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Warm-up• Have you ever had that feeling or instant awareness
where all of a sudden the figurative light went on and you understood something that had previously been confusing? Describe this moment by writing it in your notes. When you are finished, please share your story with the person next to you.
Vocabulary Term Graphic Representations Formal Definition
Geocentric Theory
Scientific Revolution
Scientific Method
Rene Descartes
Nicolaus Copernicus
Heliocentric Theory
Galileo Galilei
Isaac Newton
Enlightenment
Enlightened Despots
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ___________________
Analyzing Visuals• In this next picture you will se an orrery,
a device that shows the movement of the planets around the sun.
• What do you think the darkened room and the illuminated faces of the spectators symbolize?
Unit Essential Question• How did Enlightenment ideas
about government, lead to a series of revolutions in the Atlantic? Civics 1, 9-12
Lesson Essential Question
• How did new ways of thinking lead to remarkable discoveries during the Scientific Revolution?
Questions We Will Answer
• What changes led to the dawn of modern science?
• What discoveries occurred in astronomy, physics, and math during the Scientific Revolution?
• How did early scientists advance knowledge in biology and chemistry?
• How did scientific ideas move beyond the realm of science and affect society?
LEQ: 2012• What is the purpose of
government?
• How do the main structures of government contrast with one another?
Dawn of Modern Science
Discoveries in Astronomy, Physics, and Math
Discoveries in Biology and Chemistry
Science and Society
Scientific Revolution
• Rooted in the Middle Ages where scholars in Europe learned about advances in the Arab World.
• Traditional authorities were challenged.
Everything should be doubted until it can
be proven by mathematical or logical reason.
I wonder why I wasn’t on
the timeline.
Rene Descartes
Francis Bacon I created the Scientific Method.
Scientific Method• The Scientific Method is a set of techniques for
acquiring new knowledge about the natural world based on observable, measurable evidence.
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Step 1 Identify a problem
Step 2 Form a hypothesis
Step 3 Perform the experiment
Step 4 Record the results of the experiment.
Step 5 Analyze the results
Old View• Geocentric Theory: The belief that the earth
was the center of the universe and that the sun, moon, and planets revolved around the earth.
• Aristotle - proposed the geocentric theory in 300 BCE.
• Ptolemy – expanded upon Aristotle’s ideas in 200 CE.
New View• Nicolaus Copernicus: Polish astronomer who,
during the 1500,s made observations that concluded that the sun is the center of the universe. Heliocentric Theory
• The Astronomer Copernicus: Conversation With God, by Jan Matejko, 1800s
Expanding Copernicus• Copernicus died in 1572• Brahe – Danish Astronomer – research
was funded by the king• Kepler – German mathematician - hired
by Brahe• Together they formed a mathematical
theory from planetary measurements• Elliptical orbit – proved heliocentrism
Galileo Galilei• Supported Copernicus• Built the first telescope
used for astronomy• First to see Saturn, craters
on the moon, sunspots and the moons of Jupiter.
The planets orbit the sun!
Sir Isaac Newton• Combined astronomy,
physics, and math• Determined that gravity
affects the entire universe• Developed calculus
We Love Timelines!
• Please turn to page 166 and copy the red events onto a timeline and keep this in your notes.
What Did Newton Mean by That?
"If I have seen further than others,
it is by standing upon the shoulders
of giants.”
Discoveries in Biology
• Andreas Vesalius• William Harvey• Antony van
Leeuwenhoek• Robert Hooke
Andreas Vesalius
• A Flemish doctor who worked in Padua, Italy.
• On The Working of the Human Body, 1543
• A judge learned of his work and made the bodies of executed criminals available to him for dissection.
William Harvey• Described and illustrated the inner working of
the human heart.
Antony van Leeuwenhoek• Invented the microscope and was the first to
describe the appearance of bacteria, red blood cells, and yeast.
Robert Hooke• English physicist and inventor who used a
microscope to describe the planets• Created the term cell
Chemistry
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J_I8Y-i4Axc
• Boyle’s Law
Science and Society
Science and Society
• Science and religion began to clash
• Science and art coalesced to create representations of balance and accuracy
• Can reason solve poverty, war and ignorance.
I, François-Marie Arouet was the toast of Paris in 1700. My witty, satirical verses delighted Parisian aristocrats. But in 1717 I may have mocked the wrong man. The Duke of Orleans, who ruled France as regent until the young king Louis XV came of age, believed I made fun of him. Outraged, the Duke of Orleans imprisoned me in the Bastille prison for 11 months. While in prison, I began writing more serious works. I wrote my first play, called Oedipe, which would secure my reputation as the greatest French playwright of my time. I also completed an epic poem about Henry IV called La Henriade. But I am best known for my philosophical works, which I wrote under the pen name, Voltaire.
Philosopher Hobbes Locke Rousseau Montesquieu
Main Work Leviathin State of Nature
People are naturally happy
The Social Contract
The Spirit of Laws
Idea of Government
People are brutish and need government to impose order
People are governed by a law of natureNo person should harm another
Sovereignty comes from the people
Must have a Separation of Powers
Preferred Government
Monarchy
United in one body to protect the rights of life, liberty and property
Should work for the benefit of the common good, not just the wealthy few
Executive, legislative and judicial branches – much like Great Britain
Philosophers of the Enlightenment
The Enlightenment
• The Age of Reason• New Views on Government• New Views on Society• The Spread of Ideas
Warm -up• If science is able to uncover the mysteries of the
physical world, then is it also adequate for the study of human nature and of society? What would a women like Madame Geoffrin say?
The Salon
Enlightenment
• Reason could be used to solve all human problems
• Era full of possibility and optimism• Age of Reason• 1600s
Thomas Hobbes’ Beliefs
• People are selfish and greedy
• Government is necessary for order
• Social Contract: People should give up some freedoms in exchange for peace
Thomas HobbesAfter living through the
English civil war, I became convinced that society needed a strong
central authority to control and contain the
natural barbarism of humans.
Does This Relate to You?
• Think/Pair/Share:• What is one
freedom that you give up in exchange for order or safety from the United States’ government?
John Locke’s Beliefs
• People are naturally happy, tolerant, and reasonable
• All people are born equal with the natural rights of life, liberty, and property
• State of Nature• The purpose of government is to protect those
rights
What Would Locke Say?• According to Locke, what should citizens do if
the government fails to protect those rights?
• Did you say that citizens should overthrow the government?
I believe that under ideal conditions,
people live according to a law of nature.
Because people could interpret the law differently, they
needed an authority to enforce it.
John Locke
Read Like a Historian
• Read/Pair/Share – Page 178• How do Hobbes and Locke
differ on their views of human nature?
Rousseau’s Beliefs• People are born basically good and are
corrupted by society.• Government should work for the benefit of
the common good, not the wealthy few.
Would you like to see a picture of me with my
“homies?”
The titans of Enlightenment:
Voltaire, Rousseau, and
Franklin.
Montesquieu’s Beliefs
• The best government will have a separation of power.
• Power must be divided among the executive, legislative (parliament), and judicial (courts) branch.
New Views on Society
• Religious tolerance• Women’s rights• Economic systems
Voltaire
• Attacked injustice with his wit
• Used his pen to defend principles he held dear
• Made many enemies• Continued struggle for
justice, religious tolerance and liberty
Diderot and the Encyclopedia
• Took him 27 years to complete 28 volumes
• The Encyclopedia was attacked by the church and the government
• Spread Enlightenment ideas across Europe and to North America
Mary Wollenstonecraft
• Rejected the view that women should only receive enough education to be a wife or a mother
• Argued that if men and women had equal education, that they would be equal in society
Adam Smith’s Beliefs• Business should take place in a
free market• Laissez-faire economic system
was best
Enlightenment Spreads• Philosophers appealed to monarchs for
change• Monarchs became known as enlightened
despots
Austria
Russia
Prussia
Prussia
• Frederick II – wanted to rule by absolute power and to build a strong military
• Enlightened to abolish torture, establish elementary education, reduce censorship, and practice religious tolerance
Russia
• Catherine II – dreamed of establishing order in Russia while supporting education and culture
• Corresponded with Voltaire and Diderot
• Wanted to free the serfs, but she knew the wealthy would not support that
Austria• Joseph II – Ambitious
reformer• Eliminated torture and the
death penalty• Provided free food and
medicine for poor citizens• Granted religious tolerance
to Jews and Protestants• Abolished serfdom and paid
them for their labor
Why Didn’t the Enlightenment Thinkers Work Together?
The American Revolution• LEQ: How did Enlightenment ideas lead to
revolution, independence, and a new government for the colonies?
My leadership was crucial to an American victory in the Revolutionary War. When I took command of the American forces in 1775, I faced the daunting task of leading an army of untrained militia men against one of the world’s strongest military forces. Thankfully my leadership skills won me the loyalty of my troops. I enforced strict discipline, but I also demanded better food, clothing, and pay for them from the Continental Congress. I knew that if I looked after my soldiers’ needs, they would be better prepared to defeat the British army.
From December 1777 to June 1778 our Continental Army camped at Valley Forge, a hilltop near Philadelphia. Here we endured a harsh winter, very little food, and disease. Despite these hardships, those of us who survived, left Valley Forge
more unified and disciplined.
• The British formally recognize the U.S. as independent.
• Americans gained all land east of the Mississippi
• How do we unify?• The Articles of
Confederation
Treaty of Paris
The Articles of Confederation
• Created by the framers
• Government had no power to tax
• Government could not negotiate with foreign nations
• How is this type of a government supposed to govern?
The Constitution• James Madison negotiated the main points.• Took four months to write this document• Oldest written constitution still in use today• Created a federal system of government
– Certain powers held by federal gov’t and others by state gov’t.
George Washington presided over the Constitutional Convention, held in Philadelphia
from May to September 1787.
