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HUMANITIES: HISTORY ELECTIVE 2176/12176/2

PAPER 2 [ 50 marks ]

SEMESTER ONE EXAMIINATIONMay 2018

1 hour 45 minutesAdditional materials: Writing paper

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATESDo not open this booklet until you are told to do so.Write your answers on the separate writing paper provided.

Write your name, register number and class on all the work you hand in.

Write in dark blue or black pen.

Both Sections A and B are compulsory.Section AAnswer all parts of Question 1.

You are to leave 3 lines after each answer for Section A.

Section BAnswer one question.

Begin your answers to Section B on a new and separate piece of paper.Hand in Sections A and B separately.

INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATESThe number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.The total mark for this paper is 50.

1This question paper consists of 5 printed pages.

Setter: Mr Raj Kanna Vetter: Mrs Eugenia Tan

1

Section A: Source-Based Case Study

Question 1 is compulsory for all candidates.

Study all the sources carefully and then answer all the questions.

You may use any of the sources to help you answer the questions, in addition to those sources you are told to use. In answering the questions you should use your knowledge of the topic to help you interpret and evaluate the sources.

1 (a) Study Source A.

What can you infer about the cartoonist’s opinion? Explain your answer. [5]

(b) Study Source B.

Why was this poster published? Explain your answer. [5]

(c) Study Sources C and D.

How different are Sources C and D? Explain your answer? [6]

(d) Study Source E.

Do you trust what Source E is saying about the Nazi Party? Explain your answer. [6]

(e) Study all the sources.

“Hitler rose to power in Germany due to his own abilities.” How far do these sources support this statement? Explain your answer. [8]

2

Why were Hitler and the Nazis able to come to power in Germany?

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Read this carefully. It may help you to answer some of the questions.

After World War I, the Germans resented the new Weimar government for accepting the terms of the Treaty of Versailles and not being able to resolve the country’s economic problems.

Hitler together with his Nazi party used these factors to his advantages. He gave the German people hope and promised to bring Germany to greatness after the humiliation of the Treaty of Versailles. In 1932, Hitler gained more votes and support from the Germans than his opponents and he became the Chancellor in 1933. He declared himself ‘Fuhrer’ of Germany when President Hindenburg died in 1934.

Study the following sources to understand why Hitler and the Nazis were able to come to power.

Source A:. A cartoon published in early the 1930s.

3

German soldier

Source B: A Nazi poster published in 1932.

Source C: A German architect describing a speech Hitler made in 1931. He later joined the Nazi Party and became a high-ranking official.

In listening to Hitler, it seems to me that there was hope for Germany. Here were new ideals. The dangers of communism could be stopped. Hitler persuaded us, that instead of hopeless unemployment, Germany could move towards economic recovery. It was during these months that my mother saw a parade by the Stormtroopers, marching in their smart uniforms. The sight of discipline in a time of chaos and instability seems to have won her over.

Source D: An interview in 1931 with a former German soldier who fought during World War I.

The Weimar Government are criminals who have betrayed Germany to the Allies! We were once soldiers fighting for the pride of the nation, and were very close to defeating France during the war. However, the government signed the Treaty of Versailles and Germany can now only keep 100, 000 professional soldiers. Now we are even faced with lots of jobless people and starvation.We hate the democratic Weimar Government and we hate communism. We want Germany to return to its glorious days under the rule of the German Emperor.

4

Women! Millions of men without jobsMillions of children without a futureSave the German family

- Adolf Hitler

Source E: An extract from an interview with a German school teacher, published in a German newspaper in 1935.

Section B: Structured-Essay Questions

Answer one question.

2 This question is about the 2nd World War in Europe.

(a) Describe the reasons for the outbreak of the war in Europe in 1938. [8]

(b) Explain how each of the following factors contributed to the defeat of Germany in Europe:

(i) Strength of the USA,

(ii) Germany’s miscalculations. [12]

3 This question is about Cold War in Europe.

(a) Describe the American policy of containment. [8]

(b) Explain how each of the following contributed to the outbreak of the Cold War between the USA and the USSR::

(i) Ideological differences,

(ii) Feeling of mistrust between the USSR and the West. [12]

--------------------------------End of Paper----------------------------------

Secondary Four Normal (Academic)

5

I saw the Communist danger. Their gangs were breaking up middle-class meetings. The middle-class parties were absolutely helpless, and the Nazis were the only party able to break the terror and bring peace. I saw the complete failure of middle-class parties to deal with the economic crisis. Only the Nazis offered hope.

History ElectiveSA1 - Mark Scheme

1 (a) Study Source A.

What can you infer about the cartoonist opinion? Explain your answer. [5]

Level Descriptors Marks

L1 Describes details of the sourceAward 1 m for each detail up to a maximum of 2m.

e.g. This cartoon shows the treaty of Versailles rolled up in a paper and coming out of it there is a German soldier with the words “Hitler Party” written in his helmet.

1-2

L2 Valid inference, unsupported

e.g. I can infer that the cartoonist feels that the Treaty of Versailles wasresponsible for the rise of Hitler to power.

3

L3 Valid inference(s), supportedAward 4m for a correctly inferred opinion supported with evidence from source details. Award 5m for an inference with supporting evidence and explanation

e.g. I can infer that the cartoonist was of the opinion that the terms of the Versailles treaty was to be blamed for the rise of Nazi party. This is because the source shows the treaty of Versailles rolled up in a paper and coming out of it, there is a German soldier with the words “Hitler Party” written on his helmet. This implies that the Treaty of Versailles created conditions within Germany that made it possible for the Nazi party led by Hitler to rise to prominence and eventually gain control of the country.

4-5

(b) Study Source B.

6

Why was this poster published? Explain your answer. [5]L1 Message

e.g. This poster was published to garner / win support for the Nazi Party.

1-2

L2 Context – because of what was going on at that timeAward the higher mark in the level for more fully developed answers.

e.g. This poster was published in 1932 before Hitler rose to power as part of Nazi propaganda to win support from the Germans for the elections. The purpose was to persuade Germans that Hitler’s rule will benefit them and he was the one who was able to solve their problems and provided them with jobs. This can be seen from the source “‘Women! Millions of men without jobs Millions of children without a future Save the German family - Adolf Hitler!’ This shows if Hitler was elected, he would be able to solve their economic problems and bring peace.

3-4

L3 Purpose of the source – because of the intended outcome, impact on the audience

e.g. This poster was published in 1932 before Hitler rose to power as part of Nazi propaganda. The purpose was to persuade German women/Germans (A) that Hitler’s rule will benefit them and he was the one who was able to solve their problems and provided them with jobs (P). This can be seen from the source “‘Women! Millions of men without jobs Millions of children without a future Save the German family - Adolf Hitler!’ This shows if Hitler was elected, he would be able to solve their economic problems and bring peace. This is done so that the Germans would vote for Hitler and his Nazi party to rule Germany (O).

5

(c) Study Sources C and D.

7

How different are Sources C and D? Explain your answer? [6]

L1 Similarity / Difference in provenance/topice.g. They are different as Source C is a description of a speech made by Hitler while Source D is an interview with a former German soldier.

e.g. Both sources are about the rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party.

1

L2 Similarity OR/AND Difference, unsupportedAward 3 marks for similarity and difference.

e.g. Sources C and D are similar as both said that the Germans feared communism and do not wish that Germany becomes a communist country.

e.g. Both shows that Germans were unhappy with the Weimar government.

e.g. Sources C and D are also different as Source C suggests that the Germans wanted Hitler to lead them whereas Source D suggest that the former German emperor should lead them out of chaos.

2-3

L3 Similarity OR Difference, supportedAward the higher mark in the level for more fully developed answers.

Similaritye.g. Sources C and D are similar as both said that the Germans feared communism and do not wish that Germany becomes a communist country. Source C states “the dangers of communism could be stopped” and Source D states “we hate communism”. Both sources show that the Germans disliked the communists and were afraid of Germany turning communist.

e.g. Both shows that Germans were unhappy with the Weimar government. Source C states that “Hitler persuaded us, that instead of hopeless unemployment, Germany could move towards economic recovery”. This shows that the Germans were unhappy with the Weimar government as they could not solve the unemployment problems. Similarly, Source D shows “the Weimar government are November criminals who have betrayed Germany” and “we hate the democratic Weimar government”. This shows that the Germans were unhappy with the Weimar government as they had betrayed the Germans.

Differencee.g. Sources C and D are also different in terms of the leadership for Germany to replace the Weimar government. Source C suggests that the Germans wanted Hitler to lead them whereas Source D suggest that the former German emperor should lead them out of chaos. Source C states “In listening to Hitler, it seems to me that there was hope for Germany”. This shows that only Hitler and the Nazi Party, with their attractive promises, could salvage the German people. Source D, on the other hand, states “We want Germany to return to its glorious days under the rule of the German Emperor.”. This shows that the people do not want Hitler to lead them to glory, but the Kaiser instead.

3

L4 Similarity AND Difference, supported 4

8

e.g. Both aspects of L3.

L5 Differences in purposesAward the higher mark in the level for more fully developed answers.

e.g. Source C and D are different in purpose. Source C is from a German architect describing a speech Hitler made in 1931, who later joining the Nazi Party and became a high ranking official. As a supporter of Hitler, his purpose is to convince the Germans (A) that Hitler has the leadership abilities to lead Germany out of crisis and unemployment (P) so that the Germans would support Hitler to be the leader of Germany (O).On the other hand, Source D is an interview with a former German soldier who fought during world war I. As a former soldier, he was very angry with the Weimar government who had surrendered to the Allies though the German soldiers felt that they could still fought on. His purpose was to criticise the Weimar Government for their ineffectiveness and betrayal (P) and to convince the Germans (A) to overthrow the Weimar Government so that the former emperor could rule Germany again (O).

5-6

(d) Study Source E.

Do you trust what Source E is saying about the Nazi Party? Explain your answer. [6]

L1 Undeveloped provenance

e.g. I trust the source as it shows that the Hitler party cared for Germans.

e.g. Since the author is pro-Nazi party, the source has no truth as it is biased. Hence I do not trust the source.

1

L2 Can trust OR Cannot trust, based on source contentAward the higher mark in the level for a more fully developed answer.

e.g. I can trust what Source E is saying about the Nazi Party. Source E states “the Nazis were the only party able to break the terror and bring peace…only the Nazis offered hope”. Hence the Nazi Party was seen as the only group able to bring control over the people and lead Germany.

e.g. I cannot trust what the source is telling about the Nazi Party. The source only tells about one incident where the Nazi Party was able to take control. It does not tell about the other many incidents where the Nazi Party was not able to make any influence or exert control over the people.

2-3

L3 Both aspects of L2 4

L4 Cross-Reference to other sources and/or Contextual knowledge to check 4-5

9

reliability of the sourceAward the higher mark in the level for a more fully developed answer.

e.g. I can trust what Source E is saying about the Nazi Party. Source E states “the Nazis were the only party able to break the terror and bring peace…only the Nazis offered hope”. Likewise this is supported by Source C which states the “the dangers of communism could be stopped. Hitler persuaded us, that instead of hopeless unemployment, Germany could move towards economic recovery’’ This suggests that Hitler was seen as the saviour of Germany.

e.g. L2 + I cannot trust what the source is saying about the Nazi Party as it is contradicted by Source D. Source E suggests that the Nazi Party brought about freedom and social stability to German society by not condoning the use of violence as a means to gain control. Hence the people supported and wanted Hitler to lead them. However, Source D states that “We want Germany to return to its glorious days under the rule of the German Emperor”’ This suggests that the Germans are giving their support and behind the to the German Emperor and not Hitler. Hence Source E cannot be trusted.

e.g. L2 + I cannot trust what the source is saying about the Nazi Party as it is contradicted / refuted by my contextual knowledge. According to the source, Nazi Party improved the lives of Germans. Source E states that the Communist “were breaking up middle-class meetings… and the Nazis were the only party able to break the terror and bring peace…only the Nazis offered hope”. This suggests that the Nazi Party improved the lives of Germans as the Nazi Party brought about freedom and social stability to German society by not condoning the use of violence as a means to gain control. However, my contextual knowledge tells me that the Nazi Party used the SA to disrupt meetings of political groups through the use of force and terror. The SA were reputable for being violent and disruptive to the livelihood of Germans and did not improve the lives of Germans.

L5 Answer based on purposeAward the higher mark in the level for a more fully developed answer.

e.g. I cannot trust what Source E is saying about the Nazi Party improving the lives of Germans as Source E is unreliable. The publisher of the Source is controlled by the Nazi Party and would thus be biased towards Hitler. The Nazi Party wants to convince Germans (A) that life has improved in Germany under Hitler’s leadership to remove any doubts and opposition towards the Nazi Party (P). Hence the Nazi Party would use the teacher as a person of authority and integrity to praise and validate the Nazi Party as responsible for the stability present in Germany and discrediting all other parties as incompetent. Source E states that the Communist “were breaking up middle-class meetings… and the Nazis were the only party able to break the terror and bring peace…only the Nazis offered hope”. This suggests that the Nazi Party improved the lives of Germans as the Nazi Party brought about freedom and social stability to German society by not condoning the use of violence as a means to gain control. Hence this will result in more support for the Nazi Party (O).

5-6

(e) Study all the sources.

“Hitler rose to power in Germany due to his own abilities.”How far do these sources support this statement? Explain your answer. [8]

L1 Writes about the hypothesis, no valid source use 1

10

e.g. Hitler became popular after the Munich putsch of 1923. He clamoured for the abolition of the Versailles Treaty and the overthrowing of the Weimar government. He also reorganised the Nazi Party which then became more popular with the Germans. Eventually he took control over Germany in the 1930s.

L2 Yes OR No, supported by valid source use Award 2 marks for one Y or N supported by valid source use, and an additional mark for each subsequent valid source up to a maximum of 4 marks.

YESe.g. According to Source B Hitler rose to power due to his own abilities. He persuaded German women/Germans that his rule will benefit them and he was the one who was able to solve their problems and provided them with jobs. This can be seen from the source “‘Women! Millions of men without jobs Millions of children without a future Save the German family - Adolf Hitler!’ This shows if Hitler was elected, he would be able to solve their economic problems and bring peace.

Source E is saying about the Nazi Party. Source E states “the Nazis were the only party able to break the terror and bring peace…only the Nazis offered hope”.’ This suggests that Hitler was seen as the saviour of Germany and hence he attracted support which contributed to his rise.

e.g. rom Source A I can infer that the cartoonist was of the opinion that even though the terms of the Versailles treaty was to be blamed for the rise of extremist Nazi party, it was Hitler who used this opportunity to stir the emotions of the Germans. This is because the source shows the treaty of Versailles rolled up in a paper and coming out of it, there is a German soldier with the words “Hitler Party” written on his helmet. This implies that the Treaty of Versailles created conditions within Germany that made it possible for Nazi party led by Hitler to rise to prominence and eventually gain control of the country. Hitler, with his abilities and capabilities took advantage of this situation.

e.g. This coincides with my historical knowledge that Hitler was a powerful speaker and communicator with a strong belief in himself and his ideals. He used his speaking skills to reach out to the people of Germany and the people of Germany supported Hitler because they felt that he understood their problems and represented hope” to the Germans. Hitler represented hope to the Germans. That instead of “hopeless” unemployment, Germany could move towards recovery.

NOe.g. From Source A I can infer that the cartoonist was of the opinion that the terms of the Versailles treaty was to be blamed for the rise of extremist Nazi party. This is because the source shows the treaty of Versailles rolled up in a paper and coming out of it, there is a German soldier with the words “Hitler Party” written on his helmet. This implies that the Treaty of Versailles created conditions within Germany that made it possible for Nazi p arty led by Hitler to rise to prominence and eventually gain control of the country.

Source C shows the weakness of the Weimar government contributed to the rise of Hitler. Source C states that “Hitler persuaded us, that instead of hopeless

2-4

11

unemployment, Germany could move towards economic recovery”. This shows that the Germans were unhappy with the Weimar government as they could not solve the unemployment problems. Hence they supported Hitler who promised them better hope.

Likewise Source D shows “the Weimar government are November criminals who have betrayed Germany” and “we hate the democratic Weimar government”. This shows that the Germans were unhappy with the Weimar government as they had betrayed the Germans. Hence the weaknesses of the Weimar government led to the rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party.

e.g. This coincides with my historical knowledge that there were other factors that contributed to the rise of Hitler. One example will be the fear of communism. Also there was one, especially with the middle class and the wealthy industrialists. They feared that communist rule will lead to the loss of their property and wealth. Hitler was a powerful speaker and communicator with a strong belief in himself and his ideals. He used his speaking skills to reach out to the people of Germany and the people of Germany supported Hitler because they felt that he understood their problems and represented hope” to the Germans. Hitler represented hope to the Germans. That instead of “hopeless” unemployment, Germany could move towards recovery.

Yes AND No, supported by valid source useAward 5 marks for one Y and N supported by valid source use , and an additional mark for each subsequent valid source use up to a maximum of 8

NB: Award L2 / 3 if students only successfully dealt with source content from only two sources even if there is agree AND disagree, because the question actually required the students to “study all sources”

For L2 and L3, award bonus of up to two marks for use of contextual knowledge or provenance to question a source in relation to its reliability, sufficiency etc. The total mark must not exceed 8.

i.e. Students who attempted at least L2 and attempted reliability would be awarded1 bonus mark

5-8

2 This question is about the 2nd World War in Europe.

(a) Describe the reasons for the outbreak of the war in Europe in 1938. [8]

Level Descriptors Marks

12

L1 Writes about WWII in Europe

e.g. World War II in Europe began when Hitler's Nazi Germany attacked Poland.

1-2

L2 Identifies OR describes factors which contributed to the outbreak of WW2 inEuropeAward 3 marks for each identified factor up to a maximum of 5 marks, ORaward 4 marks for one described aspect and 5 marks for two described aspects.

e.g. World War II broke out because of the weaknesses of the League of Nations. The League of Nations failed to stop its member nations from rearming.

e.g. Another reason for the outbreak of the World War II was Hitler’s expansionist policy. In 1933, when Hitler came into power, he immediately challenged the Treaty of Versailles and adopted an aggressive foreign policy.

3-5

L3 Describes 2 factors which contributed to the outbreak of WW2 inEuropeAward 6 marks for describing the two factors and an additional mark for the depth of supporting information and the number of factors covered.

e.g. World War II broke out because of the weaknesses of the League of Nations. The League of Nations failed to stop its member nations from rearming. Disarmament was the most effective way to prevent another war but the League did not manage to achieve much success in this area. The success of disarmament was usually the result of individual major European powers and not the League. International relations were still determined by powerful nations who acted on their own. Indeed, the League was ineffective in taking action against Hitler when he remilitarized Rhineland and did not have the ability to stop Hitler’s invasion and control of Czechoslovakia.

e.g. Another reason for the outbreak of the WW2 was Hitler’s expansionist policy. In 1933, when Hitler came into power, he immediately challenged the TOV and adopted an aggressive foreign policy. In March 1936, Hitler ordered the German troops to remilitarise the Rhineland. He used the Franco-Soviet Alliance as an excuse, saying that Germany was now under threat from France and the Soviet Union, and should be allowed to defend its own frontiers. The LON condemned Hitler’s actions but did nothing else. Hitler encouraged the Austrian Nazis to make trouble and push for Anchluss with Germany. This was again a violation of the TOV. Austria’s resources of gold and iron ore, army and weapons were now at Hitler’s disposal. This led to an improvement in Hitler’s standing among the German people. Hitler became bolder in his demands leading to the outbreak of WW2.

6-8

(b) Explain how each of the following factors contributed to the defeat of Germany in Europe:

(i) Strength of the USA,

13

(ii) Germany’s miscalculations. [12]

L1 Describes WWII in general Award 1m for each detail up to a maximum of 2.

e.g. World War 2 in Europe started with Germany’s invasion of Poland. Although the Germans had the upper hand in the beginning, they started to lose the war as time went on.

1-2

L2 Describes factors Award 3-4 marks for one described factor and 5-6 marks for two described factors.

e.g. The Strength of the USA was one reason for the defeat of Nazi Germany. The US was the wealthiest and most industrialized country in the world at that time. She had a huge productive industry and a large population to support it. She had more resources and manpower than Germany. The US also had more fuel to run her war machine and industries than Germany. Although USA was not at war with Germany at the start, USA indirectly helped the Allies by providing resources and war equipment to Britain and later USSR via the Cash and Carry Policy and Lend-Lease Act.

e.g. Germany had an ineffective command structure because it was a confusing system of overlapping authority. Apart from Hitler, no one had the power to make decisions or had access to all information. Hitler insisted on making decisions that ought to have been left to the military. Germany also had slow and inefficient armament production and had shortage of weapons like infantry vehicles and had lack of adequate personnel for armament production. Germany was also heavily reliant on petroleum which was produced by synthetic oil plants and oil fields. Hitler also chose to fight war on two fronts. While still at war with Britain in the Western Front, he chose to invade Soviet Union opening up the eastern Front. Then while he seemed to be gaining the upper hand against the Soviets, he declared war on the USA. Hitler had to fight a war on two fronts against formidable opponents at the same time.

3-6

L3 Explains reasons Award 7-9 marks for one explained factor and 10-12 marks for two explained factors.

e.g. The Strength of the USA was one reason for the defeat of Nazi Germany (P). The US was the wealthiest and most industrialized country in the world at that time. She had a huge productive industry and a large population to support it. She had more resources and manpower than Germany. The US also had more fuel to run her war machine and industries than Germany (Ex). Although USA was not at war with Germany at the start, USA indirectly helped the Allies by providing resources and war equipment to Britain and later USSR via the Cash and Carry Policy and Lend-Lease Act. This led to the defeat of Germany as the Allied powers could dominate the air and the sea (Eg). Furthermore, when US finally entered the war, it raised the morale of the Allies and they fought back even harder. The Germans could not conquer the whole of Europe because USSR and Britain remained fighting and were stuck in a two-front war that they could not win (L).

e.g. Germany had an ineffective command structure because it was a confusing system of overlapping authority (P). Apart from Hitler, no one had the power to

7-12

14

make decisions or had access to all information. Hitler insisted on making decisions that ought to have been left to the military. Germany also had slow and inefficient armament production and had shortage of weapons like infantry vehicles and had lack of adequate personnel for armament production (Ex). Germany was also heavily reliant on petroleum which was produced by synthetic oil plants and oil fields. Hitler also chose to fight war on two fronts. While still at war with Britain in the Western Front, he chose to invade Soviet Union opening up the eastern Front. Then while he seemed to be gaining the upper hand against the Soviets, he declared war on the USA (Eg). Germanys’ weaknesses and miscalculations meant that Hitler had to fight a war on two fronts against formidable opponents at the same time causing resources to be spread thinly, giving the allies a chance to reorganize and fight back such as the British RAF and the soviet union. Their overreliance on petroleum mean that when these were bombed by USA, the supplies were halted and it damaged Germany’s ability to fight in WWII, giving Allies the advantage while the Germans had to take a back foot.

3 This question is about Cold War in Europe.

(a) Describe the American policy of containment. [8]

L1 Describes policy of containment, without focus on the question

e.g. US adopted this policy to control communism/to prevent its spread to other countries.

1-2

L2 Identifies or describes policy of containmentAward 3 marks for one identified aspect up to a maximum of 5 marks OR award 4 marks for one described aspects and 5 marks for 2 described aspects of policy of containment.

e.g. The Truman Doctrine was introduced in 1947 as a response to unstable conditions in Turkey and Greece. Truman believed that weak states like Greece were more likely to succumb to communist influence and this might lead to more countries becoming communists. This would inevitably endanger the US interests in Europe. The US would help other democratic countries when they were threatened by Communism.OR/ANDe.g. The Marshall Plan worsened Cold War tensions between the USA and USSR as the USSR saw it as threat which undermined its influence it Europe. The Marshall Plan, announced by US Secretary of State George Marshall, represented America’s commitment to reconstruct Europe and its economies. The US viewed Europe as an important export market where it could sell its exports and more importantly, the US saw that the economic problems in Europe – which led to hunger and poverty would make communism attractive and allow communist ideas to spread across Europe.

3-5

L3 Describes policy of containmentAward 6 marks for describing one aspect and an additional mark for the depth of supporting information and the number of aspects covered for policy of

6-8

15

containment.

e.g. The Truman Doctrine was introduced in 1947 as a response to unstable conditions in Turkey and Greece. Truman believed that weak states like Greece were more likely to succumb to communist influence and this might lead to more countries becoming communists. This would inevitably endanger the US interests in Europe. The US would help other democratic countries when they were threatened by Communism. It also saw the US openly setting itself against the Soviet Union for the first time. This was evident in the words of Truman’s speech to Congress, where Soviet actions were associated with ‘attempted subjugation’ and ‘forcibly imposed’ on European countries, as well as his assertion that countries needed to choose between two opposing ways of life. Thus the introduction of the US policy of containment was perceived by the USSR as a deliberate step to undermine Soviet influence in Europe and this in turn heightened tensions and contributed to the Cold War. The Truman Doctrine was thus aimed at containing communism within the USSR’s sphere of influence.

e.g. The Marshall Plan worsened Cold War tensions between the USA and USSR as the USSR saw it as threat which undermined its influence it Europe. The Marshall Plan, announced by the US Secretary of State George Marshall, represented America’s commitment to reconstruct Europe and its economies. The US viewed Europe as an important export market where it could sell its exports and more importantly, the US saw that the economic problems in Europe – which led to hunger and poverty would make communism attractive and allow communist ideas to spread across Europe. To make communism less attractive, the Marshall Plan (economic aid) was introduced and offered to European states regardless of their ideological orientation, the USA even offered it to the USSR. Should the USSR deny its satellite states the opportunity to take up the offer, America will stand to gain as relations between the USSR and its satellite states would be strained. It would undermine the USSR’s influence while strengthen Europe’s economic recovery and the USA’s influence in the area. This led to a worsening of relations as Stalin saw it as an attempt by the USA to contain and curtail the USSR’s influence in Europe, as a strong and vibrant Europe would not be open to communist ideals and would represent a significant threat to the USSR. This resulted in further tensions as Stalin saw this as an attack on the USSR and it led to Stalin becoming more suspicious of the West and their desire to contain communism. The Marshall Plan was thus aimed at containing communism within the USSR’s sphere of influence.

(b) Explain how each of the following contributed to the outbreak of the Cold War between the USA and the USSR::

(i) Ideololgical differences,

16

(ii) Feeling of mistrust between the USSR and the West. [12]

L1 Describes the Cold War in generalAward 1m for each detail up to a maximum of 2.

e.g. The Cold War was between the USSR and the USA and it started off after the end of WW2. Many other countries were indirectly involved by taking sides. The Cold War is also known as a war of words and there was much use of propaganda by both sides.

1-2

L2 Describes factors Award 3-4 marks for one described factor and 5-6 marks for two described factors

e.g. Differences between USA’s democratic and USSR’s communist system were one of the main reasons for the outbreak of the Cold War. While the USA and USSR were Allies during World War II, they were so because of necessity and their common enemy – not because of their shared beliefs. The West, represented by USA, believed in democracy, while the East, represented by the USSR, believed in communism. They were at odds with one another as the West believed that there would be free elections and the presence of many political parties whereas the USSR believed that there should be only one political party with no free elections. Hence this led to the Cold War.

e.g. The feeling of mistrust was a factor that led to the outbreak of Cold War. This tension was worsened before World War II and one good example was the adoption of Appeasement policy by Britain and France. These actions of giving in to Hitler was interpreted by Stalin was attempts to make Germany attack USSR.During WW2, Germany launched a massive operation against the USSR. In the Tehran Conference of 1943, Stalin asked his Western Allies to open up a Second Front in the West to divert the German troops from Russia. But this second front was not opened until June 1944 ( D Day), and by then, about 20 million Russians had died. This unhappiness hence contributed to the Cold War.

3-6

L3 Explains reasons Award 7-9 marks for one explained factor and 10-12 marks for two explained factors.

e.g. Differences between USA’s democratic and USSR’s communist system were one of the main reasons for the outbreak of the Cold War (P). While the USA and USSR were Allies during World War II, they were so because of necessity and their common enemy – not because of their shared beliefs. The West, represented by USA, believed in democracy, while the East, represented by the USSR, believed in communism. They were at odds with one another as the West believed that there would be free elections and the presence of many political parties whereas the USSR believed that there should be only one political party with no free elections (Ex). Furthermore, the West believed in capitalism and the ability for people to have private ownership of property and means of production. This meant that the free market would be the best system for the people. On the other hand, the USSR believed that the state should own and control industry and agriculture (Eg). This meant that the state would be in the best position to determine what the people needed and how to distribute it to them. As a result, the West and the USSR had conflicting ideologies and systems which were irreconcilable and made them suspicious of each other. Each believed each system was better than the other and were keen to influence other countries with their own ideologies. Both countries

7-12

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were engaged in competition to determine which system was more influential in the world, thereby Increasing tension and strained relations between the sides which led the outbreak of the Cold War.

e.g. The feeling of mistrust was a factor that led to the outbreak of Cold War (P). This tension was worsened before World War II and one good example was the adoption of Appeasement policy by Britain and France (Eg). These actions of giving in to Hitler was interpreted by Stalin was attempts to make Germany attack USSR.During WW2, Germany launched a massive operation against the USSR. In the Tehran Conference of 1943, Stalin asked his Western Allies to open up a Second Front in the West to divert the German troops from Russia. But this second front was not opened until June 1944 ( D Day), and by then, about 20 million Russians had died. This deepened Stalin’s suspicion of his Western Allies (Ex). Also, Stalin did not trust the West because Truman had not told him anything about the development of the Atomic bomb. Stalin had to learn about it from his spies.Therefore, since the formation of USSR, there had always been this feeling of mistrust and suspicion between the communists and the supporters of Democracy and left unchecked, this feeling of suspicion and mistrust eventually led to conflict and competition between the both sides for supremacy as seen in the Cold War

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