Upload
frederick-lee
View
233
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Cell ReproductionMeiosis
aka Cell Division
MeiosisCell division where one diploid cell (2n)
produces four haploid (n) cells called sex cells or gametes
These cells have half the number of chromosomes as a body cell of a parent
Meiosis vocabulary
What is a gamete?Male and female sex cells; the
sperm and eggWhat is the male gamete?Sperm; has 23 chromosomesWhat is the female gamete?Egg; has 23 chromosomes
Meiosis vocabulary…What is a zygote?A fertilized egg – has a diploid number
(2n) of chromosomesWhat is sexual reproduction?The pattern of reproduction that
involves the production and fusion of haploid sex cells
What is a diploid cell?Cell containing two of each kind of
chromosome from the parent
Meiosis vocabulary…What is a haploid cell?Cell containing one of each kind of
chromosome from the parentWhat is an allele?Gene form for each variation of a trait of
an organism. Example: gene for height can express tall or short
Homologous chromosomes:Pairs of like chromosomes even though the
alleles may be different – so they are not identical chromosomes – sibling variation
The Phases of Meiosis
Meiosis I
InterphaseProphase IMetaphase IAnaphase ITelophase I
Meiosis II
Prophase IIMetaphase IIAnaphase IITelophase II
Interphase
Carries out metabolic activities of the cell
Replicates its chromosomes
Precedes meiosis 1
Prophase I
• Chromosomes coil up and spindle form
• Homologous chromosomes pair up and a four-part structure called a tetrad forms
During prophase I…
• Tightly wound tetrads get so close to one another that the genetic material from one homologous pair exchanges with the other creating new combinations of alleles in the genetic code
• Nuclear membrane disappears• Nucleolus disappears
What is crossing over?Exchange of genetic material by non-sister chromatids during prophase I
Results in new combinations of alleles
Metaphase I
• Tetrads line up at the equator• Homologous chromosomes are lined
up in pairs along the midline or equator of the cell
• Spindle fibers attach to the centromere on each pair
• The pairs are not attached to each other
Anaphase I
• Homologous chromosomes are separated and pulled to opposite poles of the cell
• The centromeres do not split during this phase
• Each new cell receives only one chromosome from each homologous pair
Telophase I• Spindle breaks down• Chromosomes uncoil• Cytoplasm divided in 2• Each cell has half the genetic
information from the original cell• Chromosomes are still doubled
containing two sister chromatid• Nuclear membrane reforms• Two diploid daughter cells formed
Meiosis II
Is there an interphase in Meiosis II?No. Chromosomes do not replicateThe cells go directly from meiosis I to
meiosis II
Prophase II
• Spindle forms in each of the two new cells
• Chromosomes are still coiled as sister chromatids
• Nuclear membrane disappears
• Nucleolus disappears
Metaphase II
• Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell
• Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres
Anaphase II
• Centromeres split
• Spindle fibers pull separated chromatids to opposite poles of the cell
Telophase II
• Spindle fibers disappear• Chromosomes uncoil• Nuclear membrane reforms• Nucleolus reforms• Cytoplasm divides• Each cell now has half the
chromosomes that its parents had• Four daughter haploid cells are
formed
What are the two divisions of meiosis?
Meiosis I and Meiosis II
Meiosis IWhen homologous chromosomes come
together and separateMeiosis IIThe division that results in 4 daughter
cells, each with half the chromosomes present in the original cell
What is genetic recombination?
Genetic variation due to crossing over and random assortment
How many ways can the chromosomes line up?
2
How do you find the total number of different kinds of sperm and egg that can be
produced?• Take the number of pairs and place it
as the exponent with a base of 2• Example: in humans there are 23
pairs of chromosomes• For sperm: 223 = over 8 billion• For egg: 223 = over 8 billion
What is the total when fertilization occurs?
223 * 223 = 70 trillion zygotes are possible
What is oogenesis?
Refers to the formation of the egg cell
What is spermatogenesis?
Refers to the formation of the sperm cell
Practice Quiz
Get out 1 sheet of blank paper. No half sheets of paper.
Practice quiz
1.How many cell are produced from the cell division of meiosis?
2. Does the DNA replicate itself before meiosis II?
3. What is the stage where the tetrad forms?
Practice quiz…4. What are the stages of meiosis? (in
order)
5. In what phase does the DNA double?
6. How many cells are produced from spermatogenesis?
7. How many cells are produced from oogenesis?