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12 Refractor ies~ceramics propert ies, product ion, appl icat ions)comparable to previous studies. The results show that powerproduction and the optimum tip speed ratio reduced with yaw exceptfor cases with high blade inflow angles.0 6 / 0 2 2 8 1 R o l e s o f p l u g - i n h y b r id e l e c t ri c v e h i c l e s i n t h et r a n s i t io n t o t h e h y d r o g e n e c o n o m ySuppes, G. J. et al. International Journal of Itydrogen Energy, 2006, 31,(3), 353-360.Closed-system regenerative fuel cells (RFCs) are an alternative to non-regenerative fuel cells as a transition technology and mainstay of ahydrogen economy. Substantially petroleum-free automobiles canspontaneously evolve from hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) basedsolely on the economi c viability of replacing batteri es with RFCs as fuelcell prices decrease. The evolution can be projected first to plug-inHEVs (PHEVs) and finally to a substantially hydrogen-basedtransportation system. While there is uncertainty in quantifying theprojected costs of fuel cells, the qualitative price tend projections andresulting vehicle power system evolution can be projected withcertainty. An importa nt stage in the PHEV evolution is the 'combin ed'use of battery packs and RFC systems as an alternative to relying ononly battery p acks for storing electrical power on PHEVs . Thecombined systems are projected to reduce the cost of PHEVs by morethan $1000 and reduce vehicular gasoline consumption by >80%.0 6 0 2 2 82 S t r a t i f i c a t i o n o f f u e l f o r b e t t e r e n g i n ep e r f o r m a n c eLi, Y. et al. Fuel, 2006, 85, (4), 465-473.The concept of fuel stratification has been proposed and applied to afour-valve port injection spark ignition engine. In this engine, twodifferent fuels or fuel components are admitted through two separateinlet ports and stratified into two regions laterally by strong tumbleflows. Each stratified region has a spark plug to control the ignition.This engine can operate in the stratified lean-burn mode at part loadswhen fuel is supplied only to one of the inlet ports. While at high loadoperation, an improved fuel economy and higher power output are alsoexpected through increased anti-knock features by taking advantage ofthe superior characteristics of different fuel or fuel component s. This isachieved by igniting the lower RO N (research octane n umber) fuel firstand leaving the higher RON fuel in the end gas region. In this paper,knock limits of homogenous and different fuel stratification combus-tion modes at high loads were investigated experimentally. Primaryreference fuels (PRF), iso-octane and n-heptane, were used to simulatethree fuels of different RON: RON90, RON95 and RON100. Theresearch results show that with stratified fuel components of low andhigh octane nu mbers, the knock limit, as defined by the mini mum sparkadvance for knocking combustion, was extended apparently when thelower RON fuel was ignited first. In addition, the knock limit couldalso be extended by increasing the amount of higher RON fuel.However, igniting first the lower RON fuel in the fuel stratificationcombustion mode produced little improvement in anti-knock beha-viour over the homogeneous combustion of the mixture of those twostratified fuels with an average RON.0 6 / 0 2 2 8 3 T h e r m a l b a l a n c e o f a L P G fu e l l e d f o u r s t r o k e S Ie n g i n e w i t h w a t e r a d d i t i o nOzcan , H. and S6ylemez, M. S. Energy Conversion and Management,2006, 47, (5), 570-581.The effect of water injection on a spark ignition (SI) engine thermalbalance and performance has been experimentally investigated. A fou rstroke, four cylinder conventional engine was used with liquidpetroleum gas (LPG) as fuel. Different water to fuel ratios by masswere used with variable engine speed ranging from 1000 to 4500 rpm.The results showed that as the water injection level to the engineincreased, the percentage of useful work increased, while the lossesother than unaccounted losses decreased. Additionally, the specificfuel consumption decreases, while the engine thermal efficiencyincreases. The average incr ease in the brake th ermal efficiency for a0.5 water to fuel mass ratio is approximat ely 2.7% ov er the use of LPGalone for the engine speed range studied.

Transport battery developm ent0 6 1 0 2 28 4 A fi r s t r e p o r t o n t h e a tt i tu d e t o w a r d s h y d r o g e nf u e l c e l l b u s e s i n S t o c k h o l mHaraldsson, K. el al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2006,31,(33, 317 325.Surveys of the attitude towards hydrogen fuel cell buses amongpassengers and bus drivers were performed in Stockholm during theautumn of 2004. Another field survey of the attitude of the fuel cell buspassengers is planned t owards the end of the CUTE Stockholm project,1.e. during the autumn of 2005. The main results from the surveys are:

(a) people are generally positive towards fuel cell buses and feel safewith the technology, (b) newspapers and bus stops are where mostpeople get information about the buses, (c) the passengers, furthermostthose above the age of 40 years, desire more information about fuelcells and hydrogen, (d) the drivers are generally positive to the fuel cellbus project and, (e) although the environment is rated as an importantfactor, 64% of the bu s passeng ers were not willing to pay a higher fee ifmore fuel cell buses were to be used.0 6 1 0 2 28 5 S t u d i e s o n r e c h a r g e a b l e N i M H b a t t e r ie sYing, T.-K, et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2006, 31,(4), 525-530.Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries offer some advantages in theaspects of power, cycle life and environment. However, they areencountering challenge from other rechargeable batteries such as Li-ion batteries. In this paper, the possibility of performance improve-ments and cost reduction of NiMH batteries were analysed. Someapproaches to improve energy densities and reduce the battery costwere discussed. An attempt to increase the energy density of NiMHbatteri es was made th roug h improve ments in the specific capacity ofrare earth-based AB5-type hydride alloys in the negative electrodesand capacity enhancement of nickel hydroxide electrode. A relativelylower cost small cylindrical NiMH cell was constru cted a nd itsproperties were evaluated.

2 REFRACTORIESCERAMICSProperties production applications

0 6 1 0 22 8 6 T h e r m a l b e h a v i o u r o f i n t e r a c ti v e m e c h a n i c a l l yv e n t i l a t e d d o u b l e g l a z e d f a c a d e : n o n - d i m e n s i o n a l a n a l y s i sBalocco, C. and Colombari, M. Energy and Buildings, 2006, 38, (1), 1 7.Non-dimensional analysis is proposed as a method to analysemechanically ventilated double glazed faqade energy performance.The 12 non-dimensi nal num bers defined can be used to describethermal and energy performance of interactive fa?ade designs. Acomparison between Nusselt numb er solved by experimental data andNusselt calculated by the validated multivariable correlation function isrepor ted in the presen t paper. D ue to its wide validity field thepropose d method can be used to analyse thermodynamic performancesof glass double-skin faqades with mechanical ventilation. Applying it,useful design indications can be derived also by varying somepara mete rs using thermo- physic al and climatic data easy to get.0 6 0 2 2 87 A n a l y s i s o f m o l e c u l a r o x y g e n f o r m a t i o n i ni r r a d i a t e d g l a s s e s : a R a m a n d e p t h p r o f i l e s t u d yOllier, N. et al. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 2005, 340, (2-3), 209-213.Depth profiles experiments have been performed by Raman spec-troscop y on thre e alkali (Na, Li, K) borosilicate glasses irradiat ed with1.8 MeV electrons at 1 and 3 GGy. These experiments show thatmolecular oxygen produced under /3 irradiation is concentrated nearthe glass surface according to a depth depending on the irradiationdose. Moreover, the autho rs observed that the polymerization increaseis the same in the entire volume sample. The average Si-O-Si angledecrease under irradiation is also homogeneo us in the whole irradiatedglass volume. From all results, it was demonstrated that oxygenmigrates up to the glass surface during irradiation without stronginteraction with the glass network. Migration of oxygen and probablyalkalis takes place throu gh percolat ion channe ls with a possibledeparture of oxygen in some cases.0 6 02 2 88 C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f ~ - c o r d i e r i t e g l a s s - c e r a m i c sf r o m f l y a s hHe, Y. et al. Journal of Hazardous Materials , 2005, 120, (1 33, 265 269.Batches of a-cordierite glass-ceramics, designated as GC-I and GC-II,containing 68 and 64 wt.% fly ash, respectively, were crystallized in thetemp erat ure range of 1125-1320C. The XRD (X-ra y powd erdiffractometer) of the glass-ceramics show that c~-cordierite becamethe dominant phase in GC-I and GC-II at 1200C. GC-I and GC-II,whose solid part s conta in 74 and 78 vol.% c~-cordierite and whosecompressive strengths are 35 and 50 MPa, respectively, have therespective linear therma l expansion coefficients of 1.51 x 10 and 1.436x 10 /C. The fly ash c~-cordierite glass-ceramics can be employe d askiln furniture, honey comb substrat es for catalysts, and heat exchang ers.

3 4 8 F u e l a n d E n e r g y b s t r ac t s S e p t e m b e r 2 0 0 6