Warm-Up

What are the two types of speciation caused by isolation?

Adaptations & Resistance

Adaptations for Survival

1) Structural – physical structure to help survive

a. Camouflage

Blend in (chameleon)

Adaptations for Survival

b. Mimicry

Look like something else and is then avoided ◦ Harmful resemble each other – yellow jacket, hornet,

honey bee

Adaptations for Survival

b. Mimicry

OR – Harmless looks like harmful ◦ Harmless syrphid fly and yellow jacket

◦ King snake and coral snake

Adaptations for Survival

2) Behavioral – behavior helps adapt ◦ Birds – migrate/fly south in the winter

◦ Bears – hibernate in the winter

◦ Opossum – play “dead” to avoid predators

Adaptations for Survival

3) Functional – internal functions allows for survival

◦ Resistance to antibiotics (bacteria) or pesticides (insects)

◦ Ability to fight disease or pathogens (ex. Sickle cell in Africa)

Resistance

Role of Disease in Selection

1) Genetic variation can allow some species to be more resistant to some diseases than others

◦ Ex. Sickle cell carriers are resistant to malaria

◦ Penicillin does not affect as many species of bacteria as when it was first developed over 50 years ago

Resistance

Resistance – resistant organisms are able to survive and pass on resistant traits to offspring 1) Pesticides – mosquitoes becoming more

resistant to bug spray (DDT)

2) Antibiotics – “superbugs” bacteria

becoming more resistant to antibiotics (need to take entire course of antibiotics for infections to go away)

Resistance

3) Viruses

a. Active immunity – acquire after exposure to the pathogen/vaccine and memory cells are produced

◦ Vaccines dead or attenuated (weakened) form of virus

so your body can build memory cells

Flu virus (has RNA instead of DNA): adapts and changes every year so new vaccines need to be made

◦ Examples of vaccines you have had OR may have:

DDT diphtheria, tetanus, pertusis

MMR measles, mumps, rubella

OPV polio

HBV hepatitis B

HIB spinal meningitis

Resistance

b. Passive Immunity – immunity passed from mother to baby via breastfeeding

Disease

Disease

Disease – a change that disrupts the homeostasis of the body ◦ Pathogen – a disease producing agent

Ex. Bacteria, virus, fungi, protist, parasites

◦ Antigen – a protein on the surface of a pathogen that triggers an immune response

◦ Pathogens have antigens on their surface

Disease

Antibody – a protein that our bodies produce to fight antigens that invade our bodies

T-cell – type of lymphocyte (white blood cell which is produced in the bone marrow) which activates B-cells

Disease

B-cell – type of lymphocyte (WBC) that produces antibodies and become memory cells

Memory B-cell – stays in the blood system to attack same pathogen if it invades the body again

Antibody Production

Steps to Antibody Production

Bacteria or virus enters the body

T-cell detects bacteria or virus (antigen)

T-cell tells body to produce B-cells to make antibodies against bacteria or virus

Antibodies from B-cells join with bacteria and destroy them or prevent them from reproducing, thus stopping the disease or infection