Warm-Up

Cold War: The period from 1945-1991 in which the United States and the Soviet Union were involved in a long power struggle. This was not fought on the battlefield, but on economic and political fronts.

Begin working on your project.

You have 15 MINUTES.

Time ends at 11:15, and project is DUENO EXCEPTIONS

Using the Cornell Notes, use the space provided to define the Cold War in your own words. Be ready to discuss your

definition and any ideas you may have relating to the term.

You will need the Cornell notes organizer for note taking.

Post World War II: Conflicts Around the World

Manhattan Project

• Development of the A Bomb• Began because of fear of the Nazi’s investigating into nuclear weapons

• Developed the atomic bomb, deployed in Hiroshima and Nagasaki

• Russians developed their own nuclear powers

• Now the two leading world powers each had a devastating weapon, called “hot”

• The threat of the atomic bomb was the new shadow over the world

Capitalism vs. CommunismCapitalism: An

economic system run by private industry and businesses, where competition determines the cost of goods and services as well as the wages of workers.

Communism: A political theory based on collective ownership of property and means of production. The government controls the economic system and individual ownership is not allowed.

Effects of the end of WWII• Growth of the USSR

(Soviet Union) and the United States as world powers

• Partition of Germany• East Europe falls

into USSR control• Worry about atomic

warfare• Potsdam Conference

July 16 – August 2, 1945– The big three –

Stalin, Churchill and Truman

The Iron Curtainand Containment

• George Kennan’s ‘X Article’ (July 1946)

• Containment Policy• “From Stettin in the Baltic

to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in many cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow.”

Truman Doctrine• On March 12, 1947,

Truman made a speech to Congress addressing the threat of the spread of communism to both Greece and Turkey.

• He pledged $400 million in aid to these countries.

• Congress approved and made provisions for US troops to help with postwar reconstruction in these countries.

Marshall Plan

• George C. Marshall warned officials that Europe might fall under Communist power if there was no help to aide recovery.

• $13 billion plan to rebuild Western and Central Europe

• The plan was approved after a pro-Soviet Communist government took power in Czechoslovakia in 1948.

• George C. Marshall won the Noble Peace Prize in 1953 for his plan.

TheThe Cold War Lineup Cold War LineupNATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Warsaw Pact Nations – Iron Curtain Countries

United StatesFranceGreat BritainBelgiumNetherlandsNorwayItalyGreeceTurkeyWest Germany

Soviet UnionPolandEast GermanyEstoniaLatviaLithuaniaCzechoslovakiaHungaryRomaniaBulgariaAlbania

Domino Theory A Cold War belief that if one country

in Southeast Asia fell to communism, the rest of Southeast Asia would fall.

Berlin Airlift• Stalin dismantled East

German industries and used them to rebuild Russia

• Berlin, former capital of Germany is divided into four zones, although it lies deep within the East German zone occupied by Russia. Other zones occupied by U.S., Great Britain, and France

• Stalin blockaded East Germany and Berlin, stopping Allied traffic and supplies.

• Allies airlift supplies to Berlin

The Korean War• June 25th, 1950 – July

27th, 1953• Korea had been split

into North Korea and South Korea two years earlier.

• In North Korea, there was a communist government. In South Korea, there was a democratic government. Each wanted to unify Korea under its own form of government.

The Korean War II• Ping Pong of forces:• North Korea and South

Korea fought back an forth, capturing and losing Seoul several times. Finally, when UN Forces pushed North Koreans back, the United States wished for peace talks to begin.

• For two years, peace talks were fruitless. Battles were still fought in the same area's around the border. Finally in 1953, the papers were signed and an agreement was made.

Nobody really won the war, and nothing really changed. There are still disputes between North Korea and South Korea even today.

After Hiroshima, and particularly after 1949 when Russian scientists developed the atomic bomb, politicians realized that the bomb would change international politics.  

Another ‘hot war’ would kill all humankind. War would be M.A.D. (mutually assured destruction). So America and Russia stopped short of war. They didn’t declare war. But they did everything to oppose each other short of war.

The H-Bomb

• The development of the H-bomb created even higher tensions

• Both the US and the USSR tested their nuclear powers on islands in the Pacific.

• Developed by US in Developed by US in 1952 & USSR in 1953: 1952 & USSR in 1953: world now has two world now has two superpowerssuperpowers

The Problem with Cuba• Became a communist Became a communist

country in 1959 under country in 1959 under leadership of leadership of Fidel Fidel CastroCastro

• Cuba became an ally Cuba became an ally of the Soviet Unionof the Soviet Union

• Bay of Pigs Bay of Pigs InvasionInvasion, 1961: U.S.-, 1961: U.S.-trained Cuban exiles trained Cuban exiles tried unsuccessfully tried unsuccessfully to invade Cubato invade Cuba

• Bay of Pigs failed as Bay of Pigs failed as the US pulled out too the US pulled out too early from Cuba.early from Cuba.

Berlin Wall 1961• 2 million East Germans 2 million East Germans

escaped to West Berlin escaped to West Berlin between 1949-1961; between 1949-1961; Soviets frustratedSoviets frustrated

• Khrushchev threatened Khrushchev threatened President Kennedy: the US President Kennedy: the US must recognize must recognize sovereignty of communist sovereignty of communist East Germany and remove East Germany and remove troops from West Berlin.troops from West Berlin.

• Instead of going through Instead of going through with ultimatum, Berlin Wall with ultimatum, Berlin Wall was built halting mass was built halting mass departure of East Germans departure of East Germans to West.; ended future to West.; ended future crises over Berlincrises over Berlin

Berlin Wall 1961

Cuban Missile Crisis• 1962: U.S. demanded 1962: U.S. demanded

Soviets remove their Soviets remove their newly installed nuclear newly installed nuclear missiles from Cuba.missiles from Cuba.

• Crisis became the Crisis became the closest USSR and US closest USSR and US came to nuclear warcame to nuclear war

• U.S. placed blockade U.S. placed blockade (naval quarantine) on (naval quarantine) on any further missiles any further missiles into Cubainto Cuba

• Khrushchev agreed to Khrushchev agreed to remove missiles in remove missiles in return for U.S. return for U.S. removing its missiles removing its missiles from Turkey and vowing from Turkey and vowing not to invade Cuba in not to invade Cuba in the future.the future.

Vietnam War• After Japanese After Japanese

removed after WWII, removed after WWII, French tried to reassert French tried to reassert control of Indochinacontrol of Indochina

• Ho Chi Minh Ho Chi Minh led the led the independence independence movement in the northmovement in the north

• 1954, defeated French 1954, defeated French forces at forces at Dien Bien Dien Bien PhuPhu

• By 1954,Vietnam was By 1954,Vietnam was divided into North divided into North (communist) and South (communist) and South (pro-Western); civil war (pro-Western); civil war resultedresulted

Vietnam War• Began 1965- President Began 1965- President

Johnson orders a Johnson orders a buildup of US military buildup of US military forces in Vietnamforces in Vietnam

• Paris Peace Talks ended Paris Peace Talks ended US involvement in 1973US involvement in 1973

• U.S. fought an U.S. fought an unsuccessful war in unsuccessful war in Southeast Asia to Southeast Asia to prevent communism prevent communism from spreading into from spreading into South VietnamSouth Vietnam

• North Vietnam took North Vietnam took over South Vietnam on over South Vietnam on April 30, 1975April 30, 1975

Like Korea, Vietnam was a Like Korea, Vietnam was a war in which we fought the war in which we fought the USSR, without actually USSR, without actually fighting them nor using fighting them nor using our “hot” weapons.our “hot” weapons.

The Vietnam War c.1965-1975

Reagan and Gorbachev

“Reagannomics”Reagannomics” “Perestroika”-restructuring

“GlasnostGlasnost”-openess”-openess

Fall of the Berlin Wall/Fall of the USSR

• November 10, 1989

• Holes were made in the wall, and East Germans began streaming into West Germany

• Symbol of the End of the Cold War

• Other Communist controlled countries broke free soon after

Berlin Wall