Warm-UpNovember 12, 2013

• Which of the following are true about Mayan people?• They built their huge structures without beasts

of burden.

• They built their buildings and carved their hieroglyphics without metallic tools.

• They did not use carts or wagons with wheels.

South AmericaColonization

Today’s assignment

• Using the Power Point handout, complete the graphic organizer.

• Make sure you know the population of each country and it’s ethnic makeup, the language and religion of each country, and any distinguishing characteristics.

• Once you have completed your organizer, come get the Out the Door Questions to turn in at the end of class.

South America Before 1500 -Indian Empires

• Early signs of the Maya in South America began as early as 1000 BC. The Maya gradually established a powerful kingdom (or kingdoms) which extended over most of Central America.

• Around 1300, the Maya state began to decline and two other important kingdoms formed near them. One was the Aztecs in what is now Mexico. The other was the Inca in what is now Ecuador and Peru.

• Although the Maya state was clearly in decline by the 1400s, all three of the big states - the Maya, the Aztec and the Inca - were still there when the first Europeans came to South America around 1500.

European Colonization - Glory

• Early explorations and conquests were made by the Spanish and the Portuguese.

• Spanish conquistadors• Vasco Nunez de Balboa conquered

large territories in North, Central and South America

• Hernan Cortes took over the Aztec Kingdom

• Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire.

• Portuguese Conquistador• Pedro Alvares Cabral landed on the

coast of Brazil in 1500

European Colonization - God

• In 1537, the church issued a ruling that recognized that Native Americans possessed souls

• The process of Christianization and many places dedicated to the pagan religions were burned.

• Eventually, the people began to adapt the new Christian teachings to their local customs.

• New churches were built leading to a mix of old world Christianity and local religions.

European Colonization - Gold

• When Atahualpa, the Incan Emperor, was held for ransom, the Spanish explorers saw the treasure gathered and began their search for gold.

• They found fortunes of gold in Colombia, Ecuador, and Chile.

• More than 180 tons of gold was shipped to Europe between 1500 and 1650.

South American Colonization

• The 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas divided the entire non-European world into two areas of exploration and colonization

• Based on this treaty, Spain colonized land west of the boundary and Portugal colonized Brazil, east of the boundary.

• However, Spain and Portugal weren’t the only countries to send explorers to the New World.

• England and France disputed the terms of the Treaty of Tordesillas and eventually succeeded in establishing permanent colonies.

South America Today

• South America has 13 countries that can be divided into four regions.• Brazil• Northern Tropics• Andean Countries• Southern Grassland Countries

Brazil

• Colonized by Portugal in 1500• From 1500 to 1800, more than 3 million

slaves were brought into Brazil• Today, they are the largest country in South

America both in size and in population• 170 million• Most of Portuguese descent• The rest are of African descent and mulatto • Official language is Portuguese

Northern Tropic RegionThe Guianas, Venezuela, Colombia

• Guianas – Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana• Different from the rest of South America – not

Spanish speaking and not Roman Catholic• Guyana - 700,000• official language English• Asian migration in mid 1800s •Most of the population is Asian descent and speak languages of India• Religion is mainly Muslim or Hindu

Northern Tropic RegionThe Guianas, Venezuela, Colombia

• Suriname – 400,000• Colony of the Netherlands until 1975• 50% Asian, 10% African descent, 30% mulatto• Official language is Dutch• Religion is mainly Muslim or Hindu

• French Guiana – not an independent country but an overseas department of France• Similar population to Suriname but the mulatto

population is the largest• Official language is French

Northern Tropic Region

• Venezuela – 24 million• Official language is Spanish• Most are of European descent or mestizo• Catholic

• Colombia – 40 million• 2nd most populous country in South America• Gained independence from Spain in 1820• Official language is Spanish• Catholic• European descent or mestizo

Andean CountriesEcuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Chile

• In the four Andean Countries, the main religion is Roman Catholicism

• Ecuador – 12.9 million• 25% population is of Indian descent and speak

Quechua• 50% mestizo and 10% European; speak Spanish

• Peru – 26.1 million• Heart of Inca Empire• 45% Indian, speak Quechua or Aymara• 50% mestizo, speak Spanish

Andean CountriesEcuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Chile

• Bolivia – 7.8 million• Landlocked country• Majority population is Indian, speak Quechua or

Aymara• The rest are mestizo, speak Spanish

• Chile – 15 million• 2/3 of the people are mestizo (European and

indigenous)• The remaining third are primarily European

descent and speak Spanish• Very few Indians

The Southern Grassland CountriesParaguay, Uruguay, and Argentina

• The Southern Grassland Countries have more in common with Europe than with the rest of South America

• They are the most prosperous countries in South America

• The main religion is Roman Catholic

The Southern Grassland CountriesParaguay, Uruguay, and Argentina

• Paraguay – 5.3 million• Most are mestizo and speak Guarani (a local Indian

language) and Spanish• Uruguay – 3.3 million• Most are European descent (Italian and Spanish• Speak Spanish

• Argentina – 37 million• Most are European descent (Italian and Spanish• Speak Spanish

Out the Door Questions

• What three Indian Empires were present in South America when the Europeans first arrived?

• How are the Guianas different from the rest of South America?

• Which region is the most economically prosperous?

• How did the population of South America change because of European colonization?