, ..
- 560 002
Prof. L.S. Seshagiri Rao : SAMAGRA VIMARSHA SAHITYA - Vol- 6 : by L.S. Seshagiri Rao, Published by : Manu Baligar, Director, Department of Kannada & Culture, Kannada Bhavan, J.C.Road, Bengaluru - 560 002
:
: 2010

: 2661 3123, 2661 8752

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22-02-2010 ...


400 ;
? ..... 1
..... 6
..... 34
‌ ..... 74
‘‌' ..... 91
‌ ..... 100
..... 106
‘ ' ..... 134
‘ ' ..... 155

- () ..... 164
-‌ ‌ () ..... 170
- () ..... 176
‌ - () ..... 182
- ...... 187
()
- ‌ () ...... 193
‌ -
() ...... 198
- () ...... 203
- ‌ () ..... 209
‌ - .. ‌ () ..... 214

- ( ) ..... 218
-.. () ...... 224
- ‌ (‌) ...... 230
‌
() ...... 235

- () ...... 240
- () ...... 245
- () ...... 251
‌‌ -
() ...... 256
- () ...... 262
- ‌ () ...... 268
‌
...... 291
...... 370
...... 389
...... 400
: ...... 673
: ...... 717
...... 730
...... 410
: ‘ ’ ...... 797
‘‌’ ...... 804
: ‘ ’ ...... 810
.. : ‘
..‌’ ...... 815
‌ : ‘ ’ ...... 819
: ‘ ’ ...... 824
: ‘’ ...... 829
: ‘ ‌ ‌‌’ ...... 835
: ‘ ’ ...... 842
: ‘ ’ ...... 849
‌ ‌ : ‘ ‌‌’ ...... 854
‌ : ‘ ’ ...... 861
‌ : ‘ ’ ...... 866
. . : ‘. .' ...... 871
: ‘’ ...... 879
‌ : ‘ ‌
' ...... 886
:
‘ ?’ ...... 891
‌ : ‘ ’ ...... 896
: ...... 902
‌ : ‘ ’ ...... 907
‌ : ‘ ‌ ’ ...... 912
‌ : ‘ ’ ...... 918
‌ : ‘
’ ...... 924
: ‘‌ ‌’ ...... 930
: ‘’ ...... 937
: ‘‌ ‌’ ...... 942
‌ : ‘ ’ ...... 948
: ‘ ’ ...... 954
: ‘ ‌’ ...... 959
‌ : ‘ ’ ...... 964
‌ : ‌
’ ...... 970
: ‘ ‌ ...... 976
: ‘ ’ ...... 980
: ‘ ’ ...... 985
: ‘ ‌’ ...... 995

1. ‌ 400 ;
, ?
‘‌’ . ?
‘‌’ - ? , ? ? . , . ? ? ? . “As You Like It” . “They found the bed untreasured of their istress.” , untreasured . , ! ! : “But soft, what light through yonder window breaks ! It is the east and Juliet is the sun!” . ‘ ’ , . : “cold, cold, my girl! even like thy chastity!” , ! “Soft you, a word or two, before you go” ! , , , ! ‘’ ? , , :
No, no, no life!
Why should a dog, a horse, a rat, have life,
And thou no breath at all?
Thou’lt come no more,
Never, never, never, never never !
Pray you, undo this button: thank you, sir ;
Do you see this? Look on her,
Look, her lips,
Look there ! Look there!
‌ , ! . , ! , , , . . ! , ‘never’ ? , . ? . , ! ‘Look there, look there’ . - ‘never, never, never, never, never’ ! ! , !!
, , ? - What is he to Hecuba or Hecuba to him? , ‌‌ ! - ! ‌‌ ! , ! , ‘, ’ : “The fringed curtains of thine eye advance;” . “I have given my eternal jewel to the common enemy of man”; “(the persons) who go the primrose path to the ever lasting bonfare! : Love is not time’s fool”!
. ‌ ? . _ . . , . , ?
‘’ , ‘’ , ‘ ’ , ‘ , , ’ ‘ ,’ ‘ ’ , ‘ ’ , ? . ‘ ’ ‘’, ! ‌ _ , , , , , , ! ‘’ , ! ‌ , . . . , , ! ‘‌’ , ‘’ v !
, . , , !
. , , ! ! ! , “look there, look there” ? . . ‌‌ , ? , , , ? ? , , ‌ , , , , ?
.
1
‌ . ‌‌ , , , , , , , (‘’ ) , , , , , ‘’ , . , , . ‌ ! , , , , , , , , , , , , , _ , . -‌. , , ‌ ‌ ‌‌ .
2
‌ “ ” . , . ‌ , , , .
‘ ’ ‌ . ‌ , . . . .
( ) , , . . ‌‌. ‌, ‌ .
“ ” . , . . , . . _ . , . ‌ . ‘’ . . . , , ‌ , ‘’ (Chivalry ‘’) ; ‌, ‌ , ; ‌ ‘’ . : ‌ , ‘, !’ . “ , ?” . , “ ” , , “ , , ” . ‘’ : ¸ . . . ‘’ , . ‘’ . , . . . . , ‘’ . ‌‌ , . , ‘’ ; . , , ‌. ‘’ ; ; , , ‌‌ .
3
‌‌ . ‌‌ :
“No my good Lord ; banish Peto, banish Bardolph, banish Poins; but for sweet Jack Falstaff, kind Jack Falstaff, true Jack Falstaff, valiant Jack Falstaff and therefore more valiant, being, as he is, old
Jack Falstaff, banish not him thy Harry’s company; banish not him thy Harry’s company ; banish plump Jack, and banish all the world.”
‌‌ . , . , ‌ . . . . . . , , , , . : “, , ?” . . “ ? ?’’ , , ?” ‌‌ , . “, , , ‘ ’ ’’ . , , _ . . : “, . , . . . . ‌ .” “ , ?” , “, ; ” . , “ . ” . ‌ ‌ , . . , ‘ ’ . , . ‘’ . . _ ! , . . ‌‌ . . . . . , . , .
. _ . ‌‌ , . ‌ . ‌ . ! , ‌ ‌ . . . , . . . ‌ . . . , . ‌ , ‌ . , . , . .
‌‌ !
4
.
. . , . - . . , “ !” ‘, ‌ ?’ . “, , !” , “ ! ! ª !” . ‌‌ . , _ ‌
, ‌‌ , “ ?” . ‌ . ‌‌: “, . ? ‌ . . .
. . , ”. . ‌ : “ , ’’ . , “ ” . . “, ,” ‌‌ . . . ‌, “, , ” . , “ , ,” . “ ?” ; , , , , . ‌‌_ : “ ; . , , , ‌‌ . , .” ‌‌ .” ? ?” , “
! . . ” . ‌‌ . ‌‌ . , ‌‌ . , “? ? ? ?” . . “ ” , “ ? ?” . ; “ ! . ; . , . ,” . , “ ,” , “ ‌ ,” . “ . ” , “ ’’ . . “ , ” , “, , : , ,” ! “ ” , “ ” . “ , (waste) ” , ‘waste’ ‘waist’ , “ (waist) !” . “ !” , “ !” . , “, , . ” , ‌ : “ ?” ! ? . , , . . . . ‌ : “, . . , ” . ¸ “ ” . ‌ . , , . . ‌ “ ?” , “ . . , ,” . “? ?” : “ , , , , ? . ; ? . ..... ‌ !”
‌ , .
5
‌‌ . . , “I am not only witty in myself, but the cause that wit is in others’’ ( , ) . . . ‌, , , ; “ : . ” wool-sack ( ), bed-presser ( ), huge hill of flesh ( ), trunk of humours ( ), reverend vice ( ), grey inequity ( ), vanity in years ( ) . ‌ Monsieur Remorse ( ), Sir John Sack and Sugar ( - ) . ‌‌ . . , , , . . . ; . ‌‌ . , “ , ,” , “ ‘’ ?” . ? ‌ : “ ‌. (‌‌ ) ? ; .” ; . ; , , , ( (I) went to a bawdy-house not above once in a quarter-of-an hour,) ; , , . “ , ?” , “ , , ” . . “ .” .
, . , “ . . _ ’’ . . , , . , , . , ‌ . “, , ” . ‌ . .
6
‌ .
‌‌ , . , . , . ‌‌ , . ‌ . ‌‌ . . ‌‌ . ( !). “ ‌‌ ?” . ‌‌ . ‌‌ ; “ , ’’ . “ ‌‌ ; ,” . ! .
‌‌ , ‌‌ . ‌ ‘’ . , , . ‌‌ , . . . , . , “ ” . : “ ; £. ?” ‘’ . .
‌‌ . , . . , . . ‘Sweet Wag’ ( ), the most comparative, rascallist, sweet young prince’ ( , , ) . “ ’ . ‌‌ ‌‌ ; “ () . . ; . zs .” ‌ , : “My royal Hal”! “my sweet boy! my King! my Jove!” , .
7
‌‌ - , , . , . . , . . . , . . . ‌ “ ’’ , “, ! , ,” . , . . . , , , , - . . . “, . ! , , . , ,” _ _ . ; , ( , ) . . “ , , .” . . , , . , “, , ,” . ‌, “ , , ,” , , “ , , ,” !
‌‌ . . - . , ‘ ’ , , “ . . .” , “, ? , , , . , . ? ”, , ‌‌ : “, , , . , , . . , , , , , , !” “ ” . ‘‘ !” . _ : “ , , ” . . . . , .
, , , . , _ . ‌, “ ” , “ ,” . . ‌ . . . . ! ! “, ? , ,” , “ ? ! , , . , ?” . . , , . .... . , , , ! “When Arthur first in Court And was worthy King” . . , , ! . “ !_ ”, “ ? ,” ‘ ’ . “ ” , “ ” . , “ , ,” . , “ ,” , . “, , ” . !
! : “You starvaling, you eelskin, you dried neat’s tongue, you stock-fish !” : “O! for breath to utter what is like thee!”!” : “You tailor’s yard, you sheath, you bow-case, you vile standing tuck” . . . ; , ‌ . ; (bonfire). ‌ . ‌‌ . . “ , ” , “, ” ; “, ” . , _ , , _ . , “ ; 29 ; , -‘ . ‌ ‌‌, “ . , , ,” .
8
, . . , , , . , ( . ) . , ‌ ; , _ ; ‌ . , , . . ? . , . . ; , ‌ ; . . , .
, , . . ‌‌ , . ‌; , . ; ; . , . .
, . . , ‌‌ , , ‌‌, ‘’ . , , . , , ,
‘’ , , , , , , , ‌‌ , , , . . , ‌‌, , - ‘’ ( ‘’ !) . , . , ‌‌ .
9
‘ ’ . ‌‌ . . . ‘ ’ ‌ . ‌‌ , ‌‌ . . . ‌ , , . , . , , . ‌‌ , , , ‌‌ - - . ‌ . ‘ ’ .
‌ . , , . .
. ‌ , ‘’ . , . . . , , , . z . , . . ‌ , . . . ‌‌ . . , . . ‌ . . . ‘ ’ : “ . . . . ‌ , , ”. ‌ . . . : , , . , . ‌‌_ ‌‌_ , , . ‌ , . ‌ _ , . ‌ ‌ . , , . : “ , , ?” , , ,
, , , - . . ? , . . . , ,
“ ,” . ‌ . ; ! ? . , , . , . ? . ? . ? . ? . ? . ? . ‌‌. . .
: ‌‌. : “ ! ..... . . . - !” . , , , “ , ,” . ‌ : “ .” . , . . . “ , , .... . . . . . !” . , . , . - , - , ! , “that abominable misleader of youth” ( ) , . , , . - , - . , , , . ‘’ (respectablitiy) , . . - -. . ‘ ’ . . . . . , ‘‌’ ‌ , , , . , . . , , . . , . . . , , . , ; . ‌ . , , , . , , , , ‌ . , ‌ . ‘ ’ . ‌ (lawlessness) _ .
10
‌‌ , , - ?
. , . , ? ? , ? , , , , . , , . , . . , . . - - , . ‘ ’ . . . . , ‌: . , ‌, ‌ :
‌ , ‌. , ‌ . , , . . , , , . . , , ‌. ‌ . . ‌ , , ‘’ ‌ , ‌ , , , - . - . .
‌ “ ‌ ‌” . ‌ . ‌ “ ” . ‌ ‌ .
‘’ ‌ . , .
3.
‘’ ‌‌ . , . , . ; . ‘’ , . , . , , , . ‌ .
. , . , , . . , . . . , .
. . . . . .
If it were now to die,
’T were now to be most happy ; for I fear,
My soul hath her consent so absolute
That not another comfort like to this
Succeeds in unknown fate.
, , , . . , ; . , , . , , . . . . .
. . . . . .
O thou weed,
so sweet,
Hadst ne’er been born!
‌ . . . , . , . . . ,
Cold, cold, my girl!
Even like thy chastity
. , .
.
? , ? , , ? ‌ . . . , (pathetic) (tragic) . , . , . () , . .
“Speak of me as I am, nothing extenuate
Nor set down aught in malice then must you speak
Of one that loved not wisely, but too well”
“But yet the pity of it, Iago! O Iago the pity of it,”
. , , . , . . . “The story of one that loved not wisely, but too well” . . . . , ; , . , ,
. :
If it were now to die
’T were now to be must happy.
:
Excellent wretch! perdition catch my soul
But I do love thee ! and when I love thee not,
Chaos is come again
z :
If she be false, o, then heaven mocks itself!
.
Yet I’ll not shed her blood,
Not scar that whiter skin of hers than snow,
And smooth as monumental alabaster,.
. . . , , . , . , . , . , . . “” , , , . , . , . , :
“Keep up your bright swords, for the dew will rust them.”
(“ , .”) . , , . - . “ ” . . , . , ; .
“................... there, where I have garner’d up my heart,
Where either I must live, or bear no life,
The fountain from the which my current runs,
Or else dries up.
, . . - . . ,
:
I have done the state some service, and they know’t,
No more of that.
, . , , ‘’ . , , . . :
’This not to make me jealous
To say my wife is fair, feeds well, loves company,
Is free of speech, sings, plays and dances well;
Where virtue is, these are more virtuous ;
Nor from mine own weak merits will I draw
The smallest fear or doubt of her revolt ;
For she had eyes, and chose me.”
“ , , , . . . ?” . . . , , . , . , . - I ‘? ?’ . :
“Cassio, my lord! No sure, I cannot think it,
That he would steal away so guilty - like,
Seeing you coming”.
, .
Iago : Indeed!
Is he not honest ?
Iago : Honest, my lord!
Oth : Honest! ay honest.
Oth : What dost thou think?
Iago : Think, my lord ?
Oth : Think, my lord !
As if there were some monster in his thought,
Too hideous to be shown.
- , . . . . :
Villain, be sure thou prove my love a whore,
Be sure of it : give me the ocular proof.
. , . , , , . , . . ? , . : “ ! .” : “ ”- , . . £, (“ , ”), - . .
,
I’ll not believe it,
. , . . , “O the world hath not a sweeter creature’’ . , , :
“But yet the pity of it, Iago!
O Iago, the pity of it, Iago.”
, , , . , . . . “Thou cunning’st pattern of excelling nature” . . .
I must weep,
It strikes where it doth love.
. . , “, ?” . “ , ” . . (‘Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I
loved Rome more’), . .
, . , ‌‌ . , . ( ). . . . ‘ ’ . ‘ ’ . . ‘ ’ . μi . ; ; . . ‘horned man’ ( _ ) , ‘cuckold me?’ ( !) . , . , - - . . . . ‌ , , , . . , . , . . , . . . . .
, . , . . , , , - . zze? . ; ;
; , . . ? . . . . , , . . , . , , . . , . , . . . . , , . . - . . , . , ,
. -, - . . , , - ; . . . , . , , - . - ‘honest’, ‘honest Iago’. ( . , , ; ‘‌ !’) ‌ , , . , , . . . ? , ? , . , , . . - , ,
.
, . , . - .
A maiden never bold;
Blush’d at herself.
: her motion blush’d at herself , . . “ , ?” . , . , . “ !” ,
“So would not I ; my love doth so approve him,
That even his stubbornness, his checks, his frowns,
.............. have grace and favour in them”
. “, ?” , “, . . , !” . , , ; . .
.* ‌ . . . , . , . “ ?”
, . “ ” . , . , ,
. - . . .
. “ . ”
* , ‘ ’ “” ?
. “, ” . . . “ , ” . . , , . , . , ,
. “ ” :
“Thou dost belie her and thou art a devil”
“ ’’ ,
“If he say so, may his pernicious soul
Rot half a grain a day!”
. “most filthy bargain” . , , “ ” . “, ? ” . . , . , :
O’ murderous coxcomb! what should such a fool
Do with so good a wife ?
, . . . .
.
4. ‌‌
. “ , ?” , “ , ”1 . , . , .
! “ ” . , ‌‌ .
‌ . . . . . . . . ‌ . , . ,
1. : ‘ !’
. . . ‘‌’ ‌, , .
‘’ ‌‌ . , . , , ‘’ . . - :
Desdemona : Do you know, sirrah, where
Lieutenant Cassio lies?
Desdemona : Why, man?
Clown : He’s a soldier ; and for one to say a
soldier lies, is stabbing
Desdemona : Go to. where lodges he ?
Clown : To tell you where he lodges is to tell you
where I lie.1
, “ ?” .
‘ ‌ ‌ ’ ‌ .
1. III iv, 1-9
‘ !
‘ , . , - _ .’
- .
. ‌‌ . , , . ‌, . ‘’ . . ‘ ’ , .
‘ --‌ ’. . ‌. . . , . , , . - . ( !) ‘’ . . ; . ? - . , ? , ; , ‘’ (prologue) . , . ? . , , “ ” . .
“ , . . ,- ‘ ;, ,’ ‘ , , , , . . , . , . . .’ . .”!1
, “ ” , . ?
‘‘ , .”!1
1. : ‘ ’ 1.
, : ! , . , !
‘ : ‘ , ’! 1
, , . . ( ) . , . ‌ , . , , , , , , , , . _ (Peaseblossom), (Cobweb), (Moth), (Mustard-seed) - . ‘ . _‌ ’ ,
, ! ‘’ . ‌‌ . . . ‌‌ “ ” , “ ” . ,
1. : ‘ ’ 1.
. ‘, ?” . . . , , . - . , , . , ‘ ,’ ‘ -‌ , ‘‌’ ‌ ‘ ’ ‘’ . ‘ ’ . ( .) ‌‌ , . , ‌‌ , . ‘ -‌ ’ - , - , - , - (!) - - . “ , - ”1 , , . ‘ ’ - , - , - - . -
1. ...
. :
“ . , , , , , .”
:
“ , , .”
:
“, .”1
‘‌’ . , - , . , . ; ?”1
. . , , , , ? :
“, . , . . .”2
1. .. : ‘‌‌’ ()
2. .. : ‘‌‌’ ()
“ , ‌!” , ‌ ? . . (‘ ‌’ , ?) ? ! ( cxxx, cxxxvii cxxxviii .)
‘’ . ‘’ ‘ ’. , ‌ . . ‌, . , ‌ . , . , ‘sensible’ ‘apprehend’, ‘secondarily’, ‘supect’ . . tedious ( ) ? :
.................... If I were as tedious as a King,
I could find in my heart to bestow it all of your worship.1
1. Act III. V. 20-1 Much Also About Nothing
‘ .’
“ ” , ‘’ :
“ , ! , , , .”1
, , . , . . ª . , . . (‘’ ‌, .) , . , .
‘‌’. , ‌ . , . . . . , , , . ,
1. ‘ ’, 1
, . . . .
:
“ . , , ‘ ?” . . , , , . . , ‘, . ’ .”
. .
, . , . , , , , ( . , , . . ,
, . ?) , . , . ,
‘‘ , , .’’
, ,
“, !, ! ?”
- .
, - _ , ,
“ , , ,”
, !
‘’ ‘’ . ‌‌‌ . , , .
. , . . , . , . , . , . . . . :
“ ; .”
, “Accost, Sir Andrew, accost” os . :
“ . ( !) , .”
. . , , ! !” .
, “, , . . , ” ! , “ () !” . ‘ ’ . ( , . ! .) . , ‌, , . , . || : “ .”
‌ . . ! ( !) . ‘ ’ . ‌ , . ‘licensed fools’ . . ‌ . , ‘ ’ , ‘’ .
‌ , ‘’ . ‘ ’ ‌ . || ‌‌ . || ‌‌ .
“ , : . , ‌‌ , , , , .”!
‌. , .
For my part, I had rather bear with you than bear you ; yet I should bear no cross if I did bear you, for I think you have no money
in your purse.2
; , . .
. divine Rosalind . . , , , :
“ , ‘ ’ ; . , ‘ ’ ,
1. ‘‘ .’’
2. II. IV. 11-3
.”
‍ , . “, , ” “ ” . ‘’ . . ‘’ , ‌ “ !” . :
“, . , . , .”
, , , . : , , , , , , . , . ,
“ , ,” . .
‌ , . ‌, . , .
. . , . ‌ ‘’ , , , , .
‌ . ‘‌’ , . ; “I am for all waters” ( ) . . , . . “ ” , : “ ? .” , . “ ?” - . ‘‘ ’’- . ‘‘ ” . ‘‘ ” . “ ” . . :
In sooth, thou wast in very gracious fooling last night, when thou spok’st of pigrogromitus, of the Vapians passing the equinoctial
Queubus.1
1. II. III. 23-6
; ! , , , , ‘’ . , ,
,
, ;
.
, z

!
. .
“ ; . , , ; . .”
, . . . . ! “ , .” “? , .” , , , , . , .
, . . ( , .) . (‘I am for all waters’) , ; .
‘’, ‘ ’ . ‘’ . , , , . . ‌‌ . , , ; , . . , ‘’ . . . , , . ‌ , . . . “ . , ”! . : “ ”,1 “ , .” . “ ”
, . “ , ; .’’ ‘‘, , (; crown, ) !” . “ ?” ,
“? .... ”! . “, ” ,
“ ; . .”2
. “, ?” ,
“ ; ; , , ,”
. ; . ; . , “ ? ? ?”
1. : ‘ ’
2. : ‘ ’
, -“ .” , ‘’ . . . , . “ , ” , , - “ !”
. . . . , . . , , , . ! . . , ! . , “ ” . . . . “..........and my poor fool is hang’d” . ‘’ . . , , , . . , , . “ ” ; “ ,”1 . . , , , , . - ”I’ll go to bed at noon” ( ).
, , , . . . :

.
“, ” . . ‘’
1. ‘ ’
. , . ‌, , , . ? ? , , , . , . , . , . ; . . , . ; . . , , . - - ‘’ . . , , , ‌ :
“ : .”
‌‌ ‌ :
“ ,
,

. ,
,

,
”1
‌ , . , , , . , , . . , , , . , . , , . . ‌ , , . , , , . ; , , , ; . , . , , . - - . , , . ( , , ‌ );
1. : ‘’
, , . . (‘ ’ ,
. . .) ‌ , , , , , ‌‌ ; , , . , - -, , , ‘ ’ . :
,
,

,
,
.
.
1
: “ .” . “, . .’’
, , , ; , , . : “ , ”. . , , ; ; . . “, ” , , . , . . .
ª . !
, “ ?” “ .”
, , . , . . . , , , . . . ; . , , . . . , . , - .
. . ‌. “ ”, ‘‘ ” . , , , , , .
- , . . .
2
- .
‌ (‌ 28, 1828) , ‌ ‌ ‌ . . ‌ . . . .
. . ‌ .
‌ . , . . . ‌ . -, . . ‌ . (‌ : “ , .
”.) ‌ 19 . , . . , , . .
‌ . . ‌ “ ‌”, “ ”- , , : , - . “‌‌” . . :
“ ”. : , , , . . . , . , -- , .
‌ “’ !
1851 ‌ . . . . ‌ : “ . .” . , , . 1853 . ‌ . , , , . ( . . . , ; , , !) ‌ , , . , , . . , , . 1855 5 “ , . .”
, .
‌ . .
1856 ‌ , ‌‌ . , . . ‌ , , . . ‌ :” , .”‌ : “ ! .” . : “ , , .”
‌ . 28 .
? ? - . ‌ . , . ‌ . . . “ ” . . . ‌ “, ” , . ¸v, . ! (‌ .)
‌ . ‌ ; . , , ‌ .
! ‌ .
1862 ‌ _ . . . ‌ !
‌ . 34 . , . . 1862 .
‌ . , . , . .
“ ”. ( .) “ ” ( .) , , ‘ ’ ; ‘’.
.
?
.
. , . , ‌ , 20 , , , , , : “ ...... , ? (‌) !”
.
? , , ? , ?
, , , , _ ‌.
. ?
‘ ’, ‘ ’ , , , . , . .
, , .
1876, 77, 78 - . , . ‌ - , . : “ ? , , .” , .
‌ . , . , - , , .
‌ : ‘ , . : ‘ .”
, , ‌.
. , ‘ , .” , , - ‌ .
1880 ‌ , .
, .
‌ !
1881 . . . ‌ ; . ‌ . .
30 .
‌ ; . ‌ . . .
. , , . , ‌ , . ‌ . . . , .
‌ , , . : , . , , . , , . ‌ .
‌ . . . . , , , . . . , , ‌ . . . ‌ : , , .
. , , --, . - . .
, ; ? ? , ‌.
‌ . . . , . . , . ‘’ . ª , . . . . . ‌ . . , , , , .
‌ . ‌ . ‘ ’, ‘ ’, ‘ ’, ‘ ’ .
- . ; . . , , ‌ . ‌; : ‘‘ !’’ ‘‘ ?’’ , . , . , . ‌ , ‌ . . - . ‌ , .
, , ‌ ‘‘’’ . ‌ . . ‌ . ‌ . ( 20 .) . ‌ , . , ' ' . , 1881 ‌. (' ' 1,20,000 . ).
1891 . . ‌ . 10,000 . . ‌ . ‌ ! ' ' , . ‌ -52 -- ‌ .
‌ ‌ ''- . 71 .
1901 ! .
1902 ‌ . . . . .
. . , .
1904 ‌ . – ‌ . '!' ‌ . . . ‌ , . , . , . - , - . 1906 . ‌ . ; , -‌. ‌ , , , - ‌ . , ‌ . . . 1908 ‌ . . . ‌ 80 .
‌ - . 80 . . , , ; . . ; . .
1908 ‌ 28 ‌ 80 . ‌ . - 88 ‌ . ‌ : ‌ . . ‌ . ‌ . ‌ . , . ‌ ‌ ‌ ; , , . . . . . , , ; .
- . . ‌ . ‌ 1908 2 . : ? . ? , .
‌ 5 ‌ . 1908 ‌ : ‘‌ ’. ‘‌ ’ ‌ - ‘ ’ - , .
‘‌ ’ - . ‌ . . ‘ ’ ‌ .
? . ? , .
1908 2 1910 28 .
‌ . , , . .
‌ ‌. . ‌ . ‌ . ‌ . , . ( ‌ ‌) ‌ . . . .
‌ .
‌ . . , , ? . . 1910 7 5-45 .
, : ‘‘ , .’’ . .
.
, ‌ . . . ; (
!) , . . , , , , , . . - , , - 40 . , . ; .
.
6. ‘‘‌’’
(1749-1832) ( .) ‘‌’ . 1773 1831 ! : ‘‘ £ ; .’’
‌ . 1540 . ‌ . ‌, ‌ . 1528 ‌ . 1535 . ‌ . , - , . 1587 . ‌ , ; , , , , . ‌ . ‌ , : , . . ‌ , .
. . .
- . - . - , . , . - . , ‌ , . ‌ . ‌‌ ; , . , . , . . ‌ . ‘|| ’ , , , , . , . .
, . . : , . . . ‌ . - (‌), , ‌ - . . ; , , . . .
- - . .
‘’ . . , . ‌ (). ( . ,
. , . , !)
1773 ‌ , . . ( 1795 .) 1797 . 1808 , ‘‌ - ’ . 60 . 60 . - . . ‘‘ ‘’ , . , .’’ ‌ : , . , .
. ‌ . , , . . ‘ ‌ ?’ . . , . . , , . - . ( ‘ ’ .)
. . - ‘’- . ‌ . , , , . . ‌ . . ‌ . . . ‌ , ‘ ’ .
. (‘‌’ . .) ‌ . . , 24 , , .
‌ , . , , . . . , - . , , , , , , , , .
. ‌ - . . , . . ‌ . , ‌ , . . , . . . . - - ‌ . ‌ , .
, , . .
. . , . . . ‘ ’ . . ‘‘ , , , ’’, . .
. , . . . (‘’ ) , . , ‌- . , . . , . , ‌ . . ‌ , . , . ‌ , , . ‌ . , . , , . , , . . . . . , . ‌ -- ; . . . . ‘' , ‘ !' . - .
, . ‌. , . , . , - . . ‌ . . - . . . . , . , . . , , , , . , . . , . – , . ‌ - – . , . , ‌ , . , ; .
. ‌ , ‘ ' . .
, - . , , , , , - - - . , , - ‌ . , , , . .
, , - - . . , , . , . , . , . , , , (
), () .
‘‌' . ‘' . - . ‘‌' . , . ‘' , () . . , , – , ‘' .
7. ‘ ,' ‌
, , - !
‌ ‘‘ " .
- ! . , , , , , - !
‌‌‌ . . , . ‌ . - ! , ! ! ! ! !
‘ ' . ‌ , . . . . , - ! ‌ , ( , !) – ! ‌‌‌‌ ; , ! ! , , , . , !
‘ ' , , , ‌‌‌‌ . , , , ! ‌ (30-11-1667). . . . , . . , , , ! , .
‘ ', . ‘ ‌ ', , ‘ , !' ‌. . , . ‘' . .
‌ ‘ ' . ‌ ; , ; , . ; .
, ‌ . Houghnhnms (‌‌ !) . ‌‌ , , , ! ‘' . ‌. . , , , , ! ‌ , , , , - . ( : , !) . , , , , , : , , , , , , ! ( !) ‌‌ , . - , , , .
‘ ' ‌ . . , , - , , . , . ‘' ‌‌‌ ‘‘ ” . , ‘‘ , ?" . , : ‘‘ , , .”
.
8.
. ‘ ' ‘ ' (‘Six Characters in Search of an Author’) . . .. . ( , , , .) . . ‌, , ‌, , .. . . , , , ‌, , .
‘ ' : . . . . ; . . . , , . , . ‌ . , . .
....
‘ '() , , , . . . , . , . . ‘' , . , (‘ ' ) , ‘' ‌ , , . , . ‘' . , , . . ‘' , . ‘' ; ‘Pi' . ‘' . . , . ‘' . - . ‘' - . , , , , . . , . ‌ ‘' ‘' . , , . ; !
‘ ' - -. . , , . , . . , - , ‘ ' . ; . , , . . , . , ; - . ; , , - . .
:
. . . , , . . , , , . - (), (); . . . . . . . ; . . . . - . . . . , . . , . , . . , , . . .
. . , . , , . , . ;
. ; . - . , , , , , . . ‘', . , . . ‘' . . . ? ? ‘ ' . , .
, , , - . 1867. . 1895 . 1989 . . , , . . . 1898 . . . ‘‌’, , . , . 1904- 37 - , . . . . . . . , . . . – . . 1915 , . . . 1918, . 1921 ‘ ' ‌ . .
1918 . . . 1924 ‘ ' .
. . 1934 .
, . ‌ . . . ‌ . 1936 . .
- , - ( ) . ( ) - . ‘ ' (1946), . ‘ ' . . – - , . . , ? . . . , ? ? . ( , . ; , . ‘ ', ‘ ' .)
- , - , . , ‘ ' , - . , , , . . , , . ( , : frozen time.) , , , . , , . - , ! , . ( . , , , . , , , .) , , , . . . ( , . .) . , . . . . ‘' . , . , . . ( , .) . , . , , . , ! - . , ( ) , ? ( , , ?) ‘ ' , . . - (), .
, . . . - . , , ‘ ! !' , . , .
. . ‘' ? . ‘' ‌ . ( ) . ‘', , , , z , . . , - , : . - ‘', . , . ; , ‘he builds himself up.’
‘ ' . - . , , - - . . - , ? ‘ '
? ‘ ' ? . ? ? , ? , () . ? , . . , . . ? , . ? , ? , . ‘ ' ? :
‘‘ ? , , . , . , , ? , , ."
- . , , , ? ? , ? . , , ; . . ‘' ; . ; ‘‘ . , ' . - - . . ‘ , ' . ( ; , .) . : ‘‘ , : ‘ ?' ; : ‘ !' :
‘‘ , . , . (‘somebody’). ( ) (‘may very well be nobody’)."
:
‘‘ ! . , (it is fixed). . , , , , ; , ; , ."
, . . . ‘' . , ‘' . . ‘ ! , (passion)'. . . , ?
- . . . . ‘' ‘', . . ( , . ‘ ' : . (a nobody) . (somebody) ; . : ‘‘ ! ") .
- - - - - – - : . . : ‘ , . . , , , . , (crisis) , '. . .
. ‌ :
The playwrights who follow Pirandello are frequently better artists, but none would have been the same without him. Pirandello’s influence on the drama of the twentieth century is immeasurable, In his agony over the nature of existence, he anticipates Sartre and Camus ; in his insights into the disintegration of personality and the isolation of man, he anticipates Samuel Beckett ; in his unremitting war on language, theory, concepts, and the
collective mind, he anticipates Eugene Ionesco ; in his approach to the conflict of truth and illusion, he anticipates Eugene O’Neill (and later, Harold Pinter and Edward Albee) ; in his experiments with the theatre, he anticipates a host of experimental dramatists, including Thornton Wilder and Jack Gelber; in his use of the interplay between actors and characters, he anticipates Jean Anouilh ; in his view of the tension between public mask and privateface, he anticipates Jean Giraudoux ; and in his concept of man as a role-playing animal, he anticipates Jean Genet.
(The Theatre of Revolt)
: ‘ , , , - !'
9. ‘ ‌ '
. , . . .
‘ ‌ ' . . . , , , .
. ‘ ‌' . 41 ‘ ‌ ' ( ) . 1907 .
. . . .
. ‘ ' , . . . ‘ ' , . 1876 . . . . . - , . . . . .
. . . . , . . . - , , , , . . .
. . . , . , . . . . ( ‘ ‌' 1903 . . ) , . . , , . , , . .
1903 ‘ ‌' . -‌ . 1907 . ( .) , .
!
, , - . . . , , . .
. .
, . .
, . - , ‌ , , ‌‌ . , .. ‌, ‌, , , , . . , . , . . ‘ ‌' , .
, ‘ '. . , , , . ‘ ‍‌ '. . , , ? ? . . - .
. . ‌ . ‌. . . ‘ ‌ '. ; , – ; - . . . , - . 14-15 27 , , . , .
:
‌‌ . . ‌ ‌‌ . (‘‌' ‘' ) . , . . . . . . ‌ . . ‌ , – ‌ - . , , . .
. . , , , ‘ ' . , , .
. . . . . ‌ , . . . . . , , . , , , . . ‌ ‌ ; . . ; . ‌ . . ; . . . . , . . . . .
. . . ‌ .
. . . - ‘ ‌ '. . -‌ . , , , .
‌ . . . . . . .
. . , . . , , , , , ¸ ‘‌ '.
. . , ‘ ?' . 1892 ( 3 .) . - . . , ? ? . , . ! . ( ) ( ) ! . ; , , , , ‌- . , 1901 . ( , )! - ? .
. . . : ‘‘1902 (vote) . .' :‘‘ . . ...... ‘'. , .”
, -- , . . ; : . , , - . :
‘ : . . . , . - .'
‘ . . , , . . . ‘ ,' ‘‌ ’ . ; .'
‘1900 1,752,187 .'
‘ : , . .'
‘ : , , .'
.
‌, ‌ .
‘‘ ... ‘ ‌ ' . ... .... , , .... ; .... ‌‌ , . . . .'
, . . ! . , , , , , - .
‘ ‍‌ ' , . . - , - . ‘ ‍‌ ' . , . , ‌ - , . ( , .) , ‌ . , ‌‌‌ . . , . . . , , , ‌ . ( ) . , , ‘' (‌ ‌ ) . . . .. ‘ ' ; () : Democracy if sound, must produce not only the democratic ordinary man, but the democratic
extraordinary man... All one can say is that democracy, if it is to survive, must produce the Uncommon Man who understands and serves the common man, with all his weaknesses and strengths. As Mr. Lindasy has put it, ‘A modern democratic state is only possible if it can combine appreciation of skill, knowledge and expertness’ (and may we not add character and personality) with a reverence for the common humanity of everyday people.
( Uncommon. Man ‘' , .)
. . , , , – . . . , . ‘ ‍‌ ' -
. . , : ‘ , . . . . ? ‌ , , .' ( ‌ ). , .
.
10. ‘ '
‘‘ - . ‘ ' . .... .”
1967 ‘ ' . , . . : ‘ ', ‘ ' ‘'. . ‌ . ‘ ' . . , ‘', ‘ ' ‘ ' . , ; .
‘ ' . . ‘ ' .
‘ ' . : . . . - . , . . :
‘‌‌, , , . (‘' .) .'
. ‘' . . , .
. . ‘' . ‌ ‘' (). ‘' (‘') . ‘' . ‘' . ‘' . ‘' , . , ‘ . ' . . , , . .
‘ , , ; , .'
. ; . , . , . . . , . ‍ . , . , . ‍‌‌ ‘' , . ‍‌ . . , - . . , , . . :
‘ - . . ! . . ; . .'
: , , ‍‌‌ . , . . . . ‘' ‌ . . ‍‌ . . , .
. . .
, ‘ ' . . , , . . - , . . . , , , . . , .
. . . . (‌ ) :
‘ . , . . , . , - , , .'
, ‘ ' . . , .
‘ ' (allegory) . . , . , ; , , .
. ‘' . ‘ ' (‘') .
‌‌ ‌ , ‘ ' . ? ‌‌ : ; , ‘ .' ‘ ' : ‘ ‌‌ ' . (‘ ‌‌ ' ( ) ( - ) . , . ‌ , , , , , . -‌ ‘ ' . , ; ‘ ' ( ) . - , , ; ; , . . , . ; ; . ; ‘' ‘ ' ( ). : (finite) , . (‘In K’s relationship with Frieda the full satisfaction with the circle of spiritual inwardness and the urge to outward clarity of realization stand opposed to each other’). ‌ , ‘ ', , z , . : (), ‌ ‘a casebook in abnormal psychology’ . ‌ ‘ ' . ? . ( .) ‌ . : ‘‘The Castle is perhaps a theology in action, but it is first of all the individual adventure of a soul in quest of its grace’’...........
. . .
. , . . , ‌ . ‘ ? ?' . , ‘ ...... . ' . ‘ ' .
‘ ' , . ( , . ; , .) ? , ? ( ‌ .) , , ‘ ? ?' ? ‘ ' . ? , , . . , . ‘ , ' . ? , ? , , , . ? ( ‌ ‘ostensible land surveyor’ ( ) ‘' ? . , ' . , ( ) . . . . ; . ; . , , ; , . , . . (‘ ‘ . , , ' . ‘ . .) , ‘ ' ; : ‘Unmoored from his spiritual and social anchorage, expelled from his once secure place in the cosmos, modern man, as the Existentialists point out, has to make his own existence instead of assuming it as given. Kafka’s fragmentary novel depicts the tragic irony and ultimate impossibility of this enterprise’. . , . , . .
, , . . . . , . . , . . , .
. (? .) . , ‘ , ... , , . , . . .
. . ?
‌ ‌ ‘ ' . . . . , . . - . . , . , , ‘ ' , . . , . , , ; . - ? , , , , . ( : . . , ‘, , ' ) , ? , ; ; . . ‌ . . . , . , . . . . . : . ( ) , . . . . . . , . . . . , , . ; ; ; , ; . , , .” ; . . , . . . . .
‘ ' . , , .
.
‌ 1883 3 . 1924 . ‌ . ‘ ' 1925, ‘ '
146 . .. / .6
1926, ‘' 1927 , 1931 . ‌ , . . . ‌ . . . . , . , . . , ‌‌ . . - . . , ‘ ' !)
. . ‌ ‌ , . 1906 , - . .
- , . 1913 , . . . :
‘ ; , ; ; , , ¸ , , - . 1917 . ( , , , .)
. . . . , . . . . . 1924 .
. . , , , . , . ; . ; . 1919 ( ) :
‘‘ , .... . . ( ) , , .”
. . , . , . . . . 1920 . . , . . -- . . 1922 . . , .
. . . , , , . .
.
. . : . . , ‌ , . . , . , , . , . . . . ‘ ' - . . . ‘ ' . . , . , .
, , ‘' . ( : , ? ? ‘ , ' , ?) . , , .
. , , , , . . , . . , , , . . . . , . . (‌‌ , ‘ ‌', ‘ ',
‘‌ ‌' .) , ‘ ? ?' . , . , . . , . , . . . , . . , ‌ , ‌ , , . ‘ ' . . , ‘ ' , . . . . , , , . : , . , , . . . , . . . . ( .) . . . , . . . , . , , ? . . , . . , . .
. , .
‘In the bar, which was a large room with a vacant space in the middle, there were several peasants sitting by the wall on the tops of some casks, but they looked different from those in K's inn. They were more neatly and uniformly dressed in coarse yellow-gray cloth, with loose jackets and tightlyfitting trousers. They were smallish men with at first sight a strong mutual resemblance, having flat bony faces, but rounded cheeks. They were all
quiet, and sat with hardly a movement, except that they followed the newcomers with their eyes, but they did even that slowly and indifferently. Yet because of their numbers and their quietness they had a certain effect on K. He took Olga's arm again as if to explain his presence there.’
, , , , , - ¸. , , - . . .
‘‘I say’’, cried K suddenly.... ‘‘I am surprised that you have the nerve to drive me round on your own responsibility. Are you allowed to do that?’’....When K saw him (Gerstacker) at such close quarters - the sledge
had slid forward a little - this stooping and somehow ill - used figure with the thin red tired face and cheeks that were different - one being flat and the other fallen in-standing listening with his mouth open, displaying only a few isolated teeth, he found that what he had said out of malice had to be repeated in pity, that is, whether Gerstacker was likely to be penalized for
driving him about.’’ ( .)
, . . ( ) : ? ? , ‌ ! : . , , ? (
. ?) ‘‌’ - , , ‘' . . ( . , . ‘' , - ‘‌‌’ ? . , 1944 1955 .. : () ‘‘
.” ‘I do not see how one can possibly take him for either a great artist or a moral guide’’ . ‘ ' , , . , , , . (
(i) Twentieth Century Interpretations of ‘The Castle’ : Ed. P. F. Neumeyer
(ii) Kafka : Twentieth Centuary Views : Ed. Ronald Gray
(iii) The Disinherited Mind : Erich Heller.)
.
11. ‘‘ ’’
‘‘ " . , . .
‘‘There was an old person of Slough,
Who denced at the end of a bough,
But they said, if you sneeze
You might demage the trees,
You impudent old person of Slough.’’
‘‘If all the world were paper
And all the sea were ink
If all trees were bread and cheese
What should we have to drink?
? ? ?
? ?
, . . ‌ . , , ‘ ' ( ) . , . . : ‘ , ' . . , , - - ? , . . . ‌ .
‘‘Let's think of eggs,
They have no legs,
Chickens come from eggs,
But they have legs.
What a conundrum !’’
. , . . ‘ ' . ‘ ' . , , , , - . .
. , ; ; ; , , , , , , ; ; , , , ; ; ª ,
- .
, ( ) . . . . . , , . . , ; ; , - . . . , . , , . . , , , , , , , , , . , , . , . , , , . (‘‘The writing of nonsense poetry.... was an attempt to find a world where the divisions of class, sex, occupation did not operate’’ W.H. Atuden) . . , . , , - - , , . . , , , . , . . (‌
. . .) , - . . . , .
. .
'' ; “Peter piper picked a peck of peckled pepperies” (‘‘ " ). .
, . . , , . , , . . . .
: - ? ? ? , , ? , , ? . ,
.

. . .
. ‘ ’ .. ‘ ’ . . ... . ‘’ . .
.. . .
. ‘’ . .
? .
12.1.1995 ..
1. :
‘ ’, .
(1804- 64), -. ‘ ’ . - .
, , . ( , , - . , . . . . . .)
- . . ‘’ . . . . .
. . ‘’ (’, , ) , ( , . ) . . . . , . . . ( , .) ‌ . , , . , . , , . .
. . . . . . . . , , , , , . . . .
. , , . ‘’ , . . , . , .
‘’ . . . , ‘’ . . .
‌ . , , . , . , , .
‌.( ‘’ .) , .
, , . , . , . . , “ ?” . ‌‌ . ‌ .
. , . ‘’, ‘’ () ‘’ (), ‘’ () .
, . , ‘‌ ’ . .
‌ . , , , , . . . .
‌ . . . ‘ ’
‌ . , , . , , , , . .
. .
o . - , - . , , . ‌‌ , .
(), ª . , ‌ , . (, , . .)
. . . ( . , .)
, . . ‌ . . .
- , . . . . . ‌‌ . .
.
2. ‌ ‌ :
‌ ‌ (1812-1870) . ‌ ‘ ’ . ‌‌ , . . . . . ‘ ’ ( ).
, . ( ) ( ) . .
‌ . ‌ . . . , . , .
. . . , . . . ‌ . . . , , . . , , . . . . .
. . . . . , . , , . , . , . . , . . .
.
. . ‌ . . . , ‌ , , ‌ . , , .
; . , . , . ‌ , , , . , . .
. , , . , ‘ ?’ . , . ‘?’ ‌ . . .
. . . . ‌, , . .
. . . . . , . . . , , . .
. . , , , , . . . . . . ‘’ - . , .
‌ . ( . .) . , . . , , .
. , , , ‘ , ’ . ‌ , . . . ‌ , - . .
, . , . . . . . “ , ” . ! .
. . , . . . . . ( ) . , . , , . . , . . , “ , , ”.
. , ‘‌ ’. , . ‌ . , , . .
‌ . , .
, . . . -- . . . , .
.
3. :
‘ ’ (1816-55) ‘ ‌’ . . , . . 1824 . . . ( ) . . .
1847 ‘ ’ . ( . 1848 ‘ ’ , g- .) ‌ . 1855 . . , ‘ ’ .
, . . . ‌ . , , , . . . . .
. I . ‌‌ . , , . , . ‌ . , . . . . - , . . , ‌‌ . () , ‌ , - . . ‌ , , .
. . . . - . . . . . , . , .
. . , ( ) . . , . . . . - . , , . . . , . , . . , . . . , . . . . , .
. , ‌ , , . . . . . , . . . . , . . . , .
. , . . . . , ‌ . ‌‌ ; . . . . ‌‌ ‌ . . . ‌‌ . . . . , ‌ , . ‌ . . ‌ . .
. . . . ‌‌ . . . , . . .
‘ ’ , . , . ‌ ‘‌’ () . . (, ) . , . . ( , .) , .
, ‘’ , ‘ ’ . - . ‘’ , . , . -. , . , . . . , , . . , .
. ( . .) , ‘’- . , . . , , . . , , , . .
. . , . ‌ ‌ . - . - , . , , . , . ( . )
.
4. : ‌
- , - ‘ ‌’ (‘ ‌’ ).
(1818-1848) . ‘ ’ . , .
. . . . . . - . . . . . . . .
‘ ‌’ , , - . ‌ ; , . ; ‌‌ . . . , . .
‌‌ , , , . . ‌‌ . . ‌ ‌‌ , .
‌‌ ‌‌. . . ‌ . ‌‌ . . ‌ . , .
‌ . . . . . ‌‌ ‌ . ( , ) .
.
. ‌‌- . , . ‌‌ ‌, . . ‌‌ () . , . , ‌‌ .
. , , . , , , . . . ‌‌ ‌‌ ‌ . ‌‌-‌ ‌ , .
. . , . . . ‌‌ ‌ . .
. . . . , . . ‌‌ . ‘, , ’ . ‌‌ .
, , . . ‌‌, ‌ . . , . - ‘‌’, ‘’. . . , , , , - . -- .
. ‘’ , . - . , . ! . - . . ‌‌- . , . ‌‌ . , ‘’ ‌‌ ui . , , , . ‘‌’ ‘ ’ (, ), ‘‌ ’ ( ) . ‘’ . , . . , ‘’ , .
‌‌ . . ( , ). . ‌ : “ . . . ‌‌ . , . ‌‌! , . . ! .” ‌‌-
‘’, .
27 , ‘ ‌’, . . , . , . . , , .
. - , ( , , . , ) . ( , ) . . , . ! , . (, , ‌‌- , .)
, , . ‘ ‌’ ‘’ . ‘ ’. ,
‘’.
‌
. ; , , . . . . .
‌ (1821-1881).
, ‘‌ ’ ( ) : , ‌‌ , ‌ .
‌ ‘ ‌’.
. . . .
, ; . , . . ; . . . , ‘’ (‌ ‌) , .
. , .
; . ; . , ; . . .
.
. . z ; ‌‌
. . , ‘ ?’ . .
, . . . , .
. .
, . , . .
‌‌‌ , . . . , . . . . . . , . , . . ; , . . . - , . , . , ‌‌‌ , . . , . ‌‌‌ . . .
. . . , .
. . . ; . ‘ ’ , ‘‌’ , , . ( . ‌ .)
‌ , , , ; . , . ‌‌‌ ; , . . , ,
; ‘ ’, (), - . . . ‌ . ‌‌‌ . . . . . , . .
‘’ . ; . , . ; . , , . . , ‌‌‌‌ . , , , . ‘‌ ‌ ‌. . , . ‘ ’ . .
, . . ,. . .
.
6. ‌ :
‍ ‌ (1828-1910). ‘ ’ . . .
. z . . . . . . . .
. . , ‘ ’ . , . . , . . . . . . . , . . . . , .
. ‌ . . .
, . . , . . . . . , . , ‘ ’ . “?” . “ , , ” . . . .
. , , . “, ” . . , . . . ; . , , . . . .
- . - ‌ , . ‌ ' ‌’ .
. ( .) . , , , , . , . - , . - , . , , , , . .
. , . ‌ , , - . . (¨ , “ , ‘ , ')” . . . . . , . . ‘‘ , ” , , “ , ” . , , , , . , . (‘‘ , .’’) , ‌‌ . , , . , , .
' ' . . . - . . , . . , “, , ?” . , , , . , .
‌ . . ‌ .
, . . . , . : ' .' : ' '. . ‌ . . - ; . . . , . , . . . . . . . , . . . . . .
‌ . - , . ? . '' . . - , .
.
7. : ‌‌‌
' ‌'.
(1840-1928). '' ( ) . , - . 88 , 55 . .
, . , , ‌‌‌ . , , . . , .
( ) . . . . . . ‌‌‌ . , . . - , . ‌.
. . , . ( .)
, . . . . (, ) . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . ‌ . . ‌ .
. . . . ‌ . , . . . . ‌ . .
. . . .
. . . . , . . . , , – , !
'' ' ' . . . . . , , . . , , , -, . . '' . .
. ( .) . . , . , , . . . , , . ; . , , .
'' ( , ‌ ) , . , - . , . . . , . ( , .) , . , .
'' . , , . (‌‌) , . .
. , . .
' '. . . .
.
8. : ‌‌
(1840-1928), . ' ‌' 55 ; . , . , . \ï .
' ' z .
. ; , .
, . . . ‌ , . . , . , . ‌ . . ‌ . . ‌ .
. . , . , . . .
‌ , . . , ‌‌ , , , . . . . .
, . . ‌ . . ‌‌ . .
, , . ¸ . .
. , . . , . . , . . . . . . . .
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