Water Resource Management for DRR - A Case study of Bero Block, Ranchi,

Jharkhand, IndiaBy

Kiran Jalem Kiran Jalem B.E, M.Tech, (PhD)B.E, M.Tech, (PhD)

Asstt. Professor, Disaster Asstt. Professor, Disaster ManagementManagementSKIPA, RanchiSKIPA, Ranchi

&&Purnima Kumari Purnima Kumari M.AM.A

Research Scholar, Ranchi Research Scholar, Ranchi University, RanchiUniversity, Ranchi

WORLD WATER RESERVE

FRESH WATERDrinkable

SALT WATERNot Drinkable unless desalinated

2.5% 97.5%

Frozen in Ice caps & Glaciers

3/4th 1/4th

AVAILABLE for Household Use

Fresh water is found in lakes, rivers, streams, underground, and glaciers.

The world is heading towards a freshwater crisis in diff. scale and intensity

Reasons for the depletion of freshwater resources, particularly groundwater res.

1.Rapidly increasing population, economic Development & Over exploitation of GW

2. Mismanagement & Injudicious use of Water

NEED of the TIME: WATER MANAGEMENT for its SUSTANABLE USE

WATER MANAGEMENT

QUALITATIVE MANAGEMENT QUANTITATIVE MANAGEMENT

RAIN WATER MANAGEMENT

Agricultural

In situ conservation

RUNOFF WATER HARVESTING from Agricultural Lands

Domestic

ROOF WATER HARVESTING in Towns/Cities

Water treatment for contaminants

JUDICIOUS UTILIZATION

Introduction• India has eminent medium of natural resources like forest resources,

water resources, mineral resources, food resources, energy resources and land resources. But due to lack of proper management the distribution of natural resources are not rational in all the areas. So, the need of micro level approach is must essential rather than macro level approach.

• One of the most famous environmentalist said once that-“All the natural resources of the earth’s surface starts and ends with the water resources.” So, in this paper we tried to focus and pay attention on only water resource management. This paper is a humble attempt to analyze the reasons and possible solutions of global water crisis, and in this process, will attempt to question some myth propounded by the unexamined reality. However, this paper reflect the core content of the right to water and contribute to the progressive realization of this right globally.

Need and Importance of the Study

• Due to its great abundance, water is generally a very inexpensive resource. Compared with other natural resources, water is used in tremendous quantities. On a global scale, total water abundance is not the problem; the problem is water’s availability in the right place at the right time in the right form.

• Scarcity of fresh water results in serious regional disparities.

• we should use our water resources quite carefully, logically and ethically.

• The day is not so far when water crisis is going to be a issue of civil war.

Scope of this Study

• Mapping of water sources and water bodies with details like area, river, lakes, streams, reservoirs, ponds, dams, canals etc.

• Ground survey for collection of water source wise information of each water bodies. To prepare reliable, accurate and comprehensive information system for the water resources.

• One of Richest Mineral Zones • 40% of Total Minerals of India• >35% Coal, 40% Copper ……• Rare Minerals – Uranium …..

• Rare Flora & Fauna

• Livelihood for 80% population • Net Sown Area 1.8 Mha• Irrigated Area 0.16 Mha (8%)• Productivity 1 t/ha – very poor• Food Production less than half of Total

Requirement

• Total Population ~2.69 crore• ST/SC Population ~39%• Literacy ~54% • Population Below Poverty Line ~50%• Geographical Area ~7.9 Mha

• Home to major iron, coal, mica, …. based industries

• TELCO, TISCO, HEC, SAIL, BCCL….

Mineral Wealth

Agriculture

Forest

Land & The People

Industrial Base

• Annual Rainfall 1200 - 1400 mm• 4 river basins • Severe Drinking Water Problems

Water

JHARKHANDDisaster Vulnerability

DroughtFlood

Flash FloodForest Fire

LightningEarthquake Hazards

Mining HazardsAnimal Attacks etc.

World’s Top Ten Mining Disasters

1. Honkieko, China- April 26,1942 (C 1549)2. Courrieres, France- March 10, 1906 (C 1100)3. Omuta, Japan – November 9, 1963 (C 447)4. Senghenydd, Wales, UK-October 14, 1913 (C 438)5. Coal Brook, Sout Africa, January 1, 1960 (C 437)6. Wankie, Rhodesia, June 6, 1972 (C 427)7. Dhanbad,India- May 28, 1965 (C 375)8. Chasnala, Dhanbad, December 27, 1975 (C 372)9. Barnsley, UK- December 12, 1866 (C 361)10. Monongah, USA, December 6, 1907 (C 361)

April 21, 2023 8

Context• Due to deforestation, global climate change and the polar shifting, the rain

clouds coming from the Bay of Bengal travel all the way across India and rain on the Arabian Sea i.e. clouds which once rained on Jharkhand now rain on the Arabian Sea.

• Jharkhand State is facing less rainfall and the ground water is also lowering day by day and also it is observed that the average fall of water table is about 2.5 m during last 2 years.

• The main rivers of Jharkhand State are: Sone, North Koel, Damodhar, Baraker, Subarnarekha and Kharkai, due to deforestation these rivers are now drying up, and consequently there is less rainfall.

• Drought is the most recurring Disaster in Jharkhand effecting all the 24 Districts except Bero Block of Ranchi because of the Vision of Tribal Chieftain - Simon Oraon.

Sl. No. Dist Rainfall Position (mm) Deificiency in Rainfall and

Actual Rainfall in June 2010

(mm)

June 2008June 2009 June 2010

Normal Rainfall

Actual Rainfall

Normal Rainfall Actual Rainfall Normal Rainfall

Actual Rainfall

1 Ranchi 177-9 378-8 177-9 45-0 187-7 84-4 93-502 Gumla 352-4 263-7 352-4 40-1 352-4 84-8 268-003 Simdega 187-3 319-8 187-3 86-7 187-3 159-3 28-004 Lohardega 137-3 341-2 137-3 66-0 137-3 137-4 &5 E. Singhbhum 247-9 585-5 247-9 55-9 247-9 92-6 155-306 W. Singhbhum 172-5 456-2 172-5 94-9 172-5 88-4 84-10

7 Saraikela 232-0 568-0 138-2 55-7 138-2 66-6 71-608 Palamau 152-4 319-5 152-4 32-9 152-4 61-0 91-409 Garhwa 194-2 166-4 138-8 13-8 138-8 26-3 112-5010 Latehar 138-8 176-5 194-2 60-0 194-2 53-4 140-8011 Hazaribagh 194-0 380-0 194-0 52-0 194-0 116-8 77-2012 Chatra 167-1 297-3 167-1 44-6 167-1 58-0 109-1013 Koderma 165-7 274-2 165-7 76-1 165-7 101-8 63-9014 Giridih 202-0 282-6 202-0 64-0 202-0 85-2 116-8015 Dhanbad 205-3 159-3 205-3 65-2 205-3 86-4 118-9016 Bokaro 184-8 437-6 184-8 36-8 184-8 75-6 109-2017 Dumka 217-2 211-4 217-2 28-2 217-2 133-0 84-2018 Gamtara 247-7 219-2 247-7 66-8 247-7 133-7 114-0019 Deoghar 185-9 269-6 185-9 26-6 185-9 100-6 85-3020 Godda 186-9 231-7 186-9 37-8 186-9 150-2 36-7021 Sahebganj 225-4 265-4 225-4 42-5 225-4 177-8 47-6022 Pakur 214-0 295-9 214-0 42-3 214-0 189-2 24-8023 Ramgarh & & 194-0 10-8 194-0 44-2 149-8024 Khunti & & 192-2 68-4 192-2 57-3 134-90

Total 199-5 313-6 195-0 50-5 195-5 98-5 96-57

Comparative statement of normal rainfall and actual rainfall during June 2008 to June 2010 & its deviation

Aims & Objectives

1. To study and Document the best practices followed in Bero Block, Ranchi, Jharkhand

2. To Identify & Suggest Suitable Mitigation Measures for DRR & WRM

3. Wetland Mapping of Jharkhand using high spatial resolution satellite data

4. Conservation & Management of Water Bodies, Forests, Irrigation System & Rainwater Harvesting System in Bero Block

Approach & Methodology• This paper is drawn from the original site research work of Bero Block, that

is 30 km away from the Ranchi City in the state of Jharkhand

• The problem and challenges of Global Water Crisis that aggravate disasters like flood and drought have been discussed in this paper.

• Literature Survey to find the Impact of Drought in Bero Block.

• Visit to Bero Block for Assessing Ground Reality.

• Mitigation Measures Identified for DRR & WRM.

• The broad methodology includes digitization of water resources and attribute addition is done with the help of GIS based on the information collected during the field survey.

Sr. No. Wetland type code Wetland Category Numbers Total Wetland Area Open Water

Post- monsoon (Jan 06) Pre- monsoon(Mar 07)

1100 Inland Wetlands - Natural

1 1101 Lakes 16 3204 1344 385

2 1102 Ox-bow lakes/ Cut-off meanders 18 83 71 70

3 1104 Riverine Wetlands 42 1629 781 552

4 1105 Waterlogged 58 231 232 16

5 1106 River/Stream 317 97746 97744 63442

1200 Inland Wetlands -Man-made

6 1201 Reservoirs/Barrages 1062 48177 47387 34476

7 1202 Tanks/Ponds 910 5688 5255 4241

8 1203 Waterlogged 11 61 50 35

9 2202 Aquaculture Ponds 2 8 8 8

   Sub-total 2436 156827 152872 103225

10  Wetlands (<2.25 ha), mainly Tanks 13327 13327 0 0

   Total 15763 170154 152872 103225

Table: Area estimates of wetlands in Jharkhand Area in ha

Study Area

Jharkhand State

Ranchi District

Bero Block

Location Map of Bero Block, Ranchi District, Jharkhand State, India

Area - 387.64 Sq KmPopulation – 131713

Simon Oraon – Jharkhand Tribal Chieftain• Simon Oraon, 72 popularly known as “Baba” (father), has

taught 51 villages in the Bero area to protect their environment using various means.

• Baba’s 2000 acres (809 hectares) of farmland stood in stark contrast” during Drought Situations in Jharkhand.

• Elsewhere the drought forced many to commit suicide, but the Bero People enjoyed a “Golden Harvest”.

• People call him Engineer but he says ‘I am not an Engineer rather I am an Illiterate Class IV Drop Out Man’.

• Every year, the tribal chieftain plants more than 1000 trees, a mission he began in 1960 on his 4000 square meters of ancestral land. As time went on, neighbors saw how his methods had helped conserve rainwater and allowed him to plant trees on their lands.

• Baba has built three dams, five ponds and three canals that converted vast stretches of barren land into cultivable farm land.

• With great struggle we managed to stop deforestation and launched the afforestation movement for FRM & WRM – Mr. Oraon said.

• With three dams, five ponds and thousands of trees, Simon Oraon has changed lives in six villages of Chotanagpur without any help of the state government, Oraon led his fellow tribesmen to build two Dams at Deshbali & Jharia and five ponds.

• Growing up in Bero, a tiny village 30 km from Ranchi, Simon Oraon realized that irrigation water was what his native Chotanagpur region needed the most. As a tribe, he also believed that survival of the jungle was necessary for the survival of life on earth.

• Once there, he mapped the contour of the rainwater falling from top of the hills near Bero. “In the undulating terrain, water gushed out creating ravines. I thought if a dam is built somewhere near the foothills, that water can be blocked and used for irrigation with the use of canals on the plains”, said Oraon.

• The dams and ponds trapped rainwater at the start of monsson by diverting streams. That water was channeled through canals to the fields.

• To ensure that soil erosion did not affect the water bodies, Oraon planted more than 3000 trees of Sal, Jackfruit, Jamun and Mango.

• Thanks to him, 1500 families reap three crops of vegetables besides paddy, every year from nearly 2000 acres of land now. Migration has become a thing of the past. In addition, Bero also had a mandi from where 15000 tons of vegetables worth 15 lakh were transported to Ranchi, Jamshedpur, Kolkata and Bhubaneshwar every month.

• His more than 60 years of work has been acknowledged in the form of a dissertation by Sarah Jewitt for her PhD Degree at Department of Geography, Newnham College, University of Cambridge and also by the Xavier Institute of Social Service, Ranchi.

• The state government recently awarded him a citation and Rs. One lakh.”His name was recommended for the award of the Padmashree.”said Secretary, Rural Development, Santosh Kumar Satpathy.

• As long as I have the energy, I will tell everybody that green revolution can be ushered everywhere in Jharkhand by harvesting rainwater.

Results• Bero Block can be considered as a best role model for

WRM and can be easily replicated elsewhere in a cost effective manner.

• Pro-active, Prevention, Mitigation and Preparedness Driven Approach by the Community to a combat a Disaster like Drought.

• Besides WRM, efforts were made to manage Forest Resources effectively through local indigenous technology.

Country experience is that-Country experience is that-

• Drought can be preventedDrought can be prevented

• Drought can be mitigatedDrought can be mitigated

• Hardships can be minimizedHardships can be minimized

• Sufferings can be reducedSufferings can be reduced

If we at all levels work togetherIf we at all levels work togetherDrought is not a Disaster butDrought is not a Disaster but

a Management Issuea Management Issue

Drought a Management Issue

Mitigation Measures

• Scientific Afforestation

• Scientific Crop Management

Kheyer (Acasia Catechu Wild)

Bukphul (Sesbania Grandiflora Pers)

Babula (Acasia Arabica Wild)

Indian Rosewood (Dalbergia Sissoo) Piyasal (Pterocarpus Marsupium Roxb

Khair Tree (Accacia Catechu) Mimosaceae

Plants & Nakshatras

Jamun TreeSyzygium cumini Linn.Syn.

(Eugenia Jambolana) Myrtaceae

Cluster Fig - Gular Tree(Ficus racemosa) Moraceae

Yugma Tree

Indian Gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica LSyn. Emblica officinalis) Euphorbiaceae

Indian Butter Tree - Mahuwa(Madhuca longifolia) Sapotaceae

Margosa Tree - NEEM(Azadirachta indica

Syn. Melia azadirachta) Meliaceae

Mango Tree – Aam (Mangifera indica) Anacardiaceae

Kadamba Tree [Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb) BosserSyn. Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb)] Rubiaceae

Ghaf Tree - Shammi (Prosopis spicigera) Mimosaceae

Akwan Tree (Prosopis spicigera) Mimosaceae

Jackfruit Tree – Kathal (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) Moraceae

Saraca Indica – Sita Ashoka Tree

White Dammar - SAL (Shorea robusta Roxb.)

Dipterocarpaceae

Cheer Tree

Bullet Wood Tree (Mimusops Elongi L.) Sapotaceae

Arjun Tree(Terminalia Arjuna Roxb.) Combretaceae

Bael Fruit Tree - Bel (Aegle marmelos) Rutaceae

Soap Nut Tree - Ritha Sapindus emarginatusSyn. S. trifoliatus) Sapindaceae

Rudraksha Tree (Elaeocarpus Ganitrus Roxb.)

Jungle Flame

Banyan Tree – Bargad, Bar (Ficus benghalensis L.) Moraceae

Cobra Safron – Naag Keshar (Mesua Ferrea) Clusiaeae

Peepal Tree (Ficus Religiosa L.) Moraceae

Bamboo tree – Baans (Dendrocalamus Strictus)

Pakar Tree

SWOT: Strength Weaknesses Opportunities

Threats

Threats

No Threat if

Strengths… Capitalised, Weaknesses/Issues… Addressed properly

and Oportunities……Availed

Else

Threat of Acute Water Crisis in years to come

Thank you