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8/8/2019 Water Management for Rice and Other Irrigated Dry Crops
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a er anagemen or ce
Dr M.D.Reddy,Director, Water Technolo Centre,
Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural UniversityRajendranagar, Hyderabad
1Lecture delivered at One day workshop to WUA presidents at WALAMTARI, Hyderabad,India. March 20, 2010
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At 59mha lar est irri ated area
P roductivity very low
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6000 c
a
5000eter pe
3000
4000
(Cubic
ear)
Water Stress Line
2000ailibilty
Water Scarcity Line
0
1000
ater A
1951 1991 2001 2025 2050
3
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(liters/day)
Drinking 2-5ouse o -
Kg of grain (cereals) 1000 liters ETVe diet 2600 liters ETNon Veg Diet 5400 liters Et
4
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Retension as soilGroundwater
recharge
Evaporation &evapotranspiration
41%
moisture10%
9%
Surface run-off40%
Fig 1: Annual water resource in Andhra Pradesh
Sourse: R.Vijayakumari and M.D.Reddy, 2007
5
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Minor irrigation(Ground water)
29.60 lakh ha (29%) Ma or & medium
Minor irri ation
irrigation50 lakh ha (49%)
Fig 2: Ultimate irrigation potential in Andhra Pradesh
(Surface water)23 lakh ha (22%)
6
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The main objectives of efficient irrigationmanagement
1) High yield of good quality
2) High water use efficiency3 Least damage to soil productivity and4) Low irrigation cost
7
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e armers roa y ace wosituations:
1) Adequate water availability at
8
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SOIL PROPERTIES
Texture, Structure, De th of soil
- influence water retention
9
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Differences in duration,roo ng c arac ers oo ng ens y ,Rooting depth)
the water requirementsResistance offered b the lant for esca e of water from leaf surface to atmosphere besidemoisture sensitive periods
10
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Atmospheric conditions
,Temperature,Relative humidity
Wind velocit- dictate the rate of ET from
water requirement of crops
11
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Effective Root Zone Depth of Different
Shallow Moderately Deep rooted Very deep
cm
(60-90 cm)
cmRice Groundnut Cotton Citurs
Onion Castor Maize Grapevine
Cabbage Tobacco Sorghum Safflower
Cauliflower Wheat Sugarcane Coffee
Chillies Pearl millet
Frenchbean
Soybean
Carrots12
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Irrigation is defined as an artificial application of wateror t e purpose o supp y ng mo sture essent a to p ant
growth.
It is applied to the soil for other purposes . For supplying the moisture essential for plant growth To rovide cro insurance a ainst short duration
droughts To cool the soil and atmosphere, thereby making more
favorable environment for lant rowth To wash out or dilute salts in the soil. To reduce the hazards of soil piping, and
13
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intake, conveyance, regulation,, ,
use of irrigation water to farms and,
amounts and at right time for the purpose
economy in conjunction with improved.
14
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Water requirement of crops
It is the amount of water re uired to raise a
successful crop in a given period. It comprises the water lost as evaporation from,
used by crop plants, water lost during
application which is economically unavoidable as land preparation, puddling of soil, saltleaching and so on.
e water requ rement s usua y expresse asthe surface depth of water in millimeters orcentimeters.
15
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Scheduling irrigation
1. When to irrigate and.
major conditions, namely, (1) water need ofcro s and 2 availabilit of irri ation water .Water need of crops is, however the primeconsideration to decide the time of irri ation.
16
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Moisture sensitive periods of crop:
Sorghum - booting, flowering, milky and
dough stagesMaize tasselling, silking and early grainformation
Finger millet Panicle initiation andfloweringWheat CRI, shooting and heading
Groundnut Rapid flowering, pegpenetration and early pod developmentSunflower flower bud initiation, heading,flowering and milky stages 17
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o mo sture reg me approac
Climatological approach and
Plant indices
18
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PLANT CRITERIA:
Plant appearance
Plant water potential and water content
Critical stages of crop water need
Indicator plant
Stomatal a erture
Leaf diffusion resistance
Plant temperature
19
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Schematic diagram of soil water status and critical level of soil water
20
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CRITERIA BASED ON SOIL WATER STATUS
Gravimetric soil moisture sample
Soil water content
-
Critical level of soil water
Soil water tension
Electrical resistance
21
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CLIMATALOGICAL APPROACH
Evaporimeter
Irrigation water/cumulative pan evaporation ratio
22
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IW/CPE RATIO :
The ratio of the amount of irrigation applied to cumulative
an eva oration value
The pan evaporation values are added up every day till it is
equal to a certain ratio of water applied as irrigation.
The ratios for various crops is determined experimentally.
23
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HOW MUCH WATER TO APPLY:
The quantity of irrigation water to be applied to the
available soil moisture in the soil , the moisture
extraction depth of the roots (effective root depth) at
the time of starting irrigation.
24
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Groundnut Rabi 350-500
-
Sesame Rabi 300-350
oy ean a 400-450
Redgram Rabi 350-450Greengram/Black
Rabi 200-400
Bengal gram Rabi 350-500
26
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Rainfed upland Without standing water R inf l wl n Wi h - m n in
water
Deep water RiceIrrigated Transplanting Dryseeding Aerobic rice Wet seeding
27
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Total water requirement includes waterneeded to raise seedlings, prepare land, andto grow a crop of rice from transplanting to
harvestWater requirement depends on many factors
, , ,depth of water table and evaporative demand
28
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Water management in rice
Water requirement:
Wide variations in water re uirement of rice(935 to 2650 mm) of rice in Tamilnadu
(Chandramohan, 1970). The water requirement from transplanting to
harvesting in different soil and climatic
s ua ons vary e ween o mm
29
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economize the total water use and increasewater use efficiency Varieties of short duration have been found to
be better than long duration varieties in terms oftheir water use efficiency Water requirement of paddy may met from the
water rece ve t roug ra n a an or t rougirrigation application
30
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Water use and Water
management practices for To minimize water use for rice
To improve water use efficiency
31
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Moisture stress effects at differentgrowth stages
growth stages of rice crop
occurs during the critical growth stages ce s mos sens ve o mo s ure s ress
from 20 days before heading to 10 days
a er ea ng
32
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Panicle initiation, flowering, grain filling
critical to moisture ater requ rement s ow at see ng
stage Water requirement is more during thereproductive period
Very little water is needed at the lasthase which includes milk dou h
yellowish and full ripening stages33
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Classification of so ils based on perco lationvalues for suitability of lands for rice culture
Class P ercolation mm/ day
Exce ent 1.0-2.5
Good 2.5-5.0Marginal 5.0-7.5
.
34
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Percolation losses om ne seepage an perco at on osses
Surface drainage
35
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Percent water loss by rice in differentseasons
32.4
29.1 50.1
25.1
40.5100%water loss(%)
Perco.
1622.5
10.820.4
14.919.5
0%Jul-Dec Jan-A r A rl-Jul
Evap.Tranp.Nurser
36
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37
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The dee ercolation loss var with soil t e in
the order of sandy soil, sandy loam, fine sandyloam, heavy clay soil. e p ys ca con t on o t e so as create y
soil manipulations such as puddling and,
minimize the water loss due to percolation The principal moisture losses from the rice
paddy may be grouped into vapor losses andlosses in liquid form .
38
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Puddling for reducing percolation losses
39
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Shallow submergence for better crop growth
40
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Evapotranspiration
When the soil is maintained in a saturated or flooded condition,evapotranspiration is primarily a function of the energy available forevaporat on o t e water. e com ne ooses o water resu t ng rom t e p anttranspiration and surface evaporation is called evapotranspiration (ET).
41
Components of water requirement transpiration
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Components of water requirement, transpiration,evaporation and percolation losses of rice crop
un er vary ng eve s o su mergence
Treatments A ril Jul Jan - A ril
Trans Evapo Perco Trans. Evapo Perco.
(cm.)(cm.) (cm.) (cm.) (cm.) (cm.)
SubDeeper 38 49 80 36 34 114Sub
Source : Pande and Mittra 197142
Effect of different depths of submergence
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p gon grain yield and water requirement of
Hyderabad
Submergencedepth, cm Kharif RabiWR Yield WR Yield(cm) (t/ha) (cm) (t/ha)
5+1 167 4.59 337 4.46
10+1 336 4.42 666 4.89
ource : r ar an an u,43
Effect of different depths of submergence on grain
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Effect of different depths of submergence on grainyield and water requirement of rice on red chalka
so san y oam a y era aTreatment Kharif (2) Rabi (1)
WR (cm) Yield(t/ha) WR (cm) Yield(t/ha)ContinuousSub
134 5.36 240 4.4
. .
4 day drainage 80 4.23 161 2.35
CD at 5% 0.82Fi . in arenthesis are no.of seasons studied
Source : Prihar and Sandhu, 198744
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yc c su mergence
three days of subsidence of ponded water-
In areas were water table is shallow (with in 1mrom e sur ace , rr ga on n erva may e
increased to seven daysafter subsidence of ponded.
45
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In areas, where copious water suppliesexist the ma or ob ective in irri ation
scheduling is to ensure high crop yields atthe least water expense. Irrigation at soil saturation / soil
cracking/alternate wetting and drying givecomparable yields, but reduced waterneed of the crop.
46
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supply :
puddling perfect land leveling, maintenance offield and guided bunds, cross bunding across
supply at wider intervals (5-15 days) less watersupply at less critical stage and adequate water
Success of rotational water supply can be
ensured through close co ordination of different
agenc es, armers an armer s organ zat onsengaged in irrigated agriculture
47
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fields Growin of dr sown add under rainfed for
45- 60 days in areas where water is
released late through canals/tanks includingtail end areas but high intensity rain duringone or other crop growing stages cause land
su mergence
48
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rice in areas where water is limiting factor than landowers e a our requ remen an ow an r ce
It causes less effect on environmentIt shows flood tolerance under low land condition
49
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Through aerobic rice the crop yield of 3-6.
The dry seeding technology (Aerobic rice)
techniques like supplementary irrigation
and proper fertilization, it is now possibleto grow local varieties using less waterbut obtaining higher yields.
50
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Aerobi rice in Observational Trial, Chintalapudi, (05.08.07)Krishna delta, AP 51
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Variety BPT 5204
Aerobic rice at Chintalapudi (5.10.2005), Krishna delta, AP52
Effect of supplemental irrigation on dry
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seedin in add aerobic rice durinKharif 2003 under Pedda cheruvu
command Bhoom all Medak
Grain yield (t/ha)Dr Dr sown add Trans lante
sownpaddy
with twosupplemental
d paddy
BPT 5204 3.85 4.5 5.60. . .
MTU-1010 2.63 3.65 4.55. . .
53
Performance of aerobic rice in farmers
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,Name of the Area Grain yieldvillage (Acres) (t/ha), range
Galavila 40 2.5 4.5
Gangada 40 + 20 3.0 4.5
Source: APERP, Status Report, Vizianagaram, 200554
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Water input and water productivity and grain yieldof rice varieties at Rajendranagar, Hyderabad (Kharif 2003)
Grain Water input, mm Waterar e e
s
y e ,
t/ha
pro uc v y,
kg/ha mm(m3)
Effect
iveRain
Irrigat
ion
Total
fall
Varaalu 3.87 264.8 445.0 709.8 5.45(0.54)
Erramal 5.28 317.7 565.0 882.7 5.98 0.60lelu
Jagtials 4.94 322.9 617.5 940.4 5.25(0.53)
Polasaprabha
4.68 324.1 677.5 1001.6 4.67(0.47)
Source: G.Srinivas, M.D.Reddy and D.R.Reddy, 200755
Relationship between total water received and grain yield of
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p g ydry seeded irrigated rice in different dates of sowing , Kharif 2004
Irrigation water (mm)Effective rainfall (mm)
1100
1200 3.26 t ha -1 3.27 t ha -12.76 t ha
-1
1.88 t ha-1
625.0637.5
675.0 662.5700
800
900
r (mm)
400
500
600Wat
387.7 389.1 331.6 352.5
100
200300
0June 16th June 26th July 7th July 18th 56
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Grain yield of aerobic, wet seeded and
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trans lanted rice Erramallelu kharif 1989
Method of establishment Grain yield(t/ha)
Broad cast sown Dry 2.88see ngLine sown Dry seeding 3.59
Broad cast sprouted seed 3.29
Transplanting 3.4
Source : RARS, Jagtial, Ann. Rep., 198958
Yield of aerobic rice (Jagtial Sannalu) in different
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treatments 2003-04
sowing
Harvesting
yield(kg/ha)Dry seeding @200 seeds sqm
01.07.2003 10.11.2003 4234
ry see ng400 seeds sqm
. . . .
. . . .
, , , . .,
59
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Basic SRI Practices:
Start with young seedlings8-12 days old (
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Jharkhandstate, India --Khandagiri, 110-day variety with 65tillers, grown as rainfed SRI rice
61
Alternate crops to rice during rabi
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p g
Crops water Acres of irrigated dry cropsrequirement
mm
that can be grown with
water to one acre rice
Greengram/ Blackgram
Sunflower
200-400
350-400
4.5-6.0
3.4-4.5GroundnutSoybeanMaize/Jowar
350-500400-500450-600
3.4-3.63.0-3.62.6-3.0
n onTomatoBhendi/
-350-500500-600
. - .3.4-3.62.4-3.0
r n a
62
Methods of irigation
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Methods of irigationSurface methods
a) Border strips
b) Check-Basin
i) alternate furrow
p urrow
iii)Paired row
iv) Paired row or Double row furrowsSprinkler method
Drip or trikle method63
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Technique that improve water useefficienc
Pressurized irrigation system
Sprinkler irrigation
Drip irrigation
ertigation
64
Effect of furrow irrigation on yield and water use
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g y
particular Irrigation in eachfurrows
Irrigation in Alternate furrows
Maize
Saving of water (%) -- 30.0
Yield q/ha 41.3 40.6Water use efficiency 25.8 36.7
Cotton
Saving of water (%) -- 27.1Yield q/ha 20.5 19.8
Water use efficiency 6.0 8.065
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a er managemen or some mpor anI.D. crops
Maize:,
critical for soil moisture
Ten to eleven irrigations at 7-15 days interval
Excess moisture at seedling stage (up to 30 DAS)
. .66
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Cotton:Cotton deep-rooted crop -can tolerate limited as
crops
The crop yields are better when irrigated at 50%ASMD orIW/CPE ratio of 0.6 0.9 during post rainyperiod.
Ridge and furrow method of irrigation found to
67
Sugarcane :Requires high water requirement
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Requires high water requirement
First 90-120 days FAS (formative phase) are critical.
Moisture stress durin summer drasticall reduce thetiller number and number of millable canes / unit area.
rr ga ng e crop a ra o o . ur ngsummer months
Application of straw / trash mulch @ 6.0 t /haincreased the mean cane yield by 10-15% besidessav ng - o rr ga on wa er requ remen
68
Groundnut:Grown throughout year-kharif (mostly rain fed) rabi and
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.
Moisture is critical at germination, flowering, Pegformation, pod development stages.
-after germination
equa e mo s ure a pegg ng an po eve opmenimproves the crop yield substantially
Irrigating the crop at 0.6 to 0.9 IW/CPE ratio with 6-7irrigation during rabi, 10-11 irrigations during summer
BBF / boarder strip / check basin / sprinkler method of irrigation found better for groundnut
69
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Rabi red gram:
Cro favors rid e and furrow check basin / methodof irrigation.
Flowering and pod development are critical formoisture stress.
70
Sunflower:
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rown roug ou year n re an ac so .
moisture stress.
4-6 irrigations are adequate for sunflower.
Moisture stress at seedling phase did not adverselyaffect the crop yield.
Ridge and furrow / border strip / sprinkler method
71
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Crops to be grown depending on water
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availabilityWater Choice of Crops
availabilityLess (200-400 Sunflower, safflower, blackgram,mm rag , cas or, mus ar
Medium 400- Maize roundnut red ram600 mm) onion, rajmash
More (600-800 Cotton, chilies, vegetables,
mm) foddersMuch higher Rice, banana, sugarcane etc.(>1000 mm)
73
Crops which can withstand the extent
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Water stress Cro s
More stress Minor millets, Safflower,Sesame
Moderate stress Sunflower, Soybean, , ,
Blackgram, Greengram,o r otton rc ne
74
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Less stress Maize,anana
No stress Rice Ve etables
75
CONJUNCTIVE USE OF WATER
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The management of multiple waterresources in a coordinated o eration suchthat, the water yield of the system over a
eriod of time exceeds the sum of ields of the individual components of the systemresultin from un-coordinated o eration .
Gupta et al,2000
76
BENEFITS FROM CONJUNCTIVE USE OF
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the project
Enables to overcome drought situation
Ensure irrigation to meet crop water requirements
Improves crop intensity
Increased/assured crop yields/ income77
SYSTEMS OF CONJUNCTIVE
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. ana wa er an groun wa er sys em
II. Rainfall and irrigation water system
III. Saline water and fresh water system
--- Abrol et al ,1988
78
RECHARGE DUE TO IRRIGATION
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CROPS RECHARGE
: 40% OF WATERAPPLIED
ID CROPS : AROUND 30%OF WATER APPLIED
(A part of the irrigation waterfrom irrigated lands contributeto recharge) 79
SURFACE WATER OR GROUND
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Disadvantage of surface water Development
Precipitation and peak runoff occur during
Problem
high demand season Solution
Storing surface water behind damsGround storage is valuable alternative to surfaces orage
80
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OF DECLINING WATER TABLE.
- Enhancing surface water supply- Developing new projects- Inter zonal transfer of water- Storage of surplus water-
2.Crop diversification3.O timisin water use in rice
4.Onfarm water management5.Rationalizing ground water exploitation policies. eas ty o exp o t ng eep aqu ers
81
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1. Uncertain/late release of water2. Inadequate supplies for crop season and ayacut
3. Salinity , alkalinity, sloaping terrain, depth and
texture
4. Water-logging in low-lying areas
5. Inadequacies in the system management
6. Poor water management and very low irrigation
efficiencies
7. Rice is the predominant crop
82
Water logging: Saturation of the soil root zone with
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Causes for water logging
.
High intensity of irrigated agriculture, irrespective of .
Heavy seepage losses from unlined canals,
.Enclosing irrigated fields with embankments and
.
Blocking of natural drainage channels by roads anda ways.
Over land flow, under ground seepage and flooding.83
Effects of water loggingReduces the soil aeration.
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Conc. of O 2 of soil decreases because it is used by micro organismsand plant rootsThe de letion of O ran e from artial de letion h oxia tocomplete depletion (anoxia) and depend on soil temperature, plantand microbial biomass and length of water logging
o sa ura e w wa er resu ng ow so u y, ow us v y oO 2 on water.
The susce tible cro s in descendin order -tobacco, chillies, ulsesWater logging -rice.Sensitive crops - Seedling stage highly susceptible to water logging
e ecreases n cerea ue o wa er ogg ng a pan c e
development stage.
84
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Pulses are susceptible at the beginning at flowering.Toxic substances like carbondioxide, hydrocarbon
ases h dro en sul hide etc.Leaching of nitrates and denitrification occurs
.
85
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From Low value to High value crops
From High water requiring crops to Lowwater re uirin cro s
From Mono crop to Multiple / Mixed crop
rom rop a one o rop w rop-livestock-fish-apiculture (Farmingsys ems approac
From Agriculture Production toProduction with Processing and Value
Addition86
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87
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Conserves water Low-cost method for
sanitary disposal ofmunicipal wastewater
e uces po u on orivers, canals and othersurface water
,thereby reducing theneed for artificialfertilizer
Increases crop yields Provides a reliable
water supply to farmers
88
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90
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91
Musi river wastewater use scenario
8/8/2019 Water Management for Rice and Other Irrigated Dry Crops
92/94
-
92
Musi water and livelihoods
8/8/2019 Water Management for Rice and Other Irrigated Dry Crops
93/94
93
8/8/2019 Water Management for Rice and Other Irrigated Dry Crops
94/94
94