. Large numbers of nonvoters can threaten democratic legitimacy.

Page Reference: 10

34. Fewer Americans consider themselves to be liberal than to be conservative.

Page Reference: 17

35. The Framers did not envision that the U.S. government would do as much to “promote the general welfare” as it has been doing in recent years.

Page Reference: 9

49. The Constitution was ratified in 1776.

Page Reference: 48

50. Under the Articles of Confederation, the president levied all taxes.


51. The New Jersey Plan proposed a one-house legislature with one vote for each state.

Page Reference: 37

52. Smaller states generally wanted to strengthen the Articles of Confederation rather than replace them.

Page Reference: 37

53. The Three-Fifths Compromise specified that only three-fifths of slaves could vote.

Page Reference: 38


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54. Article I of the Constitution describes the powers of the president.

Page Reference: 44

55. A weakness of the Articles of Confederation was that the executive branch was too powerful.

Page Reference: 33

56. The Stamp Act was a major catalyst for the Declaration of Independence.

Page Reference: 27

57. A constitution is a written document establishing the structure, functions, and limitations of a government.

Page Reference: 35

58. The New Jersey Plan proposed a powerful central government with three branches.

Page Reference: 37

59. Article III of the Constitution permits Congress to establish lower national courts.

Page Reference: 44

60. A majority of the delegates at the Constitutional Convention were slaveholders.

Page Reference: 35

61. North Carolina’s rejection of the Constitution prompted Congress to submit the Bill of Rights to the states for ratification.

Page Reference: 48

62. The Anti-Federalists strongly supported the Bill of Rights.

Page Reference: 48


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63. The Constitution prohibits Congress from requiring candidates to be Christian in order to run for office.

Page Reference: 46

51. The United States has always had a federal system of government.

Page Reference: 58

52. In a unitary system of government, the state and local governments derive their powers from a centralized national government.

Page Reference: 58

53. All of the powers of the federal government are enumerated in the Constitution.

Page Reference: 59

54. The supremacy clause establishes that state laws will prevail over conflicting federal laws.

Page Reference: 64

55. Dual federalism is when the states and the national government have separate but approximately equal responsibilities.

Page Reference: 66

56. Devolution is often advocated for by Republicans.


57. The Rehnquist Court has been a strong and consistent advocate of an expansive interpretation of the commerce clause.

Page Reference: 76

58. The Supreme Court ruled that the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was constitutional under the taxing clause.

Page Reference: 78


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59. The Tenth Amendment states that any power not specifically delegated to the states by the Constitution is reserved to the national government.

Page Reference: 60

60. The Constitution gives states the power to coin money.

Page Reference: 59

61. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act deemphasized Congress’s role in the federal government.

Page Reference: 68

62. Since 1990, the Supreme Court has consistently expanded the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce.


63. States dislike unfunded mandates.

Page Reference: 74

64. While enemy combatants have a reduced right to habeas corpus, they have the same right to a jury trial as other accused criminals.

Page Reference: 111

56. The U.S. Supreme Court first interpreted the Constitution to include a right to privacy in the 1960s.

Page Reference: 106

57. The Supreme Court has interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment as ensuring that many of the protections in the Bill of Rights apply to the states.

Page Reference: 85


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58. The constitutionally guaranteed right to bear arms was included because of colonists’ distrust of standing armies.

Page Reference: 97

59. Writs of habeas corpus are laws declaring an act illegal without a judicial trial.

Page Reference: 99

60. Slander is any false written statement that defames the character of a person.

Page Reference: 95

61. Prior to ratification of the U.S. Constitution, state constitutions provided little protection for personal liberties.

Page Reference: 85

62. After Gideon v. Wainwright, the Sixth Amendment has been interpreted to guarantee a right to counsel to criminal defendants regardless of the accused’s ability to pay.

Page Reference: 102

63. The exclusionary rule prohibits police from using illegally seized evidence at trial.

Page Reference: 102

64. The Roberts Court has vehemently enforced the rights identified in Miranda v. Arizona.

Page Reference: 101

65. Planned Parenthood v. Casey held that a state could limit abortions as long as the regulation did not pose an undue burden on pregnant women.

Page Reference: 109

66. Burning the American flag as a political protest is constitutionally protected symbolic speech.


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Page Reference: 92

67. The free exercise clause states that the government will not interfere with the practice of religion.

Page Reference: 88

68. Most developed countries use some form of the death penalty.

Page Reference: 104

69. In Abington School District v. Schempp, the Court ruled that state-sponsored Bible readings were constitutional under the free exercise clause as long as students could opt out.

Page Reference: 104

56. The Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. championed the use of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience to advance civil rights.

Page Reference: 131

57. In 2013, the Supreme Court overturned the federal Defense of Marriage Act, which had defined marriage as between one man and one woman.

Page Reference: 149

58. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 has expanded educational and sports opportunities for female students.

Page Reference: 141

59. Courts have not allowed men to use the Fourteenth Amendment to fight gender-based discrimination.

Page Reference: 139

60. In Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court overturned the separate-but-equal doctrine that the Court had established in Brown v. Board of Education.

Page Reference: 128


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61. Reconstruction was the era of racial healing that followed the civil rights movement.

Page Reference: 123

62. In Reed v. Reed, the Supreme Court established the strict scrutiny test for determining if a particular program that discriminates on the basis of gender is constitutionally permissible.

Page Reference: 139

63. The Supreme Court has prohibited voters from using ballot initiatives to forbid the use of state-sanctioned affirmative action policies.

Page Reference: 151

64. Even though the Hispanic population is fairly small, they earned their civil rights earlier and more completely than did African Americans.

Page Reference: 142

65. Since the 1950s, the Supreme Court has gradually eliminated virtually all de facto discrimination in the United States.

Page Reference: 134

66. The federal government has mismanaged trust funds related to American Indian lands.

Page Reference: 145

67. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 has nearly eliminated the wage gap between men and women in the United States.

Page Reference: 140

68. The passage of the Equal Rights Amendment has helped ensure women’s equality in the workplace.

Page Reference: 136


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69. The admissions office at a public university could likely establish a permissible affirmative action policy that awards minority applicants by bumping up their SAT score by 100 points.


70. Gender classifications are evaluated by the Supreme Court using the strict scrutiny standard, which determines whether the classification is necessary to accomplish a permissible state goal and whether that is the least restrictive way to reach the goal.

Page Reference: 138

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions

36. Although many people still view the United States as a __________ nation, a great number of religious groups—including Jews, Buddhists, Hindus, and Muslims—have established roots in the United States.

Page Reference: 14

37. The United States has undergone a tremendous change in the number of states allowing for __________ marriage.

Page Reference: 15

38. __________ is the coherent set of values and beliefs people hold about the purpose and scope of government.

Page Reference: 16

39. __________ believe that moral decay must be stemmed and that government should support and further traditional moral teachings.

Page Reference: 17


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40. __________ believe in extensive government control of personal and economic liberties.

Page Reference: 19

41. Americans tend to share the common goal of achieving the __________, which generally includes a happy and successful life, wealth, a house, and a better life for one’s children.

Page Reference: 19

64. Article VI of the Constitution prohibits a __________ test for holding public office.

Page Reference: 46

65. The Constitution has been amended __________ times.

Page Reference: 26

66. The body whose delegates signed the Declaration of Independence was the __________.

Page Reference: 29

67. The Second Continental Congress adopted the __________ in 1777.

Page Reference: 32

68. The division of the power of government into the legislative, executive, and judicial branches illustrates the __________ established by the Constitution.

Page Reference: 41

69. Article III of the Constitution establishes a __________ and defines its jurisdiction.

Page Reference: 44


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70. In a __________, the national government derives its powers from the states.

Page Reference: 32

71. __________ of indebted farmers exposed the problems under the Articles of Confederation.

Page Reference: 34

72. The __________ favored a weaker national government and stronger state governments than provided for in the proposed Constitution.

Page Reference: 47

73. James Madison was the author of many of the essays known as the __________.

Page Reference: 47

74. Article II of the Constitution addresses the powers of the __________ branch.

Page Reference: 44

75. Article VII specified that at least __________ states would have to ratify the proposed Constitution for it to become law.

Page Reference: 48

64. In the American federal system, there are __________ levels of government that share power.


65. The __________ specifies that any power not specifically delegated to the national government is reserved to the states or the people.

Page Reference: 60


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66. __________ powers are the functions and actions that Congress can perform in order to exercise its enumerated powers.

Page Reference: 59

67. __________ federalism is defined as a flexible relationship between the national and state governments in which both work together on a variety of issues and programs.

Page Reference: 69

68. By sometimes taking a policy-making lead and sometimes allowing the states to lead, Barack Obama was demonstrating __________ federalism.


69. The privileges and immunities clause guarantees that each citizen of a state is guaranteed the same __________ as citizens of other states.

Page Reference: 62

70. To address multistate policy concerns, states may adopt contracts among the affected states that are known as __________.

Page Reference: 62

71. The power to regulate commerce within a state belongs to the __________ government(s).

Page Reference: 60

72. The __________ clause guarantees that the citizens of each state are afforded the same rights as citizens of all other states.

Page Reference: 62

73. Proponents of __________ federalism generally believe that the federal government should not overstep its enumerated powers.

Page Reference: 66


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74. In __________, the Supreme Court said that Congress could create a national bank and that Maryland could not tax it.

Page Reference: 64

75. In the late 1980s, the __________ Court started to take a more restrictive view of Congress’s authority to regulate interstate commerce.

Page Reference: 76

76. __________ policies are those whereby the government collects money from wealthier citizens to fund services for poorer citizens.

Page Reference: 77

77. One part of the __________ test asks whether the law has a legitimate secular purpose.

Page Reference: 88

71. In the 1970s, the Supreme Court suspended __________ because it was being imposed arbitrarily. After states made their laws and practices less arbitrary, it was later reinstated.

Page Reference: 104

72. The Supreme Court struck down anti-sodomy laws because they infringed on citizens’ __________ rights.

Page Reference: 109

73. __________ may involve profanity, obscenity, and threats.

Page Reference: 95

74. An early effort to define __________ focused on whether the material had any serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.



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75. The __________ Amendment ensures the right of a criminal defendant to confront witnesses at trial.

Page Reference: 102

76. __________ rights include the right to remain silent.

Page Reference: 101

77. Prior restraint is a constitutional doctrine that prevents the government from prohibiting __________ before the fact.

Page Reference: 91

78. The Supreme Court has interpreted the __________ Amendment to protect an individual’s right to own a firearm for self-defense.


79. Yelling “Fire!” in a crowded theater is a classic example of speech that creates a __________.

Page Reference: 92

80. A knowingly false article accusing Barack Obama of being a drug addict in order to defame his character is an example of __________.

Page Reference: 95

81. Under Roe v. Wade, a woman could legally seek a(n) __________ without restriction during her first trimester.

Page Reference: 108

71. The __________ Amendment guarantees African Americans the right to vote.

Page Reference: 122

72. Brown v. Board of Education overturned the __________ doctrine that had been established in Plessy v. Ferguson.


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73. The __________ was enacted in 1990 and is designed to protect the civil rights of disabled Americans.


74. The __________ upheld the right of private individuals—but not government—to discriminate in the provision of public accommodations.

Page Reference: 123

75. Jim Crow laws required __________ of African Americans and whites.

Page Reference: 123

76. The refusal of __________ to give up her seat on a public bus was an act of civil disobedience that led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

Page Reference: 130

77. __________ programs are designed to help remedy continued inequality by giving special treatment to members of previously discriminated-against groups.

Page Reference: 150

78. In order to make it hard for poor blacks to vote without falling afoul of the Fifteenth Amendment, many southern states required citizens to pay __________, which disproportionately disenfranchised African Americans.

Page Reference: 123

79. Critics argue that the Supreme Court’s decision in Korematsu v. U.S. infringed on the civil rights of __________.

Page Reference: 146

80. The constitutionality of a law establishing a public elementary school open only to African American students from poor


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neighborhoods would be determined by the Supreme Court’s application of the __________ standard of review.

Page Reference: 138

81. Because of the Supreme Court’s decision in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, an affirmative action program that uses racial __________ would likely be deemed unconstitutional.

Page Reference: 150


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benrichardpolisci.weebly.combenrichardpolisci.weebly.com/uploads/5/9/1/6/59163363/... · Web view52.In a unitary system of government, the state and local governments derive their