Warm-up: Oct. 5

Use your notes and/or textbook and add NEW INFO. To your essential vocabulary terms:

Chromosome

Mitosis

Diploid

Meiosis

Haploid

Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction

Disadvantages, Advantages, and Types

Asexual Reproduction

What is it?

Production of individuals WITHOUT gametes

Result is a GENETICALLY IDENTICAL offspring, same chromosome number.

Why Asexual Reproduction?Benefits

Need one individual to reproduce

Takes less energy

All offspring are genetically identical which is “good” if environment is stable, No Dramatic changes

Everybody is producing offspring including males

More efficient at passing genes, faster

Why NOT asexual reproduction?Consequences:

Organisms are Genetically identical, Clones

No recombination or exchange of genes between parents

An asexual population tends to be genetically boring, EVERYBODY IS THE SAME.

Types of Asexual Reproduction

1. Binary Fission- a one-celled organism divides by mitosis to form two daughter cells of equal size. Organisms: Bacteria and Protist

Types of Asexual Reproduction

2. Vegetative Propagation- a part of a plant (a root, stem, or leaf) grows into a new plant. Organism: Plants and Fungi

Types of Asexual Reproduction

3. Spore Formation- spores are specialized asexual reproductive cells that contain an entire set of DNA and a small amount of cytoplasm. Each spore can develop into a new organism.

Organisms: Some Plants, Fungi, and Bacteria

Types of Asexual Reproduction

4. Budding- a new organism develops as an outgrowth of the parent.

Organisms: Animals (Hydra and Sponges) and Fungi

Types of Asexual Reproduction

5. Regeneration- is the development of a new organism from a part of the parent organism.

Organism: Some Animals (Hydra, Sea Stars, and Flat Worms)

Sexual Reproduction

Production of individuals with gametes Combining of DNA

Meiosis produces the Gametes for Fertilization (Conjugation) in Animals Pollination in Plants

Advantages to Sexual Reproduction

1. Offspring are genetically unique due to crossing over and random combination of gametes.

2. Favourable when environment is unstable, dramatic change occurs.

3. Slower rate of reproduction but faster when evolving (changing overtime)

4. Lower extinction rates

5. Due to parents exchanging genes, there is a fast removal of bad mutations or can put two beneficial mutations together

Disadvantages to Sexual Reproduction

1. Need two parents, so they “must expend energy” to find, identify (court), and copulate with mate 

2. Taking the time to exchange genes is counter productive if conditions are stable 

3. Only half the individuals are producing offspring-(Males are an energy issue)  

4. Slower at passing on genes  

5. “Cost of recombination or exchanging genes ”-a favourable combination of genes can be broken  

Warm-up: Oct. 8, 2012

Get out your common assessment 3 review guide.

Animal Cell

Organelle Function

Mitochondrion: Produces ATP for the Cell, Cell Respiration

Ribosome: Protein Synthesis

Nucleolus: Makes Ribosomes

Nucleus: Holds the DNA, Control Center of the Cell

Vacuole: Used for Storage of Water (Large in Plants)

Chloroplast: Photosynthesis, Plants make their own food.

Cell Membrane

Regulates what goes in and out of the Cell

Plant vs. Animal cell

Plant Cell Animal Cell

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Cell Membrane

Regulates what goes in and out of the Cell

Passive Transport

From High to Low, You Go with the Flow.

The Cell Uses NO ENERGY

Diffusion: Movement of small molecules from High to Low Concentration

Facilitated Diffusion: Movement of LARGE molecules from High to Low Concentration through a transport protein

Osmosis: Movement of WATER from High to Low Concentration

Active Transport

From Low to High; You must BUY!

The Cell uses ENERGY!

Endocytosis Exocytosis

The Cell Cycle

The Cell Cycle

Interphase: G1: Growth

S(ynthesis): DNA replication

G2: Growth and Extra Organelles are made (Getting Ready for Mitosis)

Prophase: Chromosomes Appear, Centriole move to

opposite ends, Nuclear Membrane disappears

Metaphase: Chromosomes in the Middle

Anaphase: Chromosomes pulled Apart

Telophase: Two Nuclei

Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm Splits

Cytokinesis in Plant Cells

Meiosis

Meiosis I Interphase→ Cell Growth & DNA Replication

Prophase I

Metaphase I

Anaphase I

Telophase I & Cytokinesis→ 2 Cells

Meiosis

Meiosis II Interphase II→ Growth

Prophase II

Metaphase II

Anaphase II

Telophase II & Cytokinesis: 4 Haploid Cells

Mitosis vs Meiosis

Mitosis

Somatic Cells/ Body Cells

1 Division

2 Daughter Cells

Daughter Cells: Diploid

Daughter Cells: Identical

Asexual Reproduction

Meiosis

Sex Cells/ Gametes/ Reproductive Cells/ Germ Cells

2 Divisions

Daughter Cells: Haploid

Daughter Cells: Genetically Different/Genetic Variation

Sexual Reproduction

Human Cells

Human Body Cells: 46 chromosomes

Human Sex Cells: 23 Chromosomes