WASTE Final 25th Nov

8/19/2019 WASTE Final 25th Nov

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University of Mumbai

A PROJECT REPORT

ON

“Research on Waste Management (APMC Vashi, Navi Mumbai)”

Submitted by

Shubhankar Patil Hiremath

62031

In partial fulfillment of the award of

BACHELOR OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES

TYBMS SEM: V

TILAK COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND COMMERCE

VASHI, NAVI MUMBAI 400705

2014-2015


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Making the project was a collaboration process. I have many people to thank for their general

support. First of all I would like to express my deep appreciation and gratitude to Mr. Arun,

Principal of Tilak College, in developing my potential, skills and ability with his valuable and

precious interest and consideration.

My thanks to Prof. Chaitali Dutta, Project Guide, for providing valuable advice and co-operation

for this project.

I wish to convey my gratitude to Prof. Chaitali Dutta for giving her care, patient, unfailing

support to me and also providing valuable advice and cooperation for this project.

I offer special thanks to my friends for their constant support and help towards making this

project.

I would also like to keep on record my sincere thanks to our staff, for their kind cooperation and

support at every stage of the project.


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DECLARATION

I, Shubhankar Patil Hiremath, hereby declare that the project report entitled

"Research on” under the guidance of Prof. Chaitali Dutta submitted in partial

fulfilment of requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor of Management

Studies to Mumbai University. This is my original work and not submitted for

award of any other degree/ diploma/ fellowship or other similar titles or prize to

any other institution; organisation/ university by any other person.

PIACE: - SIGNATURE

DATE,

Shubhankar Patil Hiremath


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INDEX

Sr. No. Title Page No.

1.

Introduction 1

2. Need of the Study 16

3. Objective 16

4. Literature Review 17

5. Scope 19

6. Raw material 20

7. Environmental benefits 23

8. Energy benefits 25

9. Electricity From Vegetable, Fruit & MS – Waste 26

10. Economic Benefits 29

11. Social Benefits 30

12.

Composting 31

13. Vermicomposting 32

14. Pyrolysis Gasification / Plasma Pyrolysis Vitrification 35

15. Production of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF), also known as

pelletization

36

16. Sanitary landfilling/landfill gas recovery 37

17.

Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000 38

18. Case studies 39

19. Biomethanation plant based on vegetable market wastes at

Koyambedu whole sale market complex, Chennai, Tamil Nadu.

43


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20. Study Area 46

21. Profile of APMC Market 48

22. Research Methodology 49

23. Proposals for effective management of waste generated in APMC,

VASHI.

51

24. Refuse derived fuel (RDF) / Fuel Pelletisation 61

25. Gasification as technology for MSW treatment 64

26. Biomethanation/Anaerobic Digestion as technology for MSW

treatment.

65

27. Salient features of biomethanation technology 67

28. Vermiculture 68

29. Conclusion 69

30. References 70


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1. Introduction

Rapid growth of population & urbanisation has created serious problem of energy requirement

and solid waste disposal. India produces 150 million tonnes of fruits and vegetables and 50

million tonnes of waste per annum. Therefore it becomes necessary to develop appropriate

waste treatment technology for waste. The Ministry of New & Renewable Energy is promoting

all the Technology Options available for setting up projects for recovery of energy from urban

wastes.

The APMC market at Navi Mumbai is one of the biggest agricultural markets

in Asia and has given a unique identity to the city. Spread over a sprawling 122

hectares, the Mumbai Agricultural Produce Market Committee at Vashi is entry point of all food

grains and vegetables meant for the extended region of Metropolitan Mumbai. Divided into

different separate sections on the basis of the commodit ies, the APMC

provides separate markets for Fruits, Vegetables, sugar, jaggery and onion -

potato market.

Every day, nearly 1,800 tonnes of vegetables serving Mumbai, Thane and Navi Mumbai — roll

into the yard from vegetable producing areas like Nashik, Pune, Satara, Sangli and other parts of

Maharashtra as well as from outside the state.

Among the waste generated APMC market contributed to great amount of pollution hence there

is strong need for proper method of management of waste. Waste in APMC consists of

perishable organic matter which causes health risk and serious threat to environment.

Anaerobic digestion technique produce energy in the form biogas, electricity and residue can be

used as manure. Waste, which is of organic nature, constitutes adequate quantity of nutrients

essential for growth and metabolism of anaerobic bacteria in biogas production.


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Waste management is an important part of the urban infrastructure as it ensures the protection of

the environment and of human health. It is not only a technical environmental issue but also a

highly political one. Waste management is closely related to a number of issues such as urban

lifestyles, resource consumption patterns, jobs and income levels, and other socio-economic and

cultural factors.

Arising quality of life and high rates of resource consumption patterns have had a unintended

and negative impact on the urban environment - generation of wastes far beyond the handling

capacities of urban governments and agencies. Cities are now grappling with the problems of

high volumes of waste, the costs involved, the disposal technologies and methodologies, and the

impact of wastes on the local and global environment.

But these problems have also provided a window of opportunity for cities to find solutions

- involving the community and the private sector; involving innovative technologies and disposal

methods; and involving behavior changes and awareness raising. These issues have been amply

demonstrated by good practices from many cities around the world. There is a need for a

complete rethinking of "waste" - to analyze if waste is indeed waste. A rethinking that calls for


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WASTE to become WEALTH

REFUSE to become RESOURCE

TRASH to become CASH

There is a clear need for the current approach of waste disposal that is focused on municipalities

and uses high energy/high technology, to move more towards waste processing and waste

recycling (that involves public-private partnerships, aiming for eventual waste minimization -

driven at the community level, and using low energy/low technology resources.

Some of the defining criteria for future waste minimization programmes will include deeper

community participation, understanding economic benefits/recovery of waste, focusing on life

cycles (rather than end-of-pipe solutions), decentralized administration of waste, minimizing

environmental impacts, reconciling investment costs with long-term goals.


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What is Waste?

Waste is rubbish, trash, garbage, or junk is unwanted or undesired material. There are a number of

different types of waste. It can exist as a solid, liquid, or gas or as waste heat. When released in the

latter two states the wastes can be referred to as emissions. It is usually strongly linked with

pollution. Waste may also be intangible in the case of wasted time or wasted opportunities. The

term waste implies things, which have been used inefficiently or inappropriately.

Some components of waste can be recycled once recovered from the waste stream, e.g. plastic

bottles, metals, glass or paper. The biodegradable component of wastes (e.g. paper & food waste)

can be composted or anaerobically digested to produce soil improvers and renewable fuels. If it is

not dealt with sustainably in this manner biodegradable waste can contribute to greenhouse gas

emissions and by implication climate change.

There are two main definitions of waste. One view comes from the individual or organization

producing the material, the second is the view of Government, and is set out in different acts of

waste legislation. The two have to combine to ensure the safe and legal disposal of the waste.


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What is organic waste?

Organic waste is material that is biodegradable and comes from either a plant or animal.

Organic waste is usually broken down by other organisms over time and may also be referred to

as wet waste. Most of the time, it s made up of vegetable and fruit debris, paper, bones and

human waste which quickly disintegrate.

In an effort to keep the environment clean and safe, organic waste is preferred over items that

can damage the earth and that do not disintegrate.

What is management?

The term "management" characterizes the process of and/or the personnel leading and directing

all or part of an organization (often a business) through the deployment and manipulation of

resources (human, financial, material, intellectual or intangible).

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word "manage" comes from the Italian

maneggiare (to handle — especially a horse), which in turn derives from the Latin manus (hand).

The French word management (later ménagement) influenced the development in meaning of the

English word management in the 17th and 18th centuries.


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What is Waste Management?

Waste management is the collection, transport, processing (waste treatment), recycling or

disposal of waste materials, usually ones produced by human activity, in an effort to reduce their

effect on human health or local aesthetics or amenity. A sub focus in recent decades has been to

reduce waste materials' effect on the natural world and the environment and to recover resources

from them. Waste management can involve solid, liquid or gaseous substances with different

methods and fields of expertise for each.

Waste management practices differ for developed and developing nations, for urban and rural

areas, and for residential, industrial, and commercial producers. Waste management for non-

hazardous residential and institutional waste in metropolitan areas is usually the responsibility of

local government authorities, while management for non-hazardous commercial and industrial

waste is usually the responsibility of the generator.


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The purpose of waste management is to:

1. Protect people who handle waste items from

accidental injury.

2. Prevent the spread of infection to healthcare workers

who handle the waste.

3. Prevent the spread of infection to the local

community.

4. Safely dispose of hazardous materials.

5. Open piles of waste should be avoided because

they are a risk to those who scavenge and

unknowingly reuses contaminate items.


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The History of waste Management

Historically, the amount of wastes generated by human population was insignificant mainly due

to the low population densities, coupled with the fact there was very little exploitation of natural

resources. Common wastes produced during the early ages were mainly ashes and human &

biodegradable wastes, and these were released back into the ground locally, with minimal

environmental impact.

Before the widespread use of metals, wood was widely used for most applications. However,

reuse of wood has been well documented nevertheless, it is once again well documented that

reuse and recovery of such metals have been carried out by earlier humans.

With the advent of industrial revolution, waste management became a critical issue. This was

due to the increase in population and the massive migration of people to industrial towns and

cities from rural areas during the 18th century. There was a consequent increase in industrial and

domestic wastes posing threat to human health and environment.

Waste has played a tremendous role in history. The Plague, cholera and typhoid fever, to

mention a few, were diseases that altered the populations of many country. They were

perpetuated by filth that harbored rats, and contaminated water supply. It was not uncommon for

everybody to throw their waste and human wastes out of the window which would decompose in

the street.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_densitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradable_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impacthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubonic_Plaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoid_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoid_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubonic_Plaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impacthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradable_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_densitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste


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Waste Management Concepts

There are a number of concepts about waste management, which vary in their usage between

countries or regions. This section presents some of the most general, widely-used concepts.

Waste hierarchy

The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and recycle, which classify waste

management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste minimization. The waste

hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most waste minimization strategies. The aim of the waste

hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the

minimum amount of waste.

Some waste management experts have recently incorporated a 'fourth R': "Re-think", with the

implied meaning that the present system may have fundamental flaws, and that a thoroughly

effective system of waste management may need an entirely new way of looking at waste.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management_conceptshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_hierarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduce_%28waste%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reusehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_minimizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Waste-hierarchy.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_minimizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reusehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduce_%28waste%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_hierarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management_concepts


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Some "re-think" solutions may be counter-intuitive, such as cutting fabric patterns with slightly

more "waste material" left -- the now larger scraps are then used for cutting small parts of the

pattern, resulting in a decrease in net waste.

This type of solution is by no means limited to the clothing industry. Source reduction involves

efforts to reduce hazardous waste and other materials by modifying industrial production. Source

reduction methods involve changes in manufacturing technology, raw material inputs, and

product formulation. At times, the term "pollution prevention" may refer to source reduction.

Another method of source reduction is to increase incentives for recycling. Many communities in

the United States are implementing variable rate pricing for waste disposal (also known as Pay as

You Throw - PAYT) which has been effective in reducing the size of the municipal waste stream

Source reduction is typically measured by efficiencies and cutbacks in waste. Toxics use

reduction is a more controversial approach to source reduction that targets and measures

reductions in the upstream use of toxic materials.

Toxics use reduction emphasizes the more preventive aspects of source reduction but, due to its

emphasis on toxic chemical inputs, has been opposed more vigorously by chemical

manufacturers.

Toxics use reduction programs have been set up by legislation in some state

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAYThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxics_use_reductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxics_use_reductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxics_use_reductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxics_use_reductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAYT


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Waste Collection Method

Collection methods vary widely between different countries and regions, and it would be

impossible to describe them all. Many areas, especially those in less developed countries, do not

have a formal waste-collection system in place.

For example, in Australia most urban domestic households have a 240-litre (63.4 U.S. gallon)

bin that is emptied weekly from the curb using side- or rear-loading compactor trucks. In Europe

and a few other places around the world, a few communities use a proprietary collection system

known as Envac, which conveys refuse via underground conduits using a vacuum system. In

Canadian urban centers curbside collection is the most common method of disposal, whereby the

city collects waste and/or recyclables and/or organics on a scheduled basis. In rural areas people

usually dispose of their waste by hauling it to a transfer station. Waste collected is then

transported to a regional landfill.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curbside_collectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curbside_collectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian


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WASTE DISPOSAL

METHODS

Disposal methods for waste products vary widely, depending

on the area and type of waste material. For example, in

Australia, the most common method of disposal of solid

household waste is in landfill sites, as it is a large country with

a low-density population. By contrast, in Japan it is more

common for waste to be incinerated, because the country is

smaller and land is scarce. Other waste types (such as liquid

sewage) will be disposed of in different ways in both countries.

Landfill Incineratio

Resource

recover Recovery

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incineratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incineratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia


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Landfill a landfill compaction vehicle in operation

Disposing of waste in a landfill is

one of the most traditional method

of waste disposal, and it remains a

common practice in most countries.

Historically, landfills were often

established in disused quarries,

mining voids or borrow pits.

A properly-designed and well-managed landfill can be a hygienic and relatively inexpensive

method of disposing of waste materials in a way that minimizes their impact on the local

environment.

Older, poorly-designed or poorly-managed landfills can create a number of adverse

environmental impacts such as wind-blown litter, attraction of vermin, and generation of leachate

where result of rain percolating through the waste and reacting with the products of

decomposition, chemicals and other materials in the waste to produce the leachate which can

pollute groundwater and surface water.

Another byproduct of landfills is

landfill gas (mostly composed of

methane and carbon dioxide), which is

produced as organic waste breaks

down anaerobically. This gas can

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill_compaction_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrow_pithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leachatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leachatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrow_pithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill_compaction_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Landfill_compactor.jpg


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create odor problems, kill surface vegetation, and is a greenhouse gas.

Design characteristics of a modern landfill include methods to contain leachate, such as clay or

plastic lining material. Disposed waste is normally compacted to increase its density and stabiles

the new landform, and covered to prevent attracting vermin (such as mice or rats) and reduce the

amount of wind-blown litter.

Many landfills also have a landfill gas extraction system installed after closure to extract the

landfill gas generated by the decomposing waste materials. Gas is pumped out of the landfill

using perforated pipes and flared off or burnt in a gas engine to generate electricity.

Even flaring the gas is a better environmental outcome than allowing it to escape to the

atmosphere, as this consumes the methane, which is a far more potent greenhouse gas than

carbon dioxide.

Many local authorities, especially in urban areas, have found it difficult to establish new landfills

due to opposition from owners of adjacent land. Few people want a landfill in their local

neighborhood.

As a result, solid waste disposal in these areas has become more expensive as material must be

transported further away for disposal (or managed by other methods).

This fact, as well as growing concern about the impacts of excessive materials consumption, has

given rise to efforts to minimize the amount of orts include taxing or levying waste sent to

landfill, recycling the materials, converting material to energy, designing products that use less

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas


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material, and legislation mandating that manufacturers become responsible for disposal costs of

products or packaging.

A related subject is that of industrial ecology, where the material flows between industries is

studied. The by-products of one industry may be a useful commodity to another, leading to a

reduced materials waste stream.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_ecologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_ecology


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2. Need of the Study

APMC Market in Vashi is one of the biggest markets in Asia. Municipal solid Waste generated

in APMC market is about 98.87 TPD. About 90.96 contents are biodegradable, i.e. 92% of total

waste is organic waste, which has the potential to generate energy,

3. Objective

It is to study how the organic waste generated in APMC market be utilized for recycling to

generate energy, reducing load to land fill site, reuse the manure as fertilizer, indirectly

promoting organic farming.

On the existing arrival of Commodities quantity.

On organic waste generated.

Present method of disposal of waste.

Provide future plan for waste management for waste.


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4. Literature Review

Solid waste management is one among the basic essential services provided by municipal

authorities in the country to keep urban centers clean. Disposal of waste is the most neglected

area of SWM services and the current practices are grossly unscientific. Almost all municipal

authorities deposit solid waste at a dump-yard situated within or outside the city haphazardly and

do not bother to spread and cover the waste with inert material. These sites emanate foul smell

and become breeding grounds for flies, rodent, and pests. Liquid seeping through the rotting

organic waste called leachate pollutes underground water and poses a serious threat to health and

environment.

Landfill sites also release landfill gas with 50 to 60 per cent methane by volume. Methane is 21

times more potent than carbon dioxide aggravating problems related to global warming. It is

estimated by TERI that in 1997 India released about 7 million tonnes of methane into the

atmosphere. This could increase to 39 million tonnes by 2047 if no efforts are made to reduce the

emission through composting, recycling, etc.

The Ministry of New & Renewable Energy is promoting all the Technology Options available

for setting up projects for recovery of energy from urban wastes.


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The main technological options available for processing/ treatment and

disposal of MSW are

Composting,

Vermicomposting,

Anaerobic digestion/biomethanation,

Incineration,

Gasification

Production of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF), also known as pelletization

Sanitary landfilling/landfill gas recovery.


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5. Scope

The main scope for the study is to study the:

Types of waste

Different methods to treat waste generated in vegetable market.

By comparing the treatment to generate energy in the form of biogas, electricity at the source of

generation or nearest site or near land fill area.


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6. Raw material:

As the objective of the scheme is to set up "Fruit and Vegetable Waste Compost

Production Units", the raw material can be fruit and vegetable waste. In the absence of sufficient

quantity of fruit and vegetable waste, other agricultural wastes, crop residues, other agro-wastes

and kitchen waste can also be used.

The suitable materials for composting are : vegetable and fruit scraps, fallen leaves, tea leaves

and tea bags, coffee grounds, vacuum cleaner dust, soft stems, dead flowers, used vegetable

cooking oil, egg shells, old newspapers, lawn

clippings, wood ash etc.; the unsuitable

materials for composting are : meat and dairy

products, diseased plants, metals, plastic, glass,

fat magazines, large branches, weeds that have

seeds or underground stems, bread or cake,

bones, any other material containing either

heavy metals or pathogens.


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Flow Diagram Showing Various Steps in Compost Production

Receiving Fruit & Vegetable waste

Segregation of non bio degradable materials

Windrows

Addition of Culture/Inoculants/Bulking agents

Covering the windrows by polythene

Turning

Watering

Repeat Turning & Watering

Drying

Segregation of non biodegradable materials

Screening (4 stages)

Mature compost

Value addition

Packing

Storage

Distribution


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The raw material for the unit is fruit and vegetable waste which is presently transported / dumped

for land fill by the APMC/Municipality/Mandi authority by their vehicles. This raw material may

be transported to the unit by the municipality (mandi authority) free of cost. In case, municipality

/ mandi authority is not able to supply raw material on account of any disturbance, strike, etc, the

company may take up the responsibility of collecting the wastes from the mandi.

Adequate transport arrangements may be made by the unit for transport of raw material from the

mandi in consultation with APMC/ Municipality / Mandi Authority. The transport for lifting of

final produce and the waste like plastic materials etc. is to be arranged by the company and the

cost of the same will be borne by the entrepreneur


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7. Environmental benefits:

Closed System in Anaerobic digestion eliminates Odors.

Biogas can be burned to produce heat, electricity, or both the anaerobically-digested manure, can

be stored and applied to fields with significantly less odor than stored, untreated liquid manure.

Anaerobic digestion does not reduce the volume or nutrient value of manure. If dilution water is

added to the system, the volume of material to handle is increased.

Residence Time & Temperature Destroys Pathogens.

Most of the pathogenic bacteria’s are belong to the mesophilic group, but there are also some

which are thermophilic which has around 60 degree centigrade of maximum growth temperature.

Therefore, heat treatment which is widely known as "pasteurization" is often considered as the

easiest and applicable yet effective method to reduce microbiological contamination in raw

foods.

The temperature used is around 63 - 65 degree centigrade (30 minutes) for or 73 - 75 degree

centigrade (15 seconds). But it can also be increased up to 90 degree for some minutes (called

high pasteurization)


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Reduces CH4 (Methane) and CO2

(Carbon Dioxide) emissions.

GHG (Green House Gas) and

Ammonia Emissions.

Produces Valuable Pathogen- Free,

Nutrient - Rich, Organic Fertilizers.

Captures Nutrients for Reuse &

Reduces Use of Inorganic Fertilizers.

Increases Beneficial Reuse of Recycled Water.

Protects Groundwater & Surface Water Resources.

Reduces load to Landfills.


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8. Energy benefits:

• Generates High Quality Renewable Fuel.

• Reduces Reliance on Energy

Imports.

• Contributes to Decentralized,

Distributed Power Systems.

• Proven Source of Electricity, Heat &

Transportation Fuel.


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9. Electricity from Vegetable, Fruit & MS - Waste

India with its huge consumer population produces colossal amount of vegetable and fruit waste

every day. A prudent use of this waste can overcome the challenges of power shortage in both

rural and urban areas. This waste can be converted into a

mixture of combustible gases which in turn can be used in

electricity generation. This is a cleaner, greener and

economical method of power generation. We have presented

futuristic concept to generate electricity from these Bio-

Wastes and thus, we are contributing towards making this

world a better place to live.

POTENTIAL BENEFICIARIES: Vegetable Mandis Markets, Agro-based companies,

hostels, hotels, restaurants, canteens, hospitals, housing societies, institutions, waste dumping

yards etc. Vegetable Markets, Agro and Food based companies, Hostels, Hotels, Restaurants,

Canteens, Hospitals, Housing societies, Institutions, Waste dumping fields etc.


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CALCULATION CHART:

Bio Waste To Generate one Cubic meter Biogas Electricity Generated from One cubic meter Biogas

Fruit 2 kg 2 kw

Vegetable 4 kg 2 kw

Kitchen 3 kg 2 kw

India is plagued by malnutrition and soaring inflation, but it’s not for lack of food.

India is the second largest grower of

fresh produce, but loses an estimated

40 percent of its fruit and vegetables

rot because of a lack of refrigerated

trucking, poor roads, inclement

weather and corruption.


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Not all the produce that arrives at the market from distant places can be sold because of

spoilage and damage age in transit.


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10. Economic Benefits:

• Reduces Operating/Energy Costs.

• Reduces Water Consumption.

• Reduces Reliance on Energy Imports.

• Creates Value, Jobs and New Revenue Streams.


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11. Social Benefits:

Job creation leads to increase in skilled labour community.

Providing independent energy source.

Reduction in pollution indirectly leads to health benefits of public.

Thus treated organic waste generated in APMC Vashi, Navi Mumbai.

Reduces load to Landfill area.

Recycling to generate energy.

Reusing the digestate as organic fertilizer.


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12. Composting:

Composting is a technology known in India since times immemorial. Composting is the

decomposition of organic matter by microorganism in warm, moist, aerobic and anaerobic

environment. Farmers have been using compost made out of cow dung and other agro-waste.

Composting of MSW is, therefore, the most simple and cost effective technology for treating the

organic fraction of MSW.

Full-scale commercially viable composting technology is already demonstrated in India and is in

use in several cities and towns. Its application to farm land, tea gardens, fruit orchards or its use

as soil conditioner in parks, gardens, agricultural lands, etc., is however, limited on account of

poor marketing. Main advantages of composting include improvement in soil texture and

augmenting of micronutrient deficiencies. It also increases moisture-holding capacity of the soil

and helps in maintaining soil health.


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13. Vermicomposting

Vermi-compost is the natural organic manure produced from the excreta of earthworms fed on

scientifically semi-decomposed organic waste. A few vermi composting plants generally of small

size have been set up in some cities and towns in India. Normally, vermi-composting is preferred

to microbial composting in small towns as it requires less mechanization and it is easy to operate.

It is, however, to be ensured that toxic material does not enter the chain which if present could

kill the earthworms.


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Anaerobic digestion and Biomethanation

Biomethanation is a comparatively well-established technology for disinfections, deodorization

and stabilization of sewage sludge, farmyard manures, animal slurries, and industrial sludge. Its

application to the organic fraction of MSW is more recent and less extensive. It leads to bio-

gas/power generation in addition to production of compost (residual sludge). This method

provides a value addition to the aerobic (composting) process and also offers certain other clear

advantages over composting

in terms of energy

production/consumption,

compost quality and net

environmental gains.

This method is suitable for

kitchen wastes and, other organic wastes, which may be too wet and lacking in structure for

aerobic composting. It is a net energy-producing process (100 – 150 kWh per tonne of waste

input). A totally enclosed system enables all the gas produced to be collected for use. A modular

construction of plant and closed treatment needs less land area. This plant is free from bad odor,

rodent and fly menace, visible pollution, and social resistance. It has potential for co-disposal

with other organic waste streams from agro-based industry. The plant can be scaled up

depending on the availability of the waste


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14. Pyrolysis Gasification / Plasma Pyrolysis Vitrification

Pyrolysis gasification processes are established for homogenous organic matter like wood, pulp,

etc., while plasma pyrolysis vitrification is a relatively new technology for disposal of

particularly hazardous wastes, radioactive wastes, etc. Toxic materials get encapsulated in

vitreous mass, which is relatively much safer to handle than incinerator/gasifier ash. These are

now being offered as an attractive option for disposal of MSW also.

In all these processes, besides net energy recovery, proper destruction of the waste is also

ensured. These processes, therefore, have an edge over incineration.

It is a capital and energy intensive process and net energy recovery may suffer in case of wastes

with excessive moisture and inert content.


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15. Production of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF), also known as pelletization

It is basically a processing method for mixed MSW, which can be very effective in preparing an

enriched fuel feed for thermal processes like incineration or industrial furnaces. The RDF pellets

can be conveniently stored and transported

Long distances and can be used as a coal substitute at a lower price. As pelletization involves

significant MSW sorting operations, it provides a greater opportunity to remove environmentally

harmful materials from the incoming waste prior to combustion.

The process, however, is energy intensive and not suitable for wet MSW during rainy season. If

RDF fluff/pellets are contaminated by toxic/hazardous material, the pellets are not safe for

burning in the open or for domestic use.

Calorific Value: 2500 – 3000Kcal/Kg.

High Volatile Matter (> 60%)

Less fixed carbon (12-18%)

Less ash content (10-15%)

Moisture: (7.2 %)


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16. Sanitary landfilling/landfill gas recovery

Sanitary landfills are the ultimate means of disposal of all types of residual, residential,

commercial and institutional waste as well as unutilized municipal solid waste from waste

processing facilities and other types of inorganic waste and inert that cannot be reused or

recycled in the foreseeable future.

Its main advantage is that it is the least cost option for waste disposal and has the potential for

the recovery of landfill gas as a source of energy, with net environmental gains if organic wastes

are land filled.

The gas after necessary cleaning, can be

utilized for power generation or as

domestic fuel for direct thermal

applications. Highly skilled personnel are

not required to operate a sanitary landfill.

Major limitation of this method is the

costly transportation of MSW to far away

landfill sites.


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17. Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000

The Ministry of Environment and Forest notified Municipal Solid Waste (Management and

Handling) Rules 2000 after widely circulating the draft rules in 1999 inviting objections and

suggestions if any and made it mandatory for all municipal authorities in the country,

irrespective of their size and population, to implement the rules.

1. Prohibit littering on the streets by ensuring storage of waste at source in two bins; one for

biodegradable waste and another for recyclable material.

2. Primary collection of biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste from the doorstep,

(including slums and squatter areas) at pre-informed timings on a day-to-day basis using

containerized tricycle/handcarts/pick up vans.

3. Street sweeping covering all the residential and commercial areas on all the days of the year

irrespective of Sundays and public holidays.

4. Abolition of open waste storage depots and provision of covered containers or closed body

waste storage depots.

5. Transportation of waste in covered vehicles on a day to day basis.

6. Treatment of biodegradable waste using composting or waste to energy technologies meeting

the standards laid down.

7. Minimize the waste going to the land fill and dispose of only rejects from the treatment plants

and inert material at the landfills as per the standards laid down in the rules


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18. CASE STUDIES

And Municipal Ward, Pune Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra.

Organic Waste Converter

OWC transformers organic waste into odor free flow able raw compost in 15-20 minutes. When

this is cured further, it gives nutrient rich, soil enhancing compost which can be used to create

terrace garden, landscaping.

* Successfully erected, commissioned and operating 2 Tons per day plant at Aundh Vegetable

Market, Pune


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Biogas Plant to generate Electricity.

Segregated waste receiving platform

Neat and hygienic.

Safety precautions taken by the waste

Collectors.

At the sorting table, mechanized shredders are used to crush

the waste into slurry

Personnel Protective Equipment used.

Air tight digester covers constructed in RCC with

MS reinforced FRP top cover.

Life cycle 20 years

No foul odor.


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Biogas Induced Mixing Arrangement (BIMA) Digester Technology

Given below schematic diagram of BIMA Technology based Biogas & Fertilizer (BGF) Plant

illustrates diagrammatic view of Waste-to-Energy process.


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19. BIOMETHANATION PLANT BASED ON VEGETABLE MARKET

WASTES AT KOYAMBEDU WHOLE SALE MARKET COMPLEX,

CHENNAI, TAMIL NADU.

The Market Authorities are presently having wastes collection arrangement through its sub-

contractor and ten vegetable wastes is delivered at the plant site. The biogas generated is used as

fuel in gas engine and the excess power generated is exported to TNEB grid. The dewatered cake

is sold / used as manure by CMDA.

The Wholesale Market Complex generates up to 100 tonnes of garbage a day of which 30 tonnes

of garbage suitable for power generation is segregated. Just 1% each of flower, fruit and

vegetable waste is required to provide non-fibrous green waste that could be disintegrated into

smaller pieces. This would be ‘digested’ in a plant that would produce methane from the waste

and the gas operates an

engine to produce power.


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A NEWS PUBLISHED IN TIMES OF INDIA DATED 26-05-2010.


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20. Study Area

Location: APMC VEGETABLE Market Vashi, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra

State, India.

Vashi is a residential as well as commercial node in Navi Mumbai, one of the first nodes

developed by City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO). Vashi is divided into

many sectors of which Sector-1 to sector-8 is known for its fully residential buildings. Sector-17

is known for its shopping areas. A large APMC market, the biggest in Asia for wholesale

agricultural produce, is located in Sector-19 and part of Sector-18.

Vashi is also environmental friendly due to NMMC initiative of planting trees on both sides of

the roads in majority of its places and also every node has its own parks and play grounds.


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Climate

Coordinates: 19.08°N 73.01°E

Being in close proximity to the sea, Vashi is mostly humid and hot in summer and mildly

pleasant during the winter months of November, December, and January. Western Ghats run in

parallel along the east of the town, resulting in relatively heavier showers than Mumbai.

Vashi has a tropical climate. In most months of the year, there is significant rainfall in Vashi.

There is only a short dry season and it is not very effective. The Köppen-Geiger climate

classification is Am. The average annual temperature in Vashi is 26.9 °C. The average annual

rainfall is 2793 mm.

http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Vashi&params=19.08_N_73.01_E_type:city(600000)_region:IN-MHhttp://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Vashi&params=19.08_N_73.01_E_type:city(600000)_region:IN-MH


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21. Profile of APMC Market

Spread over a sprawling 122 hectares, the Mumbai Agricultural Produce Market Committee at

Vashi is entry point of all food grains and vegetables meant for the extended region of

Metropolitan Mumbai.

Divided into different separate sections on the basis of the commodit ies, the

APMC provides separate markets for Fruits , Vegetables, sugar, jaggery and

onion-potato market .

The APMC market at Navi Mumbai is one of the biggest agricultural markets

in Asia and has given a unique identity to the city Every day, nearly 1,800 tonnes of

vegetables serving Mumbai, Thane and Navi Mumbai — roll into the yard from vegetable

producing areas like Nashik, Pune, Satara, Sangli and other parts of Maharashtra as well as from

outside the state.


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22. Research Methodology

The study is based on mainly on primary data collected from APMC office. The data also

included secondary data from annual reports published by APMC.

Table

Year Arrival (MT) Waste (MT)

2011-12 499487 16231

2012-13 570121 18527

2013-14 595164 19345

Arrivals and waste during Year 2011-2014(in Metric Tons-MT)

Average of 50-60 Metric Tonne of ORGANIC waste per day is generated.

90% of the waste is rotten, broken, vegetables,

leafs and negligible quantity of plastic.

APMC had outsourced day to day collection

and disposal of garbage.

Accordingly, market yards are cleaned and

maintained on daily basis.


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Waste is dumped outside each unit. Daily about 5 to 6 times the wheel loader will lift the

vegetable waste to compacter. The compacter carry the waste to Turbhe Land fill Area. The

waste is dumped in Turbhe Land fill site.


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23. Proposals for effective management of waste generated in APMC, VASHI.

Major Composting Methods are listed here:

1. Open pile/static pile aerated or

non aerated composting time 8-10

months. Often practiced in rural areas

and large farm sites. It is a carrier of

weed seeds; the quality of compost is

also poor due to high oxidation losses

and wash out of nutrients.

2. Pit method [Bangalore method]:

It is a partial anaerobic and aerobic

combination.

Composting time 6-9 months. It is a carrier

of pathogens and weed seeds.

The quality of compost is superior than open

pile method.


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3. Trenching method had been practiced by several

municipal bodies in the past, it leads to ground water

contamination. It gives immature compost and it is time

and space consuming process & no control over

parameters.

4. Anaerobic digestion is Like “Gobar gas” or Biomethanation system. The digested slurry

can carry pathogens, hence it requires re-composting to achieve thermophilic temperature of>600 C to kill pathogens. In Overseas the digested slurry is used directly on farms. This is

because the project operates

on pure waste stream like

dairy cattle dung or fruit

pulp. This process has the

problem of waste water

discharge and also it

requires large quantity of

fresh water for the process.


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5. Windrow Composting: This is

the maximum practiced option. Rapid

decomposition of O.M. is achieved within

4-6 weeks. The controlled acceleration of

the process and fast sanitization of waste

is achieved to kill pathogens and

inactivation of weed seeds at 60 to 650C

[thermophilic phase]. During monsoon the

windrows can be made under shade to

minimisenutrient wash outs. The entire

waste stacking has to be done on

cemented platform.

6. Enclosed hall composting: This is like windrows method, but entire waste stacking is in

the closed hall and aeration is carried out by overhead rail moving mechanism or also by front

end loaders and windrow turning machines. This system is practiced in Europe with great

success. This method needs high capital cost and Operation & Maintenance expenses.


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7. Three side wall cell composting with air suction system [like VAR in Netherlands]. This

requires higher capital cost [4-6times than windrow method] and Operation & Maintenance

expenses are Rs.1, 000 to Rs.1, 500 / MT of MSW.

8. Rotating drum composting: This was the most adapted system in Europe under the

process of DANO and in Sweden by Rhondeco. It

bio-stabilizes the waste quickly for further curing in

the windrows. High electricity consuming and

capital cost oriented. In this method several

rotating drums of 30m length & 4 m diameter are

required to fill waste and bio-stabilize.

9. In vessel/Bioreactor/closed box

composting: These systems are

mostly practiced in Europe, Germany,

France, Canada, where low

temperature conditions and presence of

highly put rescible waste like meat,

beef, fish makes processing difficult.

The capital costs as well as operating

costs are 8 to 10 times higher than the

windrow method. These methods are

ideal for places where no space is

available and higher tipping fee is

possible.


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10. Floor to floor dropping [Tumbled down] of waste after 4 to 5 days retention time

for biostabilisation also called Jersey [John Thompson] and Kneer [BAV] system have been

attempted in Europe and some Asian countries with low degree of success.

11. Bio dynamic preparations [also known as

New Zealand technique] is basically on farm

composting or multiplication of micro-organisms using

cow horn, dung, urine and plant extracts. It has not

succeeded anywhere to salvage MSW problem.

12. Kyusei Nature Farming Technique based on the work of Teruo Higa of Agril.

College Ryukyus Japan involving effective micro-organisms[EM] since 1990, has been of use at

mixed farm level to convert crop residue with poultry waste into partial compost called

“Bokashi” and then used for crop growing.. The EM

solutions have been tested in Municipal Wastes with

limited success due to predominance of heavy pathogen

load which the weak bio culture cannot overpower so

easily.

The photosynthesis bacteria and yeast have very little

role in breaking down complex substances of lipolytic,

lignitic & proteolitic contents which causes foul smell

and gaseous emissions.


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13. Vermiculture: This method of composting has been widely practiced at orchard level, on

farm, and small scale decentralized community composting. It is cost effective as long as source

segregated food-veg waste is available and family labour is used.

Major costs and efforts are involved in

creating the tree shade chopping the

waste and day to day watering.

Compost cannot be taken into

regulated cycles as it is mixed with

inner layer of soils where the

earthworm makes the burrows.

Thus the definite specification for

determining the compost quality are

difficult. On large scale municipal

waste [MCGB Bombay] project did

not succeed.


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Composting

Composting is controlled aerobic process carried out by successive populations of micro

organisms (bacteria - fungi - actinomycetes) leading to development of mesophilic (40-450 C)

and thermophilic (60-650 C) temperatures and production of carbon dioxide, minerals, organic

substrate, energy and H2O.

This is by far the most widely used method for processing of MSW in fruitful manner.

Composting has relevance for MSW treatment as it results in volume reduction of up to 50% and

consumes environment problem causing component of MSW.

This process breaks down short term biodegradables food residue, fruits vegetables, animal

tissue etc., but does not bring appreciable changes into long term biodegradable materials like

tree prunes, coconut shells etc.


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In the composting technology either of the two basic systems are used i.e. treatment of MSW

through open windrows which are aerated by turning the waste upside-down or forced air. The

other system is “in – vessel” (closed reactor system) such as rotating drums, tunnel etc. in which

mixing, agitation, aerations are done combinely.


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Key features and requirements of composting as technology for MSW

treatment

1. Highly suitable to deal with putrescible fraction of MSW that causes several problem

regarding environment, health, water contamination, mal-odors etc.

2. Consumes wide variety of organic materials waste streams.

3. It can tolerate presence of silt and soil to a great extent.

4. Flexibility of technology for implementation in 50 to 1000 tpd modules

5. More than 80% of the facility and >50% of the machinery is usable for integration with other

technologies like fuel palletization.

6. Can treat and process even one week old waste or some quantity of accumulated wastes?

7. Composting is extremely useful in minimizing the burden of methane and leachate generation

from SLF.

8. Entire system is indigenous with local availability of spares and expertise.

9. It is first significant step towards scientific management of MSW.

10. It can form the basis for implementation of other high Tech Process if found suitable in the

future.


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11. It is an integral part of SLF all over the World.

12. Returns back the nutrient elements and carbon energy to the farmer’s fields.


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24. REFUSE DERIVED FUEL (RDF) / Fuel Pelletisation

RDF defined: An undensified product manufactured from the combustible fraction of waste by a

sophisticated mechanical process involving the deliberate use of heat, having a granularity of at

least 90% less than 10 mm and containing no more than 15% ash prior to any addition of

substances to enhance fuel properties.

Global

trend

indicates constantly increasing quantities of dry recyclable in the MSW that are combustible. In

most of the million plus cities the content of paper, jute, broken furniture, tree twigs, textiles,

plastic etc is between 20 to 30%.

These wastes have moisture content of < 20% and calorific value of >2000Kcal /Kg. overall bulk

density of this waste is 200 to 300 Kg / M3.

Hence if disposed off in the SLF they can occupy almost 4 times more area than other wastes.

Recovery of these recyclables is considered a good source of energy.


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Key features / requirements of fuel palletization (RDF)

1. MSW should have 20-30 % materials which can

have calorific value >2000 Kcal/Kg. this happens with

increased quantity of paper waste & woody materials.

2. The dry recyclables have to be protected from

scavenging activity

3. Paper, textiles, LDPE, HDPE, diapers, sanitary

napkins, and rags can become part of RDF. In developed countries even dried sewage sludge is

used in RDF.

4. Chlorinated Hydro carbons and PVC must not be present in the MSW & RDF.

5. Facility for recovery of only RDF usually suffers from the ill-effects of putrescible wastes

having high moisture content (>50%) and low calorific value (


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hulls, saw dust, crop straw must be available in the vicinity of the project as ‘made to order’

supply of MSW on every day basis is difficult.

8. Utilisability of RDF / FP is possible in steel foundries, potteries, cement kiln, and those

industries which have coal fed boilers. This market potential has to be explored within affordable

transportation distance.

9. Like composting, RDF will require large shed for processing as well a more godown storage

for finished product.

10. Loose storage of fluffy material is a problem from the space as well as fire hazard point of

view. This requires extra precautionary measures.


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25. Gasification as technology for MSW treatment

Uses a limited amount of heat for waste combustion. The further heat produced results in

complete decomposition of organic materials to gaseous fuels (H2, Co, Co2, CHx etc.) or low

calorific value but usable for power generation.


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26. Biomethanation / Anaerobic Digestion as technology for MSW treatment

Organic fraction of the wastes is segregated and fed to closed container / anaerobic digester /

vessel. In the absence of oxygen (air) natural bacteria produce methane rich gas consisting of

approx 60 - 64% methane, 35 - 40% Carbon dioxide and small amount of ammonia and

hydrogen sulfide. Biogas has a calorific value of about 5000 kcal / m3. Depending upon the

waste, Production ranges from 50 to 150 m3 per tonne of waste. The biogas can be used for

heating applications and generation of electricity through internal combustion engines, low

pressure gas turbine or steam turbines.


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The sludge from anaerobic digestion requires to be de-watered and pass through a thermophilic

aerobic bio composting cycle before it is used in agriculture. Use of post-bio methane slurry in

its

dry form is as good as spent tea which cannot provide ready carbohydrates energy to

microorganisms. For making it useful, further mixing of blood meal, oilcakes etc. is required

followed by composting process for 3 weeks. This technology is age old and proven for

utilization of high volatile solid content homogeneous waste streams such as dairy cattle dung,

poultry dropping, fruit pulp, vegetable market waste, slaughter house and sewage sludge.


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27. Salient features of biomethanation technology

1. MSW should have 50% wet waste comprising of food residues, fruit vegetables market waste,

lawn pruning. More the starchy material, better it is.

2. The volatile solid content should not be less than 50%

3. The waste should not be older than 24 hours as there is methane loss in high temp conditions

4. Large quantity of potable quality water should be available

5. While methane gas can be converted into electricity and readily sold, compost requires similar

marketing efforts as that of a normal composting project.

6. Project cannot be established on reclaimed dumpsite due to very heavy structure of

methanation towers.

7. Potential risk of methane gas, explosion and danger in nearby residential areas.


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28. Vermiculture

This involves use of earthworms to eat and digest organic matter content of waste. The waste of

desired quality must be chopped into 10-15cm size and put layer by layer in specially prepared

soil bed like field nursery. The area must have shade. Earth worm cocoons containing vermi

compost is spread on to these waste layers. These cocoons develop into adult size worms and

nibble the waste. Granulated material passing through the worm’s digestive system is harvested

and used as soil conditioner.

The process of Vermiculture is best suited to the isolated locations having 1 to 5 tpd waste and

have sufficient horticulture / plantation area with sprinkler irrigation facility.

In cities it can be practiced through community composting of food waste.

It require large number labour force usually 6 to 8 per tonne of MSW. This makes it an unviable

proposition on commercial scale


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29. CONCLUSION

Major amount of waste generated in solid waste of Navi Mumbai is organic waste generated

from APMC market. By treating the organic waste there is reduction of major quantum of load in

land fill area.

Organic waste generated in APMC market if used for energy generation not only saves the

transportation cost also benefits environment.

Set up of small scale industries to convert organic waste into organic manure will generate

employment in and around Navi Mumbai area.

Green house emissions and ammonia emissions are reduced as cause of these emissions are due

to these biodegradable wastes.

With proper utilization of the waste APMC market can become zero energy building.

By product of energy generation i.e. organic fertilizer can be sold to the farmers at subsidised

rates there by creating awareness to use organic manure instead of chemical fertilizer.

Well organised Waste management will help to make Navi Mumbai Smart City.


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30. REFERENCES

1. www.ccsniam.gov.in

2. www.isca.in

3. www.agico.com

5. www.adelaide.edu.au/biogas/history

4. www.excelind.co.in

5. www.mailhem.com

6. www.biostarsystems.com

7. http://practicalaction.org/

8. www.researchgate.net

8. mgiri.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Energy_Technology.pdf

9. Biogas Generation in a Vegetable Waste Anaerobic Digester: An Analytical

Approach,Dhanalakshmi Sridevi V.and Ramanujam R.A.,Department of Chemistry, GKM

College of Engineering and Technology, Chennai – 63,

TN, INDIA.

10. Environment Technology Division, (CLRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research

(CSIR), Adyar, Chennai, INDIA (2012).

11. Wikipedia

12. Google maps

13. NMMC REPORT from NMMC website

14. CIDCO website
http://www.ccsniam.gov.in/http://www.isca.in/http://www.agico.com/http://www.excelind.co.in/http://www.biostarsystems.com/http://practicalaction.org/http://practicalaction.org/http://www.biostarsystems.com/http://www.excelind.co.in/http://www.agico.com/http://www.isca.in/http://www.ccsniam.gov.in/

Documents

WASTE Final 25th Nov