Water Stress Increases Winter Injury - Leucaena leucocephala

0

20

40

60

80

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Distance from runoff water (m)

Dieback (% of maximum)

Tree nutrition / vs Winter Injury

0

20

40

60

80

100

5 10 20 30

2.5/

.17

2.5/

.11

2.2/

.17

2.2/

.11

1.9/

.17

1.9/

.11

Winter Injury (%)

Pecan Yield (kg/tree)%

N /%P

Cold-hardiness of Lagerstroemia hybrids/Johnson et al. SNA Res. Conf. 45:467:2000

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr

'Acoma'-AL'Acoma'-DC

Low

est

Su

rviv

al T

emp

erat

ure

(C

)

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr

'Comanche'-AL'Comanche'-DC

AL = 32o N. latitudeDC = 37o N. latitude

Root growth after planting/ Barnett 1986

21 wks

9 wks

0 wks

Privet12 24 36 cm

15 cm

30

45

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 5 10 15 20 25

Weeks after Planting

Days without Water

21 wks

9 wks

0 wks

12 24 36 cm

15 cm

30

45

Well-watered

Droughted

Compaction increases soil strength &

decreases root growth Brais SSSAJ 65:1263:2001

60% Reduction 60% Reduction

No Growth

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 5 10 15 20

2.5 cm

5 cm

10 cm

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 5 10 15 20

2.5 cm

5 cm

10 cm

Number of tractor passes

Soil Strength (MPa) Soil Strength (MPa)

Fine-textured soil Coarse-textured soil

MPa = 5.58BD - 3.24

R 2 = 0.66

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5

FineCoarse

BD (g/cc)

Strength (MPa)

No Growth

A History of Tree Planting in LC

• Timeline– 1950s Mulberry– 1960s Ash– 1970s Afghan pine– 1980s Oaks– 1990s Chilean mesquite

– 2000s Chitalpa– 2010s ??

• Issues– Allergenic, water hog– 1994-itis? Emerald ash borer?– Alleppo pine mite– Sudden Oak Death, Oak wilt?– Brittle branches, toppling– Frost/Drought cracks– “Plant it & they will come!!’

Bark Beetles

Apple

Mimosa

-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

LT50

LT10

Tmin

-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

LT50

LT10

Tmin

-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

LT50

LT10

Tmin

Dormancy & Cold-hardiness Cold - Hardiness of Apple Blooms

Dormant

Silver Tip

12mm Green

Green Tip

Tight Cluster

Full Pink Full Bloom

Growing Degree Hours (oC)

LT50 (oC)

Photos by:

-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

01000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

01000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

Cold - Hardiness of Apple Blooms

Growing Degree Hours (oC)LT50 (oC)

Apr12 Apr17 Apr22 Apr29Apr2 May1

Approximate Calendar Dates

Untreated

Sprinkled

Rules of Thumb

• A 1oF increase, increases ET by 1%• To reduce water use—reduce canopy coverage

– Under nonstressed conditions, a full canopy uses the same amount of water, i.e. Kentucky bluegrass = pecan = mesquite, etc.

– Management issues: growing season, level of stress tolerance

• Rain is a good thing—don’t waste it! – Clean irrigation water (300 mg/L) adds about 1 ton of salt per

acre per year. Plants will use less than ½ of that.

Dormancy & Cold-hardiness Cold-hardiness of Lagerstroemia hybrids/Johnson et al. SNA Res. Conf. 45:467:2000

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr

'Acoma'-AL

'Comanche'-AL

Low

est

Su

rviv

al T

emp

erat

ure

(C

)

Dormancy & Cold-hardiness Bloom Delay of Apple Blooms

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 6 12 18 24

Air & Dry BudWet bulbMisted Bud

Hour

Temperature (oC)

~115 GDH

~316 GDH

Frost Protection Requires Little Water

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

103 L/min/ha495 L/min/ha

Time of Day (hr)

Bud Temperature (oC)

4 to 20 mm/frost event

What’s Killing Your Trees

Factors Affecting Acclimation-Size

Spring• Buds = -3o

• Cambium = -4o

• Roots = -4o

• Seedling = -3o

• Germinant = -2o

Winter• Buds = -25o

• Cambium = -50o

• Roots = -10o

• Seedling = -30o

What’s Killing Your Trees

Freeze Injury

E. Shannon

What’s Killing Your Trees

Freeze Injury

Apple

PecanPecan

E. Shannon

Eucalyptus

FreezeRing

• Increased wind= windbreaks

• Increased drought= e.g. 4” in LC and more dead trees in low income areas: trees decrease violence in inner cities

J. Mexal

What is wrong with this picture?

Pine Issues in Las Cruces

• Abiotic– Physcial Factors

• Temperature• Moisture

• Biotic– Biological

• Disease• Insect

• DPD- human

Not Found in NM landscapes—Yet?•White pine blister rust•Sudden oak death (P. ramorum)•Diplodia blight•Pine knot nematode

Nebraska Forestry Service

Pinus sylvestris

Pine Knot Nematode on Scots Pine

• Native to Japan

• Discovered in 1979 in MO

• Carried by pine sawyer beetle

• No control

Dothistroma pini (Red band needle blight) [Small dark brown fruiting bodies]

Piñon Needle Scale (Matsucoccus acalyptus)

Crawler

Adult w/ Immature ‘Bean’ stage

cals.arizona.edu/pubs/insects/az1315.pdf

E. Shannon

Nantucket Pine Tipmoth

This is a young tree affliction (<10 ft tall)

Phytopthora pinifolia on Pinus radiata / Michael J. Wingfield

http://www.fabinet.up.ac.za/tpcp/pinifolia

0

20

40

60

80

100

6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500

Elevation (ft)

Piñon Mortality (%)Stocking (% Piñon )

Piñon is moving up the hill/ after Ryerson 2006

0

20

40

60

80

100

6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500

What’s Killing Your Trees

DPD =

N. Goldberg

Climate Change in the SW USYear Arizona New MexicoAZ - C NM - C1970 58.9 52.3 14.9 11.31971 58.6 52.2 14.8 11.21972 58.7 52.3 14.8 11.31973 59.1 52.7 15.1 11.51974 59 52.6 15.0 11.41975 59.5 52.8 15.3 11.61976 60.2 53.5 15.7 11.91977 60 53.4 15.6 11.91978 59.9 53.2 15.5 11.81979 60.1 53.3 15.6 11.81980 59.9 53.1 15.5 11.71981 60.2 53 15.7 11.71982 60.5 53 15.8 11.71983 60.6 53.2 15.9 11.81984 60.4 53.3 15.8 11.81985 60.5 53.1 15.8 11.71986 60.4 53.1 15.8 11.71987 60.7 53.2 15.9 11.81988 61.4 53.4 16.3 11.91989 61.5 53.9 16.4 12.21990 61.4 54 16.3 12.21991 61.4 54.2 16.3 12.31992 61.5 54.1 16.4 12.31993 61.4 54.3 16.3 12.41994 61.5 54.2 16.4 12.31995 62 54.5 16.7 12.5

y = 0.067x - 116.46

R2 = 0.94

y = 0.044x - 75.386

R2 = 0.839

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Arizona

New Mexico

AZ - C

NM - C

Linear (AZ - C)

Linear (NM - C)

Turf and Irrigation Affects Tilia cordata growth Stewart et al. HortSci 40(5):1529:2005

0

2

4

6

8

Mulch Buffalo-NS Buffalo-S Kentucky-NS

Kentucky-S

LA 2000 LA 2001Dia 2000 Dia 2001

* * * *

Leaf Area (m2)/ Diameter (mm)

Turf TreatmentNS = not stressedS = stressed

Global Temperature

0

20

40

60

80

100

2000s 1990s 1980s 1970s 1960s 1950s 1940s 1930s 1920s

Change in vegetation with climate change/ Aber et al. Biosci. 51(9):735:2001

Canadian Global Coupled ModelHadley Centre for Climate Prediction

ΔT = 2.8C ΔT = 5.2C

-18

-16

-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

LT50

LT10

LT90

What’s Killing Your Trees

Cold - Hardiness of Apple Blooms

Approximate Calendar Date

LT50 (oC)

Killing Trees

Think before your plant!