Water Final Review 2013-12-18 6:37 PMWater Study NotesLargest Canal-Grand Canal of ChinaWaterwheels-Greece and Rome

Class 2Interception-ppt caught prior to greaching the ground will eventually reachg round.-dependent on vegetation, land use, season, intensity, magnitude and initial condition.Runoff-water that moves across the ground surface towards the stream-driven by gravity-dependent on slope, substrateEvapotranspiration-combination of evaporation and transpiration-dependent on vegetation, season, windQanat:middle eastern-dug series of wells to make a tunnel-tunnel closest to mountains is at water table.Sagai-use an animal to move wheels to bring water up a shaft.Over 2 billion live in a water stress country 75% of those are in water scarce.Scarce= less than 1000m^3 of water per person.Agriculture uses most amount of water (70% of potable water)-86% of total water use.External Water Footprint=food traded awayIrrigation doubles crop yield.18% of cropland is in asia- account for 40% total.Water diamond paradox-people pay for shit they don’t need don’t pay for shit they need (water)Private ownership-control and management of water resources, services and utilities by a prvt company. Pros-full cost pricing, economic equity. Cons-job cuts, maximize profits, cut corners-service is compromised. World bank, UN agenciesPublic ownership-universal access and protection of public health, govt created public utilities that owned the infrastructure. Pros-subsidized pricing, greater social equity. Cons-low efficiency, poor cost recovery, lack money and experience. CUPE

1.1 billion don’t have access to safe drinking water. UN wants to reduce by half in 2015. Most water wasted in toilet, bath/shower and washing machine.

Potable water-suitable for human consumption without health risk.Water reclamation-treatment of waste water to make it usable for one or more applications-agriculture etc.Grey water-water soiled by use in washing machines, showers and sinks.Planned indirect potable reuse-wtfUnplanned indirect potable reuse-guy pisses in river and you take from the bottom of the river.Direct potable reuse-injection of recycled water directly into potable water supply system downstream of water plant.Annual use in Canada is 1.3 million L/person

We pump 15x more water out of the ground than we can recharge-more water in ocean-putting more weight on tectonic platesGreen house accounts for 33 degree diff in temp22 lattitude=deserts.

Intertropic convergence zone-moves down in Jan-lower hemi getting more rain-april it rises-causes precipitation seasonality.

Class a-drinkingb-swimmingc-boatingd-fishing

Clean water amendment-1972 turned only 1/3 clean for swimming to 2/3

Point source pollution-discharged through a discrete identifiable location

Nonpoint source solution-broad diffused source i.e. landfill not well lined-if not well lined-could leech anywhere or just one source

21% CDN’s contribute to pollution from eating meat. Takes 85x more water to produce one pound of beef one pound of potatoes

Storm water runoff-nonpoint source because form one point even water enters into water from multiple locationsLeachate=garbage tea

Dissolved O2 in water-too much rusts pipesTurbidity=shit suspended in water

Synthetic Organic Chemicals-not natural but producedVolatile organic chemicals-lightweight dispersed in airNon volatile organic chemicals-heavier, settle into sediments

Drainage-total area drained by river or streamSource-upper reaches of drainage basinMouth-area where stream joins another water body at bottom of drainage basin

Drainage divide-mythical line representing boundaries of watershedTributaies-branches off the main riverMouth-where the water exits into lakes

Stream flow-discharge, volume of water flowing past a point in a unit of time meters cubed/secondQ=vxa Velocity is fastest 40% depth

Hydrograph-peaks after rainfall then huge peak days later

DamsLeft right abutment….stand in ocean look at damn for frame of reference.Principal spill way-consistent water flow over dam or controlled outbursts if water levels are too highEmergency spillway-move water in quick fashion to control flooding of dam

Gravity-triangular-use weight of rock structure to hold back water Arch-use strength of shape to displace load of water onto rock walls its built in to-can’t be built where seepage is possible.-less materials than gravity-more expensiveButtress-use multiple reinforced columns to support damn.Composite-a mixture of one or more

Salinity rises due to unnatural reservoir increasing evaporationSediment load-runs down river and settles in reservoirs

Seismiscity-weight of dam causes activity-lubricates fault lines and allows slipping=RIS reservoir induced seismicity

World Bank = US 50$ billion in 1992 for dams

Principle outlet- if water is below it is dead storage-cannot make it leave.Bottom of active storage level is same as principle outlet. Above that is flood pool-extra room to take up excess waterMax water surface usually a low land surrounding the dam.

Sea level drops-begins to erode where beaches and land use to sit.

Reynold Number-determines laminar or turbulent flowRe<500=laminar more than 2000 turbulent70’s dam building height

Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam-ethiopiaTallest hydro in the worldProduce >1800 MW of energy

Lake-enclosed on all sidesLargest is Baikal > all great lakes combined

Runoff higher where there is concrete…higher in playgrounds because gets compacted

Water treatment-screen-microogranisms-chlorine/uv/nutrient removalHarvesting water from air 12l/m^3

Wetlands-Saturated soil-seasonal or permanentMost biodiverse environmentMitigates flooding and drought-natures kidneys

Wetlands need to be far from farland, needs to be shallow, needs impermeable barried

Subsurface-better for solid wasteSurface better for live stock-no clogging, greater capacity for P retention

Constructive wetland-prosProvides high level treatment, inexpensive, no more odours, provides habitatCons-destroyed by overload especially of nitrogen, works less in cold, expensive to construct, needs continuous water supply, houses mosquitosOnly available for small scale farms

Great lakes

18% of worlds fresh water with 1 % outflowSuperior and Huron much colder/deeper than erie and Ontario-less old rocks

Us cares more about great lakes than CAN-after 87 amendment less oil, dissolved O2 and algal blooms= less odor

3 billion years ago-metamorphic600 mill ago limestone2.6 mill glaciers leave behind sediment.

Air masses-artic from north, pacific is dry, gulf of mexico wetWarm lake plus cold air warms air captures moisture…cools as it leaves then snows== lake effect snow

Seiche-extreme wave activity happens causing ossilation

Cool lower layer=hypolimnion(can lack oxygen)Warm surface= epilimnion(most life)Middle=thermocline (distinct line)

EriewellandSt. Lawrence

PCBs volatize out into lake

¾ of all fresh water is in artic poles

Northwest passage is a shorter shipping route than using panama canal.

Water in ground for 8000 years considered fossilizedWe take more than replace from water therefore overdraft

Floodplain-nearly flat portion of a river valley adjacent to channel covered by water during a flood and built up by sediments deposited during the floodThalweg-a line connecting deepest portions of the streamPools and Riffles-sequence of alternating deeper pools and shallower riffles-coarse grained deposits

Channel patterns-consider sinuosity of channelSR=actual length/straight length of channelSR=stream length/valley lengthMeander:one of a series of sinous curves in main course of stream.SR < 1.5 = straight channelGreater = meanderingPoint bar-deposition in the inside of the meander bendCut bank-erosion on outsideHelicoidal flow-circular corkscrew flow of water

Oxbow lakes-section of meander cut off from stream

Braided bars-deposition between channels-occurs in glacial areas-discharge is variable-large amounts of bedload(coarse material) easily erodible banks on steep slopes

Anatamosing channels-between braided and meandering-middle is stable…needs stable banks

Floodplain featuresColluvium-material that falls from sides into valleyChannel fill deposits-material deposited in stream consisting of gravel, sand and siltChannel lag-material within the stream that can’t be movedSplay-material that deposited, when a break occurs in a levee, deposited during a flood.

2 groups of floodplain deposits1. lateral accretion deposits-sediments that build up laterally tend to be coarse. Seen in meander scrolls formed by point bar migration during period of high flow.2. Vertical accretion-sit on top of lateral deposits-much finer material.3. 50% of popn lives in coastal areas

Wave dynamicsWavelength=1.56T^2Theta-wavelength measured in mT=period

Arrow up and down is wave height

Fetch-uniterrupted distance over which wind has blow over the water or other surface

Wind moves you if on a boat not water

D=.5 x wavelengthH-wave heightF-fetchu-wind velocity

breaking wavesspilling breakers-water moving faster than wave, deep steep waves on flat beachesplunging-crests fold over and plunges down caused by bottom of wave interacting with ocean floorSurging-peak as they approach shore but prior to plunge the base slides up the beach-steep beachesCollapsing-between plunging and surging-common wave

Tides-great lakes don’t have-caused by moon every 24 hours and 50.47 minutes

Lunar month29days –moon travels around earth-greatest occur 2x/month when sun and moon align. Bay of fundy has largest tides on earth

Flow duration curves-relates discharge values to the percent of time it is equaled or exceeded

Flood recurrence interval-time between discharge events of a given magnitude R=(n+1)/mR-flood recurrence intervalN=# of discharge valuesM-rank orderRank largest to smallest (exceedence)Smallest to largest non exceedence

Red river thaws northward..but also flows northward flowing into unthawed area.Decrease in gradient downsteeam

2013-12-18 6:37 PM

2013-12-18 6:37 PM