Water Technology - May 2015

www.WaterTechOnline.com Volume 38 Number 5 May 2015

Also in this issue:

Examining E. coli..page 10

Unplugging pipe problems..page 26

The Information Source for Water Treatment Professionals

Riding

marketing pg. 20

the changing wave of

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2 Water Technology May 2015

Cover Story20 Riding the changing wave of marketing

Are you social capable?

Features

10 Contaminant of the Month: E. coli and other fecal bacteria in drinking water

Risks are associated with exposures to sewage/sanitary contaminated

milk and food, recreational water and drinking water.

18 New Product Roundup A review of some of the latest technology to hit the market.

24 Water Technology interviews WQA Board President Douglas Sam Karge

Karge reflects on his time and work with the association.

26 Avoid internal particulate deposition and plugging of piping

The author discusses effective ways to ensure proper flow and

performance.

30 Centrifugal pumps and their piping for water applications: Part two

The importance of pump installation and more.

Editors note: In the March 2015 issue of Water Technology on page 16, boiling

of water, as in distillation, as another effective means to kill microorganisms,

including Cryptosporidium and Giardia lamblia, was inadvertently not men-

tioned. We apologize for the omission.

Product Center8 Products & Services

A showcase of manufacturers products and services. This month:

Commercial RO systems; carbon filters; flow meters; and more.

Column12 Professor POU/POE

This months topic: Daily drinking water requirements and actual

water intake.

Departments4 ............................................................................................................................ Upfront

6 ......................................................................................................Around the Industry

34 ............................................................................................. Reader Service Center

35 ............................................................................................................... Marketplace

36 .................................................................................................................. Classifieds

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GET SOCIAL

CONTENTSVolume 38 Number 5 May 2015

Cover photo credit: Rawpixel//Signature/iStock

26

10

20


FROM THE EDITORS DESK

Measure marketings

impactEffectively connecting with todays customers.

Whats your companys marketing plan and, more important-ly, is it effective? These two questions, which can be more accurately described as many businesses top critical issues, are often posed by our readers. In fact, each July we publish

results of our annual benchmarking survey and finding new customers and marketing/advertising have become popular responses to the ques-tion, What keeps you up at night?

For decades, businesses from small mom-and-pops to larger corporations and pub-lic relations firms to even trade publishers have been challenged to measure the impacts of many forms of advertising and marketing. And, when you cant manage what you cant measure, as the old saying goes, it becomes a critical issue. Over the years, creating unique

URLs and developing promo codes have helped determine a marketing programs success.

Today, social media is driving eyeballs to your companys website and, ultimately, communication with your sales reps. More

and more customers are turning to the Web to find local water treatment dealers and water quality experts. Winning the SEO battle against your competition involves being a leader on social media. This months cover story delves a little deeper into the shifting dynamic of online marketing.

Last months WQA Aquatech USA 2015 convention offered several chances for attendees to enhance their marketing and professional water quality acumen. Let us know what you think is working in marketing today. Post comments to our online articles and on our Bulletin Board.

Water Technology Advisory Board

David Chew, Fairmount Water Solutions, Chardon, OH; Stephen Grandeau, CWS-V, AQUASCIENCE of New York, Clifton Park, NY; Cang Li, Ph.D., Selecto Scientific, Inc., Suwanee, GA; Matthew Wirth, Pargreen Water Technologies, Chicago, IL; Norm Marowitz, Region-X, Taunton, MA; Steven Richards, CWS-VI, CI, CSR, CCO, The Aqua Source Group, Inc., Honeoye, NY; Dr. Joseph Cotruvo of Joseph Cotruvo & Associates, LLC, Washington, DC.

To fi nd editorial topics planned for upcoming issues, go to:

www.watertechonline.com, click on Advertise - In the Magazine.

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By Rich DiPaoloEditorial Director

Water Technology magazine

Whats your companys marketing plan and, more importantly, is it effective? These two questions, which can be more accurately described as many businesses top critical issues, are often posed by our readers. In fact, each July we publish results of our annual benchmarking survey and finding new customers and marketing/advertising have become popular responses to the question, What keeps you up at night?

For decades, businesses from small mom-and-pops to larger corporations and public relations firms to even trade publishers have been challenged to measure the impact on many forms of advertising and marketing. And, when you cant manage what you cant measure, as the old saying goes, it becomes a critical issue. Over the years, creating unique URLs and developing promo codes have helped determine a marketing programs success.

Today, social media is driving eyeballs to your companys website and, ultimately, communication with your sales reps. More and more customers are turning to the Web to find local water treatment dealers and water quality experts. Winning the SEO battle against your competition involves being a leader on social media. This months cover story delves a little deeper into the shifting dynamic of online marketing.

Last months WQA Aquatech USA 2015 convention offered several chances for attendees to enhance their marketing and pro-fessional water quality acumen. Let us know what you think is working in marketing today. Post comments to our online articles and on our Bulletin Board.

marketingcustomersadvertising

Up Front.indd 4 4/14/15 2:41 PM


AROUND THE INDUSTRY

California governor issues statewide

mandatory water restrictions

California Gov. Jerry Brown recently

issued mandatory water restrictions for

the first time across the state to reduce

water usage by 25 percent. Brown, stand-

ing on dry grass from Phillips Station in

the Sierra Nevada, issued an executive

order, explaining in a statement Californias drought demands unprecedented action.

The 25 percent cut in water use amounts to

approximately 1.5 million acre-feet of water

in nine months.

Infographic highlights importance

of fresh water conservation

An infographic titled, Every Drop

Counts, released by Natures Water Ltd. illustrates the importance of fresh water.

According to the infographic, 97 percent of

the worlds water is salt water, two percent is frozen in glaciers and only one percent

equates to available fresh water, which the

worlds population, around seven billion people, all share. The infographic highlights

that the worlds population is growing by 80 million people a year on average, increasing

the demand for fresh water by around 16.9

billion gallons a year.

New standard evaluates effective

Cryptosporidium removal from

public drinking water

NSF International has published the

first consensus-based American National

Standard to evaluate municipal water filtra-

tion technologies performance in remov-ing Cryptosporidium from public drinking

water supplies. The new standard, NSF/

ANSI 419: Public Drinking Water Equipment Performance Filtration, incorporates fed-

eral and state regulatory requirements

and assists state regulators in verifying

compliance while reducing costs and time

for manufacturers by streamlining the test-

ing process. In addition to federal and

state requirements such as certification

to NSF/ANSI 61: Drinking Water System Components Health Effects, the NSF/

ANSI 419 standard incorporates the U.S.

Environmental Protection Agencys (EPA)

Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2) created to ensure Cryptosporidium is effectively removed from

public drinking water and applies to all

public water systems using surface water

or groundwater that is under the direct influ-

ence of surface water.

Four federal agencies join forces,

develop early warning system to

detect algal blooms

EPA announced it is joining forc-

es with NASA, the National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to develop an early warning indicator system

using historical and current satellite data to

detect algal blooms. EPA researchers will

develop a mobile app to notify water quality

managers of water quality changes using

satellite data on cyanobacteria algal blooms

from NASA, NOAA and USGS. The project

will create a standard, reliable method for

detecting cyanobacteria blooms in fresh

water lakes and reservoirs throughout the

U.S. using ocean color satellite data. To

allow for more frequent observations over

wider areas than can be accomplished by

taking traditional water samples, numerous

satellite data sets will be evaluated against

environmental data collected from the fresh

water reservoirs and lakes.

California Energy Commission

approves standards for water

appliances

To help manage water resources to

deal with the effects of Californias drought and in preparation for any future droughts,

the California Energy Commission

approved standards for water appliances

which will save over 10 billion gallons of water in the first year. Over time, water

savings are forecast to reach 105 billion gallons per year, a savings of over three

times the annual amount of water used by

San Francisco. The approved energy effi-

ciency and water standards require water

appliances to consume less water which in

turn will require less energy while perform-

ing the same function. Last year, California

consumed 443 billion gallons of water a

year from running faucets and flushing

toilets/urinals.

EPA launches Safe Drinking Water

Act dashboard

EPA announced the release of the

Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) dash-board. The SDWA dashboard is a user-friendly website presenting data

about violations and the compliance sta-

tus of public water systems. The website

contains interactive charts and graphs

providing information regarding public

water systems compliance with federal drinking water regulations and enforce-

ment actions. Annual statistics and five-

year trends for U.S. public drinking water

systems in easy-to-read bar chart and pie

graph formats are included in the dash-

board, and all data on the website can be

downloaded, exported and printed. The

SDWA dashboard is the latest in a series of online dashboards available through

EPAs Enforcement and Compliance History Online (ECHO) website.

PEOPLE

Chandler Systems Inc. announced

Brett Wilfong has been hired as the

companys business development manager, and Ted Cooksey has

joined the company as the national

sales manager. Wilfong brings more than 20 years of sales experience in the wastewater and water treatment

industries, and Cooksey has more

than 40 years of experience in the water treatment industry.

Corvias Solutions announced Jason

Washington and John Campagna

have joined the company as vice pres-

idents of partnership development.

Both Washington and Campagna will help municipalities in the Chesapeake

Bay region understand the benefits

of a community-based public-private

partnership solution for stormwater

and infrastructure challenges. WT

WT ATI.indd 6 4/14/15 8:51 AM

BENEFITS TO YOUR SYSTEM INCLUDE:

Variable speed motor results in near continuous chemical injection.

Adjust output 5100%.

Eicient operation with nothing to program.

Built-in Tube Failure Detection System The Best in The Business, (U.S. Patent 7,001,153 and 7,284,964).

A-100NF

BENEFITS TO YOUR SYSTEM INCLUDE: Precise output control to 20:1 turndown by means of an easy to adjust dial knob.

5 second repeating timer cycle.

0.255 second adjustable feed (injection) cycle.

Exclusive, patented Tube Failure Detection System built-in!

THREE MODEL VARIATIONS:RB = Rate Only TB = Total Only RT = Rate and Totalizer

Easy to read six digit LCD.

Battery powered with two standard AAA batteries.

Factory calibrated, nothing to program.

Peristaltic Metering PumpVARIABLE SPEED with

PERCENTAGE SPEED

CONTROL

A-100NCPeristaltic Metering Pump

FIXED SPEED with

TIME INTERVAL CONTROL

F-1000Digital Paddlewheel Flowmeter

5300 Business Drive, Huntington Beach, CA 92649 USA714-893-8529 fax: 714-894-9492

[email protected]

www.blue-white.com

In

sis

t on the B

est!

Water Should be Treated by the BestMETERING INJECTOR PUMPS FLOWMETERS



Products & Serv i ces

Blue-White Industries Ltd.s Sonic-Pro

Hybrid Ultrasonic flow meters measure flow

rate using either Doppler or Transit Time

methods. Noninvasive, clamp-on transduc-

ers work with both clean and dirty fluids,

with a high-capacity flow velocity range

of up to 30 feet per second. Sonic-Pro

can be configured and controlled remotely

through RS-232, RS-485, USB or Ethernet.

View real-time flow and download data log

files remotely on a Windows PC. Housing is

NEMA 4X (IP 66) wash down.

Blue-White Industries Ltd. Circle 112

Flow meters

FilterCor pleated carbon filters, offered with

polyester or polypropylene carbon impregnat-

ed media, feature the efficiencies of standard

pleated cartridges with the added benefit of

carbon. Theyre designed to improve the taste

and quality of drinking water by reducing and/

or eliminating sediment, taste, odor, chlorine

and other undesirable components. The coco-

nut-based, food grade carbon impregnated

media is ultrasonically side-seamed netted

and assembled using molded thermoset plas-

tisol end caps, which wont import foreign

contaminants into the downstream flow.

FilterCor Inc. Circle 113

Carbon filters

QMP Inc.s Protector Red-D Ultra submi-

cron depth filtration series uses a proprietary,

patented, electro-adsorptive media technolo-

gy capable of removing submicron pathogens

and inorganic contaminants through electro-

adhesion and ion exchange. This technol-

ogy can remove/reduce: Chlorine, bromine,

iodine, VOCs, residual pharmaceuticals and

more. Tested by a certified laboratory, it can

also remove/reduce: >99.99 percent of virus-

es, bacteria and cysts; >95 percent of lead,

arsenic V and cadmium; ferrous-iron, >80

percent; chromium, >85 percent; selenium,

>75 percent; and mercury, >60 percent.

QMP Inc.Circle 115

Submicron depth filtration

Microfilter Co. Ltd. is pleased to

announce the Reverse Osmosis Drinking

Water Filtration System (M9 RO system)

has been tested and newly certified by

NSF International against NSF/ANSI 58. The

system has the ability to produce at least

23.39 gallons per day with 0.5 gallons per

minute. The M9 system and filters can be

easily installed and replaced, even without

any tools, and a wide range of filters can be

applied for each customers needs.

Microfilter Co. Ltd.Circle 114

RO system

The FLX tank stocking program has been

initiated by Arts Way Vessels to promote

quick shipping for steel skid-mounted D.I.

exchange tanks. These tanks are used with

various configurations of media to produce

high-purity water in several applications.

The portable or exchange capability allows

the facility to be free of harmful chemicals

used in the regenerating process once these

medias are exhausted. The tanks are then

taken to a central facility to regenerate the

media to a usable state.

Arts Way VesselsCircle 110

Exchange tanks

To accommodate the growing demand in

commercial water treatment of tap and well

water, AXEON Water Technologies is proud

to announce the redesign and expansion of

the R1-Series Commercial Reverse Osmosis

Systems. Ranging from 1,800 up to 21,600

gallons per day, R1-Series systems feature a

robust, innovative design that allows for ver-

satility in the event of feedwater-quality varia-

tions. R1-Series systems sleek, expandable

design allows for more membrane housings,

offering an economical and flexible option

when capacity demands increase.

AXEON Water TechnologiesCircle 111

Commercial RO systems


By Joseph Cotruvo, Technical EditorCONTAMINANT OF THE MONTH

E. coli and other fecal bacteria in drinking waterE. coli detections in food and water are a good indication relatively recent sewage/sanitary contamination has occurred.

What they are: Coliforms (total coliforms) are diverse

bacteria that live (not exclusively) in the

intestines of warm-blooded animals.

Thermotolerant fecal coliforms are a

subgroup that can ferment lactose at 44o

to 45o C (111.2o to 113o F).

E. coli (Escherichia coli) are a

subgroup of fecal coliforms. They are

gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria

named after Theodor Escherich, who

discovered them in 1885.

There are numerous species and

strains of each, and most are not harmful,

but some can infect humans.

E. coli constitute about 0.1 percent of

gut flora, so they are present in greater

numbers than pathogens and are usually

beneficial.

E. coli are the most important

indicator bacteria for relatively recent

fecal contamination, because they are

more numerous than fecal pathogens,

can survive in the environment and are

similarly subject to water treatment.

Risks are associated with exposures

to sewage/sanitary contaminated

milk and food, recreational water and

drinking water.

Apart from the disease concerns of

some strains, E. coli have many uses

in biotechnology, including recombinant

DNA research.

Health effects: Nonpathogenic E. coli begin to

colonize an infants gastrointestinal (GI) tract within 40 hours after birth from

food, water or human contact.

E. coli detections in food and water are

a good indication that relatively recent

(perhaps 10 to 15 days) sewage/sanitary

contamination has occurred. They

survive longer at lower temperatures.

They reproduce rapidly under ideal

conditions, doubling in 20 minutes.

They are good indicators for potential

bacterial and viral contamination.

Certain pathogenic strains can cause

diarrhea and illnesses such as gastroen-

teritis, urinary tract infections, neonatal

meningitis, hemolytic-uremic syndrome,

peritonitis, septicemia and some pneu-

monia.

Shiga toxin-producing strains such as

E. coli 0157:H7 cause hemolytic-uremic

syndrome, which has many serious

health outcomes and often death.

Water treatment: E.coli are effective treatment indicators

for bacteria and viruses but not protozoa.

Standard disinfection with chlorine,

hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide,

ozone or ultraviolet (UV) is effective

in minutes in low turbidity water, as

well as chloramines with much longer

concentration multiplied by time values.

Protozoa are not as susceptible to

disinfection as are E. coli and bacterial

and viral pathogens, thus filtration is

necessary for removal, although UV is

also effective; boiling and distillation will

eliminate all pathogens.

One micron POU carbon filters

remove Giardia and Cryptosporidium,

but not bacteria and viruses. If they contain silver, it is only to reduce

microbial regrowth on the filter and not to

disinfect the water.

POU is not permitted for meeting

microbial drinking water standards in

public water supplies.

Appropriate POE systems can be

used for decentralized compliance.

Analyses: Optimal growth of E. coli occurs at

37o C (98.6o F), which is normal body

temperature.

Traditional analyses involve

membrane filtered culture plating in a

microbiology laboratory.

In recent years, Colilert-type methods involving production of the

enzyme -glucuronidase have greatly

simplified the analyses for E. coli. The

enzyme produced by E. coli partially

metabolizes a marker chemical that

then produces color.

Kits costing about five dollars per

test allow testing under nonmicrobiology

laboratory conditions.

The water sample with the reagent is

retained for 18 to 24 hours at approxi-

mately 98o F (37o C). As a presence/

absence test, appearance of a yellow

color indicates total coliforms; fluores-

cence under a UV lamp indicates E. coli.

Quantification can be done using

multiple dilutions.

Regulation: Disinfection and filtration drinking

water regulations have reduced risks of

waterborne diseases.

The current drinking water regulations

have an MCL of < 1/100 ml only for E.

coli or fecal coliforms.

Analyses for total coliforms are still

required, but they are used primarily to

indicate whether there are sanitary flaws

in the system that should be corrected.

If E. coli are verified, there is the potential for a boil water notice to be

issued because of the connection with

sewage contamination. WT

Dr. Cotruvo is president of Joseph Cotruvo and

Associates, LLC, Water, Environment and Public

Health Consultants. He is a former director of the

U.S. EPA Drinking Water Standards Division.


By Joseph Cotruvo, Technical EditorPROFESSOR POU/POE

Introduction

The statement, Water is life, is not an exaggeration.

All living plants and animals require regular and sufficient

water consumption for survival, as well as for growth and

development. Serious and even fatal outcomes can occur

under extreme conditions of either seriously inadequate

or very excessive water intake, and there might be some

health benefits associated with consumption beyond the

averages. Water is also a common element in Christian,

Muslim and Jewish religious writings.

Daily water consumption occurs from several sources:

Tap water, beverages and foods made with tap water,

bottled water, bottled beverages and metabolic water that

is produced from ingested food and its conversion to

energy. The first four are obvious. The fifth, metabolic

water, is created by living organisms through metabolism

by digesting and oxidizing energy-containing substances in

their food. Metabolism produces about 110 grams of water

per 100 grams of fat, 41.3 grams of water per 100 grams

of protein and 55 grams of water per 100 grams of starch.

So, it adds a few hundred milliliters to our daily water intake.

How much water should we drink?

Ingested water serves many functions. It is essential for

maintaining blood composition, salts balance and cellular

osmotic pressure, and it aids digestion, helps eliminate

wastes in urine and feces, provides a solvent/solute load

for the kidneys and helps control body temperature through

perspiration. It usually contains salts and some nutrients

like calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulfate, sodium and

potassium; and, uptake of essential minerals is often more

efficient from water than from foods. Calcium and magnesium

uptake from water and milk is in the range of 50 to 60 percent

versus approximately 15 to 20 percent from foods.

It is important to consume water regularly, especially

during physical stress conditions. I recall when coaches

would not allow athletes to consume water during practice

and games, ostensibly to prevent vomiting. Nowadays,

we see them drinking constantly. Acute dehydration has

immediate, measurable and adverse consequences.

Fluid loss of one percent stimulates thirst and impairs

thermoregulation. Vague discomfort and loss of appetite

appears at two percent. Dry mouth appears at about three

percent loss. At four percent loss, work capacity decreases

by 20 to 30 percent. Headaches and sleepiness occur at

about five percent loss. Collapse can occur at about seven

percent, and a 10 percent loss is life-threatening.

Water intake is needed at a minimum to replace

losses and prevent dehydration. Water is lost through

urine, feces, respiration and evaporation. Young children,

pregnant and lactating women, the elderly, heavy work

and exercisers and persons with certain diseases have

increased fluid requirements compared to the general

sedentary population. Numerous studies have attempted to

determine water needs, but in 1989 the National Research

Council (NRC) concluded that because of the complexities,

a Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) could not be

established, but an Adequate Intake (AI) reference value was

provided for healthy Canadian and American populations.

Water needs under conditions of physical stress, high

temperature and humidity are substantial. Physically active

individuals might sweat at the rate of three to four liters per

Professor POU/POEThis months topic: Daily drinking waterrequirements and actual water intake.

How much water should people drink, and how much do they

actually drink every day?

It is complicated. The amount of water that is needed for health and

homeostasis varies by a persons age and weight, climate and their level of physical activity. Some estimates and recommendations have

been generated from several published studies.

Q

A

www.WaterTechOnline.com 13

hour under those conditions. Daily fluid

requirements have been shown to range

from as little as two liters per day to 16

liters per day. Several national military

organizations have conducted studies of

the water needs of troops under stressed

survival and endurance requirements.

A study of members of the Zimbabwe

National Army doing strenuous work over

12 days showed that consumption of the

test group was 11 liters per day versus

seven liters per day in the control group.

The U.S. Army revised its water

replacement guidelines to 0.5 liters per hour

for an easy work rest cycle at 78o to 81.9o

F to at least one liter per hour for a hard

work/rest cycle of 10/50 minutes at > 90o

F. The revision occurred after 190 military

personnel were hospitalized over several

years for hyponatremia (excess, unreplaced

sodium loss by perspiration), which can be

fatal when excessively large volumes of

plain water were consumed in combination

with a low sodium chloride diet.

Gender and age specific AIs were

established by the NRC in 2004 (See

Table 1).

The values in Table 1 are applicable

under typical, nonstressed conditions. For

higher stress situations (e.g., athletes), the

amount of water ingested should equal the

amount lost, i.e., 1 kg of lost weight = 1 kg

homeostasis varies by a persons age and weight, climate and their

Table 1

Age AI (l/day)

Zero to six months 0.7 assumed from human milk

Seven to 12 months 0.8 milk plus food and beverages

One to three years 1.3

Three to eight years 1.7

Nine to 13 years 2.4 boys, 2.1 girls

14 to 18 years 3.3 boys, 2.3 girls

19 to 70+ years 3.7 men, 2.7 women



PROFESSOR POU/POE

of water consumption. Alcohol has a known

transient diuretic effect, but adequate

fluid intake immediately following alcohol

consumption will not result in appreciable

fluid losses over a 24-hour period.

The World Health Organizations (WHO) requirements in liters per day for

adults are listed in Table 2.

How much water is actually consumed by U.S. citizens?

Regulatory agencies establish

regulations for contaminants in water partly

based upon assumed values for daily

human tap water consumption. Precise

determinations of actual consumption

vary by individuals and conditions; so

to simplify the regulatory decision, the

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

(EPA) assumes lifetime consumption of

two liters per day for a 70 kg adult, and

one liter per day for a 10 kg child. WHO

assumes two liters per day for a 60 kg

adult and one liter per day for a 10 kg

child. Canada assumes 1.5 liter per day

for a 70 kg adult.

Several large-scale surveys have

produced data on consumption of

community water and/or total water by

individuals and groups. Results tend to

be in similar ranges given the margins

of variability in these types of studies

(e.g., Kahn; and Kahn and Stralka,

2008). For example, a 1989 report by

Ershow and Cantor, using survey data

for three consecutive days from 1977-

78, concluded that the mean value for

tap water consumption was 1.193 liters

per person per day, and 88 percent

consumed two liters per day or less. A

more recent analysis of a survey for two,

nonconsecutive days from 1994-96 (EPA,

2000) of 15,303 persons gave 0.927 liters

per person per day as the average per

capita ingestion of tap water. The estimated


Table 2

Sedentary, Physically active/ temperate env. increased temperature

Female adult 2.2 4.5

Male adult 2.9 4.5 - 11.0


PROFESSOR POU/POE

90th percentile consumption was 2.016

liters per day (range 1.991 to 2.047). Some

people reported drinking no tap water, so

results for 14,012 consumers only were

1.0 liters per day (0.976 to 1.024) as the

mean, and the 90th percentile value was

2.069 liters per day.

Values for total water consumption

for consumers only were 1.241 liters per

day (1.208 to 1.274) as the mean, and the

estimated 90th and 95th percentiles were

2.345 and 2.922 liters per day, respectively.

So, 83 percent of consumers only consumed

two liters of water per day or less.

The average reported consumption for

bottled water drinkers was 0.737 liters per

day; the 90th and 95th percentile estimates

were 1.568 liters per day and 1.971 liters

per day.

The total water consumption average

for all individuals was 1.232 liters per day,

and the 90th and 95th percentiles were

2.341 and 2.908 liters per day. In this

study, approximately 84 percent of the

U.S. population consumed two liters or

less per day. About 13 percent of the U.S.

population water consumption in those

studies was attributable to bottled water

and 10 percent to other sources.

For children between one and 10 years

old, the mean total water consumption was

0.528 liters per day, and the 90th and 95th

values for total ingestion were 1.001 and

1.242 liters per day. Thus, 90 percent of

children consume one liter of water per

day or less.

Are there health benefits from greater water consumption?

Although it is difficult to precisely

determine desirable and ideal water

consumption levels, there are reports that

people with greater water consumption

may benefit more compared to those

with less. Dehydration has been linked

to increases in risks of urinary tract

infections, dental disease, constipation,

kidney stones and impaired cognitive

function. Higher fluid intakes have been

associated with reduced risks of urinary

tract stones, colon and urinary tract

cancer, and mitral valve prolapse in some

studies. More research is necessary on

this appealing hypothesis.

Conclusions: How do these approximate values compare to AIs and regulatory default assumptions?

It is clear that the actual water

consumption in the U.S. is below the

recommended AI values for almost every



PROFESSOR POU/POE

age group. Some additional water is

provided by metabolism and nontap water

sources, but the AI values would not

likely be exceeded in many cases except

perhaps for active high consumers.

Regarding the default water con-

sumption values of two liters per day

for adults and one liter per day for a 10

kg child, approximately 90 percent of

adults are consuming two liters per day

of tap water or less, and almost all very

young children are consuming about

one liter of tap water per day or less. So,

water consumption levels indicate that

drinking water standards are generally

protective of the population and have

greater margins of safety for essen-

tially all very young children and virtu-

ally all adults. Additional conservatism

is embedded in calculations of drinking

water standards by inclusion of relative

source contribution factors attributable

to drinking water as a source. The usual

default value is 20 percent which results

in additional safety.

There are several studies indicating

potential health benefits from long-term

consumption of greater amounts of water,

which is worth exploring further.

So, todays take-home message is: More water and a little more salt is good

for people with more strenuous activity.

And, the good news is that community

tap water in the U.S. is safe almost

everywhere. WT

Sources

1. Water requirements, impinging

factors and recommended intakes.

Ann C. Grandjean, in Nutrients in

Drinking Water, World Health

Organization, Geneva, 2005. ISBN92

4 159398 9.

2. EPA estimated per capita water

consumption in the U.S. EPA-822-00-

008, April 2000.

3. The mineral composition of water

and its contribution to calcium and

magnesium intake. CN Ong, AC

Grandjean and RP Heaney, in calcium

and magnesium in drinking water, JA

Cotruvo and J Bartram eds. World

Health Organization, Geneva, 2009.

ISBN 978 92 4 156355 0.

Dr. Cotruvo is president of Joseph Cotruvo

and Associates, LLC, Water, Environment and

Public Health Consultants. He is a former

director of the U.S. EPA Drinking Water

Standards Division.


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These filters are offered in 2.5 and 4.5 OD and from 5 to 40 lengths.

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COVER STORY

If you are sitting comfortably under the umbrella of your marketing plan with

your toes in the sand, beware: A tidal wave of change is coming. Triggered by

growing use of the Internet for purchases, this change will not only disrupt how

service companies get customers, but also, how businesses are run. This new

system establishes a winner takes all environment for the industry, which might be

good news if you can learn how to surf it.

Social review sites form this approaching tsunami. They threaten established water

treatment companies and provide opportunities for startups to rocket to the top-ranking

positions. The first companies that adapt to this change will ride a wave of success that

can establish their dominance in the industry for years to come.

Disruptive nature of social reviewConsumers are shifting to social review sites for help in choosing service compa-

nies. Yelp, Google Plus and Angies List have already staked their claims as the leaders in this new world of marketing. Some companies have felt the sting of a bad review

and responded emotionally with frustration. Instead of embracing this change, business

owners have complained and halfheartedly attempted to play the game, and many

businesses are hoping that the shift towards

review sites will just go away.

This exasperation stems from losing con-

trol over how consumers perceive compa-

nies. Until now, businesses controlled their

public image. Only positive praise was pre-

sented to the general public. In general, dis-

satisfied consumers did not openly express

their feelings.

In the past, well-designed websites had

the power to persuade people to choose

companies that actually provided horrible

service. Clients were unable to confirm the

Modern techniques and strategies require technology-focused thinking.

By Steve Marsh

Social reviews are literally at peoples fingertips. These social

Riding

marketing

the changing wave of


reliability of advertising messages. Review sites have changed all of

that. Consumers now have a powerful voice. They are empowered

to express their opinions to the world.

Warning signs of changeJust as you would note the impending devastation of a tsunami

when you see a receding waterline, you must now heed the signs

of this coming wave of social review.

The wave that started in California and swept to the East Coast

before finally flowing to the South is beginning to cover every

place. There are still places along the way where no reviews have

been written for water treatment companies. But we all know that

trends in social media can sweep the country almost overnight.

Social review sites are taking over the rules of search engine

optimization (SEO). For example, the Google Map listings are

given to companies with the most Google Plus reviews. If you

perform this test in major cities across the country, you will see this

trend follow the same path.

Only a year ago, social review sites had no placements on the

first page of a Google search. The crash of this wave is already

disrupting existing marketing.

Whats so great about review sites?Growing numbers of consumers are deferring to social review

websites due to convenience and reliability. According to Pew

Research, 58 percent of adults in the U.S. carry a smartphone.

Social reviews are literally at peoples fingertips. These social media sites offer your customers as well as prospects many ben-

efits, including:

Speed: It takes only seconds to retrieve names and relevant

information on local service companies. A similar search

engine produces many distracting results which confuse and

slow the process.

Narrower search: Many review sites make choosing easier

by creating a prioritized list. By looking at the top listings, 90

percent of the options are instantly eliminated.

Easily compared: Several top companies can be viewed with

just a few clicks. Since the same format is used, comparisons

are easily made.

Reliability: As the number of company reviews increases, so

does the reliability of the ranking. Once a company acquires

30 reviews, the consumer description becomes pretty clear.

As the reviews reach into the hundreds, the ranking becomes

hard to debate.

Accountability: Customers feel confident that a highly rated

company will pay attention if a problem should arise. They know

if they receive poor service, they can give a bad review in return.

A consumer shiftWhere are the growing numbers of social review site users

coming from?

SEO efforts already have taken a major hit by being knocked

off of Googles first page by review sites. As this trend grows, it will draw more consumers toward review sites.

People are shifting from popular search engines to review

sites because of the convenience, reliability and speed

mentioned previously.

Personal referrals are being replaced by the more

comprehensive nature of review sites.

The most surprising source of new users is the large number

of customers who are willing to jump ship. Many consumers

have tolerated their current service company for fear of trying

a different one. Social review provides the confidence many

people need to make a change.

Changing how companies runThe standards by which companies are judged have been

rewritten. Companies are no longer predominantly evaluated on

how well they accomplish a service. They are now largely judged on

the consumer experience of the entire process. Failure to perform

as expected, arriving late, poor communication or disappointing the

customer in any way can now result in a costly negative review. It


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Dealer sales, marketing,

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COVER STORY: RIDING THE CHANGING WAVE OF MARKETING

takes 15 five-star reviews to counteract a

one-star rating. A single bad review could

cost a company thousands of dollars in lost

revenue.

This new consumer power is

highlighted by the fact that a person can

write a scathing review based solely on an

unsatisfactory inquiry call. A poor review can

be permanently lodged against a business

even if that person never hires the company.

Low-end and bait-and-switch companies are

easy to identify with this system. Reviews

make clear which companies provide good

value. The consumer-satisfaction bar has

been raised. Those who cant meet the new standards will be swept away.

How customers feel has now become as

important as the service itself. Companies

must adapt to this new set of expectations.

Larger, established businesses may find

this to be a daunting task.

An overhaul of the entire service process

will be required. Owners must evaluate their

businesses from a customers perspective. Negative reviews need to be analyzed to

determine how to prevent that experience

from happening again. Sensitivity to

consumers feelings must become part of the company culture.

It may be necessary to hire a business

consultant to objectively evaluate and

implement the necessary changes. Another

option is to find a panel of consumers to

recommend changes.

Winner takes all

Review ranking systems lead to an

environment where only a few compa-

nies win. Consumers intentionally ignore

companies with low ratings or the fewest

number of reviews and focus solely on the

top-ranked companies. The top-ranked

companies will get the most work and, as

a result, receive even more reviews. The

companies that reach the top will be able

to ride the wave and dominate consumer

attention for that review site. The only

way for the winners to get dethroned is for

them to slip up on their customer service

and allow their rating score to drop.

The good news is that few companies

have yet to claim a dominant ranking.

A window of opportunity is wide open,

especially in cities where social review has

not yet become popular and the competition

is not already established.

The companies with the highest rank-

ings are the targets to beat. In order to

discover the Yelp rankings of a company

and its competitors, simply go to Yelp.

com and type in the service type and city

at the top.

The easiest way to find Angies List

rankings is to join Angies List as a consum-

for many years will be hard to beat. Angies

Editors note: A version of this article origi-nally appeared in our sister publication,

. Please visit www.cleanfax.com to read articles and news from the pro-fessional carpet cleaning and restoration industry.



The easiest way to find Angies List

rankings is to join Angies List as a consum-er member. The cost for this ranges from

free to $29 annually depending on the city.

Google Plus ranks are determined by

looking at the Google Map section for the

city and service offered. The companies

with the most reviews tend to rank higher

on the local map listing. The sooner a com-

pany starts this process, the better their

chance of riding the wave.

Another reason to start sooner rather

than later is that Yelp and Google Plus

reviews accumulate. They are not elimi-

nated from the ranking score due to age. A

company that has actively collected reviews

for many years will be hard to beat. Angies List, on the other hand, only takes into account the most recent three-year period

for scoring.

A startup company now has the

opportunity to seize the top position before

established companies are able to adjust

to the new service standards. Larger and more mature companies do not have an

advantage in this new system.

The wave is comingGet up off the sand and get ready. This

tsunami of change is coming, and there

does not appear to be a way of escaping it.

The reality of having to deal with consumer

reviews will be a challenge for all service

companies.

Overall, this will eventually create a

far more professional and service-oriented

industry. The consumers will be the victors.

As far as businesses are concerned,

there will be both winners and losers.

Those who adapt to the new rules first are

going to ride the wave and win big. The oth-

ers will be swept away.

Heed the warning signs for this one.

Getting on top of this wave is worth the

effort. WT

Editors note: A version of this article origi-nally appeared in our sister publication, Cleanfax. Please visit www.cleanfax.com to read articles and news from the pro-fessional carpet cleaning and restoration industry.

Steve Marsh is the creator of the Be Competition

Free Marketing Program. He is a 40-year vet-

eran of the carpet cleaning industry, an instruc-

tor and a Senior Carpet Inspector. Marsh is a

marketing and business consultant who helps

owners build their companies to attract higher

quality customers. For more information, visit

www.BeCompetitionFree.com. Marsh is also a

frequent writer for Cleanfax magazine.

For more information on this topic, go to

www.WaterTechOnline.com and enter

keyword(s): Marketing, sales, customers,

SEO, social.

Steve Marsh


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WQAs member companies have differ-ent focuses in the marketplace, we all provide a great benefit for consumers clean, safe and enjoyable water for hundreds of millions of people in the

fact, we need to remind them of the great things we do, while pointing out that our industry can be the solution, as opposed to the problem.

When the association speaks, its only as loud as its membership. As members, we can speak much more

looks forward in the upcoming years and becomes a proactive rather than reac-tive player, people in this industry will want even more to be part of our member-ship to take advantage of everything the association has to offer.

ing as WQAs president helped with your own companys vision planning

speci c ways?When I signed up for the role

several years ago, I thought all I had to do was attend a few meetings and receptions each year. Boy was I wrong. Being WQA president has basically become a second full-time job for me over this past year.

Working with the WQA staff, our members and the industry has been a really enrich-ing experience for me personally.

However, I wouldnt change the expe-rience of what we accomplished as an association this past year. It was difficult at times, but I firmly believe that we moved the association forward strategi-cally and have set up a strong future. I

We recently spoke with the Water Quality Associations (WQA) Board President Douglas S. Sam Karge, who is also vice president of Pentair Water Purification, a division of Pentair. In this exclusive interview, Karge discusses WQAs push for

a different type of strategy in the market, some changes during his tenure, the associations recent accomplishments and WQAs plans to stay ahead of the curve.

Water Technology: Please offer a little background into your role

at WQA, and what accomplishments you achieved as board president.

Sam Karge: This is a huge question. Ive been on the board for the last seven years, serving first as governor-at-large and then moving through the different executive roles, culminating in this last year as president. During the last several years, I continually came back to the question, How do we keep this organization relevant in a constantly changing environment? Ive always felt that WQA has great staff members who do great work, but theyve generally been focused on playing defense rather than offense in terms of the organizations overall strategy on several fronts.

As many of your readers may know, we implemented a number of lead-ership changes at the WQA over the past 12 months. This was by far the most difficult, gut-wrenching time in my professional career because I feel so close to the staff and the organization as a whole. However, I knew that if we wanted to keep the organization relevant and moving forward, and keep the great staff at WQA doing great things, we would need to transition from a defense to offense strategy in the market.

The one accomplishment I value most from my tenure on the board and as president is how we worked closely with the board of directors and staff to reset the focus, structure and overall direction of the staff and organiza-tion to align with the industry, the members and our market overall. This refreshed and focused strategy will help drive us forward in the future.

WT: In your opinion, what is the most important issue(s) facing our

industry today?

SK: I think consumers are growing more and more knowledgeable every day about water quality. If we want to be relevant in 10 years, we need to acknowledge changing consumer perceptions and expedite our growth and forward momentum as an industry. I feel that new technology has lagged as has new thinking about how we approach consumers. Pretty soon consumers may pass us in their knowledge of what it is we do. We need to stay ahead of this as an association and an industry.

WT: How have WQA and its mem-

bers worked to solve these concerns

in recent years?

SK: The WQA has made great strides

in providing better industry information for consumers. Some good examples include our newer consumer-directed publications, such as Water Treatment for Dummies andGetting Smart with Softeners, as well as our Consumer Opinion Study and Modular Education Program (MEP). All of these proj-ects help us get ahead of the curve when it comes to information about the industry. These are also prime examples of our associations efforts to move from defense to offense.

WT: In retrospect, how have disrup-

tive legislation, such as Californias

Water Technology interviews WQA Board President Douglas Sam Karge

The associations board president offers a closer look into his role with WQA, the associations accomplishments and how WQA plans to stay ahead of the curve.

By Maria Woodie, Assistant Editor

WQA Board President Sam Karge is also vice

president of Pentair Water Purifi cation,

a division of Pentair.

Photo credit WQA

WT Feature Karge.indd 24 4/15/15 11:50 AM


FEATURE

stance on water softeners, helped to

strengthen our industry and incorpo-

rate advanced technology?

SK: I think adversity gives us a rea-

son to work together. While many of

WQAs member companies have differ-ent focuses in the marketplace, we all provide a great benefit for consumers clean, safe and enjoyable water for hundreds of millions of people in the U.S. When legislators lose sight of that

fact, we need to remind them of the great things we do, while pointing out that our industry can be the solution, as opposed to the problem.

WT: Why is the WQA and becoming

a member of this association important

for water treatment dealers and manu-

facturers?

SK: When the association speaks, its only as loud as its membership. As members, we can speak much more loudly than as individuals. As the WQA

looks forward in the upcoming years and becomes a proactive rather than reac-tive player, people in this industry will want even more to be part of our member-ship to take advantage of everything the association has to offer.

WT: Has the experience of serv-

ing as WQAs president helped with your own companys vision planning or your own personal development to

better serve customers? If so, in what

speci c ways?SK: When I signed up for the role

several years ago, I thought all I had to do was attend a few meetings and receptions each year. Boy was I wrong. Being WQA president has basically become a second full-time job for me over this past year. I have loved every minute of it though.

Working with the WQA staff, our members and the industry has been a really enrich-ing experience for me personally.

However, I wouldnt change the expe-rience of what we accomplished as an association this past year. It was difficult at times, but I firmly believe that we moved the association forward strategi-cally and have set up a strong future. I

also believe that it taught me about how to manage my time and priorities better than ever before.

One of my favorite quotes is from

Roger Seip, who was the keynote speak-er at the WQA convention a few years ago. He said, Dont confuse that which

is urgent for that which is important. That really sticks with me. WT

The WQA has made great strides in providing better industry information for consumers. Some good examples include our newer consumer-directed publications, such as

, as well as our Consumer Opinion Study and Modular Education Program (MEP). All of these proj-ects help us get ahead of the curve when it comes to information about the industry. These are also prime examples of our associations efforts to move from defense to offense.

tive legislation, such as Californias

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For more information on this topic, go to

www.WaterTechOnline.com and enter

keyword(s): WQA, POU, POE, association,

regulations.

Maria Woodie, Assistant Editor

dit WQA

WT Feature Karge.indd 25 4/15/15 11:51 AM


The objective of this article is to determine how to properly evaluate the

means to be used in sizing of the interconnecting piping among the

several vessels comprising the overall system. These vessels consist

of such items as the automated washer, a receiving tank connected

to the washer and such auxiliary equipment as sinks and showers all

of which discharge water laden with particulate matter that could possibly

consolidate, causing piping blockages. These blockages would require the

removal through the use of appropriate cleaning tools or, perhaps, partially

disassembling the piping.

System description and objectivesThe household system, being considered herein, consists primarily of a

discharge tank and a semi-automatic washer assembly. The washer assembly

is provided with removable, hot and cold fresh water connections and a

removable wastewater connection attached to a wastewater discharge or

holding tank. The holding tank is also provided with a permanent wastewater

pipeline discharging to a sewer as well as with a separate hand-loaded dryer.

The overall system is supplied with additional household items such as

toilets, multiple sinks and showers. These items will be considered as well,

since wastewater from all of these materials is provided with wastewater

piping, and they are ultimately connected to a common sewer line. It is

important to mention the direct gravity flow of wastewater is transferred by the

pipeline from the discharge or holding tank to the sewer, as it is necessary

to note the same for the sinks, showers and other such items, separate from

the washer assembly. Pumped flow, however, is used for the transfer of

wastewater from the washer to the discharge tank.

Operational procedureThe procedure used to operate the

semi-automatic washer discharge tank

assembly consists first of properly making

a selection from the available operational

variables, which are comprised of: The

material to be washed, such as cotton, knit

fabrics or delicate fabric materials; these

materials are then followed by temperature

of the water to be used; the degree to which

the fabric is soiled; and the water level to be

used for the washer.

After depositing detergent with the fabrics

to be washed, the washer is started and the

remainder of the operating conditions that

need to be followed is automated.

The wash tank is first filled with clean

water and the fabrics are cleaned by agitation.

This is followed by the pump transfer of the

wastewater to the discharge tank, which

then discharges the water by gravity to

the sewer line, through appropriately sized

piping, while the fabrics are dewatered by

rapid rotation of the inner tank of the washer.

This processing sequence is repeated with

a second input of clean water for rinsing,

followed by dewatering the wash in order to

complete, stop and end the cycle.

Figure 1 provides a schematic and

partial general arrangement of the

items discussed earlier in regards to the

description of the system.

Avoid internal particulate deposition and plugging of pipingA household system consists primarily of a discharge tank and a semi-automatic washer assembly.

By Alan Cross


FEATURE

Wastewater dischargeExamination of the discharge wastewater

flow revealed that the contents consisted of

rather small, elongated fibrous pellets, 1/8

to 1/4 inch in diameter with a small length to

diameter ratio of perhaps two to one.

Although the concentration of the

pellets in the washer assembly was not

measured and varied with the type of

input fabric materials processed, the

analysis, considered herein, did not require

consideration of the small concentrations

of this variable of utmost importance the

belief being that the density of the particles

and the velocity of the water in the piping

are being considered more important.

However, efforts were made initially to filter

the washer discharge material to avoid

possible clogging of the piping.

This procedure proved unacceptable,

but because the filter openings needed for

filtration were rather small in size due to

space limitations restricting the size of the

filter, and because the particulates were

somewhat fibrous, the filters quickly clogged

and required replacement. Cleaning of the

filters was not considered an option because

of the fibrous nature of the deposits, which

rendered a cleaning operation too time-

consuming and impractical.

Because of the filtering difficulties

involved, it was thought that clogging of the

wastewater piping might best be avoided

by maintaining turbulent flow in the piping.

Whether turbulent or laminar flow exists in

the interconnecting piping of the subject

installation is easily determined by the

calculation of the Reynolds number, or Re.

Thus, it has been concluded by others that

if the Re is less than 2,100, laminar flow

prevails and if greater than an Re of 2,100,

turbulent flow prevails. Pertinent equations

for making this determination are as follows:

Re = (D)(V)(Liq.Dens./(0.000672)(Liq.

Visc.)

(Liq.Press.Drop) = (2)(f)(L)(Va)2/(g)(D)

(Ent.+Ex.Loss) = (1.5)(Va)2/(2)(g)

(Vert.Liq.Height) = (Liq.Press.Drop) +

(Ent+Ex.Loss)

Summary In the above application, it has been

assumed that the particulates are not sticky

and are not capable of adhering to the

inside surfaces of the piping; the density of

1. Semi-automatic washer, provided with an inner vessel with sidewall perforations and a

motor-driven agitator for washing, as well as with the ability to rotate rapidly to dewater

the wash after wastewater is transferred by the pump to the discharge tank.

2. Discharge tank a holding tank from which water is drained by gravity to the sewer.

3. Inner vessel of washer.

4. Clean wash water hot and cold water inlets and outlets and the wastewater discharge

outlet, provided with control valves.

5. Water source for clean water.

6. One-inch diameter transfer line for a high velocity transfer of wastewater to the

discharge tank.

7. Two-inch diameter piping from the shower, sink and discharge tank to the sewer with

discharge by gravity only.

8. Sewer line.

9. Shower water discharge outlet.

10. Sink water discharge outlet.

11. Maximum discharge tank water level.

Figure 1: Schematic arrangement of piping

45

6 47

11

10

7

1

7

79

26

2

1

3

7

12

8

1.7

0.7

5

Description of Figure 1

* Graphic created and courtesy of Alan Cross.

Re = Reynolds number

D = Inside pipe diameter, feet

V = Liquid velocity, feet per second

Liq.Dens. = Liquid density, pounds/

cubic feet

Liq.Visc. = Liquid viscosity, centipoise

Liq.Press.Drop = Frictional loss inside

pipe, feet

f = Frictional pipe loss coefficient, .005

used in this calculation

L = Total pipe length, feet

Va = Inside pipe velocity

g = 32.2

Ent.+Ex.Loss = Loss due to entering

and leaving the pipe, feet

Vert.Liq.Height = feet

Table 1: NomenclatureDescription of schematic arrangement (locations 1-11)


FEATURE: AVOID INTERNAL PARTICULATE DEPOSITION AND PLUGGING OF PIPING

the particulates is not much greater than that

of the liquid water carrying fluid; and the par-

ticulates are not long, thin or highly flexible

and are not capable of entanglement, such

as hair, so as to form large size bundles of

pipe blocking debris. Furthermore, the inter-

nal pipe flow in all cases, as determined by

the Re, must be greater than 2,100 the

transition from laminar to turbulent flow.

The calculation method proposed in

this article has indicated that this is indeed

the case: An Re of 2,100 or greater having

been calculated, as shown in Table 2, for all

of the arrangements comprising the overall

system.

That turbulent flow in a pipeline in

this particular service, as described

herein, remains to be seen as a means of

avoiding pipeline clogging. However, as of

three months in service with this system,

there has been no reported clogging of

the piping, during which washing was

performed almost daily. WT

Alan Cross received a B.Ch.E. degree from the

City College of New York and an M.S.Ch.E. degree

from NYU Polytechnic School of Engineering of

Brooklyn. Cross is a long-time member of the

American Institute of Chemical Engineers and

has more than 30 years of experience in the

design of direct fi red process heaters, while

in the employment of the Abb Lummus Heat

Transfer Division of Abb Lummus Crest located in

Bloomfi eld, New Jersey. He has since written and

published about 10 design articles relating to heat

transfer, fl uid fl ow and a variety of other topics

and has authored and received fi ve U.S. patents.


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System Reynolds number (Re) Discharge piping from holding or discharge tank to sewer 3,000

Discharge piping from shower to sewer 200,000

Discharge sink to sewer 150,000

Table 2

For more information on this topic, go to www.

WaterTechOnline.com and enter keyword(s): Piping,

washers, sewer, discharge, water.

Alan Cross

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MAINTENANCE & OPERATIONS

The Business Center

By Amin Almasi

Centrifugal pumps and their piping for water applications:

Part two

Significant causes of poor pump performance and solutions.

The function of suction piping is to supply an evenly distributed flow of water

to the pump suction, with sufficient pressure to the pump to avoid exces-

sive turbulence in the pump impeller. Pump suction problems can result

in poor pump performance, poor bearing life and poor mechanical seal

performance. In extreme cases, vibration can cause failure of piping and appurte-

nances. Significant causes of poor pump performance and maintenance problems

are cavitation and air-lock. Suction piping should be adequately sized and properly

designed to avoid cavitation. Generally for any pumps piping, the optimum piping size should consider the installed cost of the piping and the operational require-

ments (piping friction and others).

There are always some maximum velocity limits. Particularly for suction piping,

the piping size should limit velocity to values below those where bubbles will rise

through water. A minimum velocity is usually needed to prevent the settling of

solids (if applicable). As a very rough indication, suction piping velocities should

be in the 2.95 feet to 4.27 feet per second range unless suction conditions are

unusually good. In many pumps, suction piping is at least one size larger than the

suction flange at the pump. The piping should also be laid out correctly to eliminate

air/gas pockets and air-lock. The suction piping should be as short as possible and

as simple as possible to prevent accumulation of air from water being pumped. In

other words, suction pipes need to be short and straight. The suction piping should

be arranged with as few bends as possible. If bends are necessary, use long

radius ones when applicable. An important factor to consider during the design of

suction pipe work geometry is to reduce turbulence at the pump suction nozzle.

It is imperative that the amount of turbulence and entrained gas (or air) is kept to

a minimum. The water flow is further complicated when elbows or tees are located

adjacent to the pump suction nozzle; when this happens, uneven flow patterns or

air (gas) separation keep the water from evenly filling the impeller. A straight length

of pipe is needed before any pump. As a rough indication, a straight length of pipe

of an equivalent length of five times the pump inlet size (five times diameter) should

be installed before any pump; some specifications mandate eight times diameter

or even 10 times diameter for this straight length. With a suction line entering the

pump in the horizontal plane, the eccentric reducer is placed with the flat on the top.

Both a check valve and a manual stop valve (usually gate valve) should be

installed in the discharge piping with the check valve placed between the pump and

the stop valve to protect the pump from reverse flow and excessive back pressure.

If a control valve is needed, place at the discharge piping in a reasonable distance

from the pump. Ideally, the optimum control valve location is within 4.93 feet of the

pump discharge to prevent too much surging of water in the pumping system when

the discharge is throttled.

Avoid pockets or high points where

gas (air) can accumulate in the suction

and discharge piping. An ideal discharge

piping run is one where the piping

gradually slopes up from the pump to

the discharge. This will ensure any gas

or air in the discharge side of the pump

can be evacuated to the outlet.

Radial forces are being generated

in the pump housing from the pressure

in the piping system acting on the volute

area. The magnitude and direction

of the forces is dependent upon the

piping arrangement along with the

areas and pressures involved; this

should be considered in the design of

the pump piping. For maintenance and

repair work, remove the coupling; the

pump internals can also be removed

from the pump case, ideally without

disturbing the pumps piping.

Site installationThe pump installation requires spe-

cial attention. The pump base-plate

should be leveled to within 0.008 inch-

es per inch. Regarding the installation

of a pumps piping, it is recommended to pipe from the pump suction flange

to the suction source (such the pipe

rack), not the other way around.

Do not operate a centrifugal pump

for long periods of time at or near

the shut-off point (zero flow maximum

Documents

Water Technology - May 2015