Warm-up questionsWhy was the Battle of the Marne so important?What role did taxi’s play in the war effort?What was the immediate cause of WW1?Who was the assassin?

Map 25.3: The Eastern Front, 1914-1918

The Widening of the WarAugust 1914: Ottoman Empire enters the war

Battle of Gallipoli, April 1915May 1915: Italy enters the war against Austria-HungarySeptember 1915: Bulgaria enters the war on the side of the Central PowersMiddle East

Lawrence of Arabia (1888-1935)April 1917: Entry of the United States

The United States tried to remain neutralSinking of the Lusitania, May 7, 1915Return to unrestricted submarine warfare January 1917United States enters the war, April 6, 1917Bolshevik Revolution, 1917

TheEastern

Front

Russians are winning at first– Russia starts having issues at home– Battle of Tanneburg

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Dec 1917)– Lenin took Russia out of the war but forced to give

Germans ¼ of Russian territory

Land given up in treaty

Ottoman Empire

Gallipoli Campaign– British and Australian forces failed to take

Dardanelles as a step toward taking Constantinople and defeating the Turks• Allies want to attack Dardanelles• Strait dividing Asia from Europe• Capture and conquer Ottoman Empire’s capital at

Constantinople

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-

18

Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-

19

OCEAN FRONT

Germany Starts Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Germans take out an add to stop Americans from coming to Europe via Boat

British Blockade

Attempts to starve out the Germans

The Sinking of the Lusitania

• Lusitania – May 7, 1915British Ocean LinerFrom New York - LiverpoolSank in 18 minutes1,195 lost1,959 on board128 AmericansOff the Coast of IrelandOne torpedoTwo Explosions???

NOTICE!

Travellers intending to embark on the Atlantic voyage are reminded that a state of war exists between Germany and her allies and Great Britain and her allies; that the zone of war includes the waters adjacent to the British Isles; that, in accordance with formal notice given by the Imperial German Government, vessels flying the flag of Great Britain, or any of her allies, are liable to destruction in those waters and that travellers sailing in the war zone on ships of Great Britain or her allies do so at their own risk. IMPERIAL GERMAN EMBASSY WASHINGTON, D.C., APRIL 22, 1915.

“He kept us out of War”Re-elected 1916Zimmerman Telegram – Jan. 16, 1917German AmbassadorTelegram German Ambassador in MexicoMarch 1 – published USApril 6 - declaration

The Zimmerman Telegram

The YanksAre

Coming!The Main Reason we enter the war is due to Germany’s Unrestricted SubmarineWarfare

Americans in the Trenches

The Home Front: The Impact of Total War

Government CentralizationConscription

Draft huge numbers of MenEffects on EconomiesPublic Order and Public Opinion

Dealing with unrestDefense of the Realm ActPropaganda

Social Impact of Total WarLabor benefitsNew roles for women

• Male concern over wages• Women began to demand equal pay• Gains for women

Total War

Total War

Involve everyone in civilian population Propaganda machines in full force

– Dehumanize the enemy News is Censored Mass Conscription

Posters

Posters

Posters

Posters

Posters

Economic efforts at home

Economic production was totally refocused on war effort– Examples

• Battle of Verdun more projectiles used than every single war prior

• In one battle– 1917 a 19 day artillery shelling– Used up all of the shells carried by 321 trains– Output of 55,000 factory workers who worked for a

year.

Leaders of Industrial Transition Walter Rathenau

– Jewish German industrialist– Sets up War Raw Materials Board

• Ration / distributes everything• Creates synthetics• Recycle• Beat the British Blockade

– States socialism is a viable economic blueprint for a society

Auxiliary Service law– 1916– All German Men 17-60 had to work in jobs

crucial to the war effort

Womenand theWar

Effort

Women replaced male factory workers who were now fighting in the war– 43% of labor force in Russia– Changing attitudes of women resulted in

increased rights after the war in – Britain, Germany, Austria and U.S.

Financing the War

For Recruitment

Munitions Workers

French Women Factory Workers

German Women Factory Workers

Working in the Fields

A Woman Ambulance Driver

Red Cross Nurses

Women in the Army Auxiliary

Russian Women Soldiers

Rationing of food and scarce commodities was instituted

People financed the war by buying WAR BONDS

Each side tries to “starve out” the other side

Spies

e “Mata Hari”e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zellee German Spy!

France– Create a dictatorship during the warGermany became the world’s first totalitarian regime in order to control the war effortBritish economy is largely planned and regulatedLabor unions: saw increased influence and prestige die to increased demand for laborWar promoted greater social equity,

thus blurring class distinctions and lessening the gap between rich and

GEORGE CLEMENCEAU

End of War

Argonne Offensive--Spring 1918– Germans transferred divisions from east (after

defeating Russia) to the western front and mounted a massive offensive

US is there to meet them

US soldiers are FRESH and READY